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VARIABILITY OF THE PROTEIN-CALORIE RATIO IN DIETS







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    Legume Trees and other Fodder Trees as Protein Sources for Livestock 1992
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    Fodder trees and fodder shrubs have always played a significant role in feeding domestic animals. In fact, trees and shrubs are increasingly recognized as important components of animal feeding, particularly as suppliers of protein and especially in harsh environmental conditions. In such situations, the available grazing is not generally sufficient to meet the maintenance requirements of animals, at least for part of the year. This occurs, for example, in some mountainous regions and in the dry tropicswhere the grazing is also sometimes very degraded. Thus, in extensive animal production systems in the dry areas of Africa, it is generallye stimated that ligneous materials contribute up to 90% of production and account for 40-50% of the total available feed. Such figures illustrate the existing and urgent need not only for better knowledge but also for better use of such potential, particularly in the context of environmental degradation which is affecting our planet. On the other ha nd, in the humid tropics of Latin America, the South-cast Asia and Africa, foddersfrom trees and shrubs from leguminous species - are beginning to be utilized more dietary nitrogen supplements for ruminants. In this respect, new a significant move to look for new sources of protein from shrubs. However, given the increasing demand for forage and availability of low quality basal feed materials which require protein supplementation, high protein fodders from leguminous trees and shrubs could have a much more significant role in animal feeding systems throughout the developing world. In this respect, there is a need for more research to develop technically viable solutions. These solutions must also be economically and socially acceptable; they must preserve natural resources and protect the environment. In other words, the challenge is the sustainable development of fodder trees and shrubs.........
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    The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meetings on Nutrition (‎JEMNU)‎: nitrogen to protein conversion factors for soy-based and milk-based ingredients used in infant formula and follow-up formula
    Report of the meeting of the expert panel, Geneva, Switzerland, 16–17 July 2019
    2020
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    The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meetings on Nutrition (JEMNU) was established in 2009 to provide scientific advice to the committees of the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme (i.e. Codex) or Member Countries. JEMNU aims to provide relevant scientific advice in an independent, timely and cost-effective manner; therefore, JEMNU will be convened when there is a specific request from a Codex Committee or Member Countries. Currently being discussed at the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU) is the most appropriate nitrogen to protein conversion factor (or factors) to use in estimating protein content of soy-based ingredients and milk-based ingredients used in infant formulas and follow-up formulas. To provide guidance on this topic, at the 39th Session of CCNFSDU in 2017, the Committee requested that JEMNU be convened to review the evidence and develop evidence-informed guidance regarding nitrogen to protein conversion factors. FAO and WHO convened the first meeting of JEMNU in Geneva, Switzerland from 16 to 17 July 2019. The report of this first meeting provides a summary of the proceedings and includes the recommendations of the JEMNU experts on the most appropriate nitrogen to protein conversion factor (or factors) to use in estimating protein content of soy-based ingredients and milk-based ingredients used in infant formulas and follow-up formulas.

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