by

Hideyuki Tanaka

(FAO South Pacific Aquaculture Development Project)

December 1990

SOUTH PACIFIC AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Suva, Fiji

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I. INTRODUCTION

In December 1989, the Department of Central Province, Papua New Guinea, requested the South Pacific Aquaculture Development Project (SPADP) to make a preliminary survey of aquaculture development potential in the central Province in order to respond to increasing local inquiries on aquaculture development. After an endorsement obtained by the Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources of the Central Government, Project Manager/Regional Aquaculturist of SPADP visited the Central Province and made a pre-feasibility study from 5 to 11 March 1990.

The purpose of this study was to identify potential of aquaculture development, to provide on-the-spot advice to the proposed aquaculture schemes and to make suggestions for further requirements.

II. OUTLINES OF CENTRAL PROVINCE AND ITS AQUACULTURE ACTIVITIES

The Central Province is situated on the south side of the southern Owen Stanley Range and its coast faces the Coral Sea. Its coastal length is about 400 km. Altitude ranges up to about 4,000 meters. Annual rainfall is 1,000 to 1,500 mm in the coastal area, while 4,000 to 5,000 mm in the mountain area. High rainfall is in December to April during the north-west monsoon.

The province is divided in five districts, namely Abau, Rigo, Hiri, Kairuku and Goilala Districts. Population is distributed almost evenly in each district; it is from 22,000 to 24,000. Total population of the province is about 120,000. Hiri District surrounds the National Capital Province of Port Moresby of which population is about 150,000. Major industry of the province is agriculture and forestry. Coconut oil, coffee, rice, cocoa and timber are the main products. Cattle raising is also common.

There is at present little aquaculture activities in the province, except a crocodile farm near Furimutu, Hiri District, that was, unfortunately, not scheduled to visit during the survey, and trout farming practices in Kosipe, Goilala District, that was not visited by the mission, because of cancellation of flight.

There had been several aquaculture practices in the past. During 1963 to 1964, oyster culture trial was conducted in Kairuku, but the result was unknown. Two pearl culture farms had been successfully operating in the Fairfax Harbor, Port Moresby, from 1966 to 1975, and in the Milne Bay in 1970's. There seemed several reasons of their collapses, but main reasons were probably due to socio-economic matters. The university of Papua New Guinea had been investigating a culture potential of giant clam since late 1970's at the Motupore Island, but its activity was abandoned in 1989.

Stocking trials of Tilapia (Mossambica species) and rainbow trout are currently undertaken from river to river by the district officers or villagers in Abau and Goilala Districts, respectively.

III. OUTLINE OF THE SITES VISITED

A schedule of the study trip was arranged by the Branch of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries, the Division of Economic Services of the Department of Central Province, in viewing to visit several proposed or potential sites in each district. Of five districts, however, it was unable to visit the Goilala District because of cancellation of the flight caused by heavy rain. All study trips were accompanied with Mr. Rainol Gibson, Provincial Fisheries Officer, and one or two district officers also joined for the site survey in each district. Maps on a scale of 1:250,000 were used for the survey.

1. Kairuku District

A map of area surveyed is shown in figure 1.

1) Bereina area

1. The site proposed for shrimp farming near Aviara-Oreke

   The site was a river-like swamp surrounded with thick vegetations and trees, and had a small open-water area (Photo. 1 and 2). The water seems light brackish and slightly fluctuates by tide. Its bottom was of humus and soft soil. Total area was about 3 to 4 ha. There was a fish weir across the site with a gate in middle. There were also several fish weirs in downstream which were constructed by different landowners. Floodings often occur during the rainy season, and water level increases one meter or more. The site was owned by an individual owner who was recently retired business at Port Moresby and interested in farming shrimp.

2. Tidal area around the bridge passing to Roro-Aiara-Waima (Photo. 3)

   The area was fringed with thick mangroves. Tidal fluctuation seems about one meter or more. Water bottom was covered with a silt layer, but seemed harder in deeper. Oysters were abundantly attached to rocks placed along the bridge sides (Photo.4). It seemed those were collected and highly appreciated by villagers.

3. Small inland ponds and swamps

   There are a number of small freshwater ponds and swamps in hilly areas as well as low land, such as Toorena, Omoni, Biotou, Hisiu, Inawabui, etc. Those were shallow with areas ranging about 1 to 5 ha, and commonly abundant with water weed (Photo.5). Tilapia (Mossambica species) seems dominant in the most waters, but no Tilapia in some.

2) Hall Sound and Nikara village

The coast of Hall Sound was a conjunction of four major riverestuaries and formed with thick mangrove jungles of about 10 to 15 meters in height. There was no access to the coast except by boat. Mangrove crab was abundant in the estuaries and its resource was almost untouched. Only about 10 fishermen were able to enter the estuaries and catch mangrove crabs because of the traditional land ownership.

Nikara village is situated at the east end of the estuaries. Village population is estimated about 200. Villagers are making a living mainly at catching mangrove crab inside the mangrove forests (Photo.6). Crabs are mostly bartered with the inland villagers for banana which is a diet of Nikara villagers. Ocean fishing is not common for Nikara villagers. Village women usually go fishing about twice in a week and catch an average of 30 to 40 crabs a day by hand, while men can catch about half of women's by hand-lines. Men often catch fish such as mullet, mangrove jack, catfish, flagtail, etc. There were two types of mangrove crabs, green and red ones(Photo. 7). Green one was generally appreciated by villagers rather than red one. There seemed no particular fishing season of mangrove crab, but its catch declines in the rainy season as the water level rises.

Price of fish at Nikara village

Fig.1 Map of surveyed area in Kairuku District

2. Abau District

1) Kupiano area

Kupiano is located at the mouth of Marshall Lagoon of which area is about 7 km² (Fig.2). The lagoon is surrounded by thick mangroves (Photo.8). The lagoon is of brackish water and seems generally shallow. The water color was brownish at the time of our visit. Of 24,000 population in the District, about 6,000–7,000 people are living around Kupiano. The district office estimates that about 4,000 people are engaging fishing activities in and around the Kupiano Bay.

There is the National Fisheries Center (seen in Photo.8) at Kupiano town, aiming at mainly promoting marketing of fisheries products in the region. Main activities are to buy products from fishermen and sell them to Port Moresby or locally, to supply ice blocks for fishermen and to demonstrate new fishing techniques and processing. Main fish products around Kupiano and their prices are listed as below:

Mangrove crab was a major commodity of the Fisheries Center in the past. It is, however, no longer seen at the center, because of probably buyers from Port Moresby collecting crabs directly from villages. It is known mangrove crab is also abundant in the cloudy Bay of the same District.

The province is currently promoting sea-cucumber fishing and processing in the district. Major sea-cucumber producing areas in the district are the Gavuone area of the Marshall Lagoon, Abavi Island in the Cloudy Bay and Eunuoro Island, off the Millport Harbour.

Tilapia (Mossambica species) was introduced for mosquito control into Darava creek area, upper the Aivaguina River, from port Moresby in 1976. Since then, practices of Tilapia restocking have been forwarded to eastward by the district fisheries officers for supplying rural villagers with a food-fish as animal protein source.

Fig.2 Map of surveyed area in Abau District

3. Rigo District

1) Hood Lagoon

The Hood Lagoon is a round bay fringed with thick mangrove forests (Fig.2 and Photo.9). Its area is about 26 km². Water salinity seems slightly lower than that of sea water because of several small rivers flowing into the lagoon. Depth of the lagoon is unknown but it is said about 7–8 meters in average according to the village fishermen.

There are three villages engaging fishing in the lagoon. A total population of three villages is said about 4,000. Main catch in and around the lagoon are mullets, milkfish, snapper, emperor, gar fish, catfish, barramundi, eel, sea-cucumber, shrimp, mangrove crab, etc. Mullets are usually caught out of the lagoon. Between April to August, milkfish, particularly of 20–40 cm in size, are well caught by seining gill-nets. Most of fish caught are being transported to Port Moresby every two days. A trawling trial was once carried out inside the lagoon in the past by a foreign vessel, but detail of results was unknown.

There is one sea-cucumber fisherman in Tarawa village(Photo.10) at Kele Iruna Point, who is shipping dried products to Singapore. He learned its processing from a Singapore buyer having been providing him with processing facilities(Photo.11 and 12). He told us that he was earning about 12,000 Kina annually. Prices of smoked or dried sea-cucumber are as follows:

4. Hiri District

A map of the area surveyed is shown in Figure 3.

1. Mirigeda Youth Development Center

   This center belonged to the Department of Youth and Home Affairs of the province, but it was no longer operated since about four years ago because of lack of operation cost and inappropriate personnel arrangement. The center was built up on the fill-up ground at the coast of mangrove swamp, opposite to the Motupore Island (Fig.4). The mangrove swamp is extended approximately 20 ha or more. A part of mangrove trees is dead caused by probably impoundment of freshwater. The center once planned a demonstration of milkfish farming, but it was not realized. The district office has recently been inquired by villagers nearby on utilization of this mangrove swamp for shrimp farming.

2. Bay at Tubusereia

   The bay is surrounded by hills, fringed with small mangrove forests. There is no inlet river to the bay. Water is not silted and corals are seen at the bottom. Water depth seems not more than 10 meters at the center of bay. It is said that the bay is well protected from wind all year round. There are four villages of which total population is about 5,000. Most of villagers get earnings from employments in Port Moresby though they have own agricultural lands.

3. Bay at Barakau

   The bay is a bit opened and exposed to the northwest strong wind prevailing during the period from January to March. Mangroves are well developed. Water seems quite deep, probably more than 30 meters, according to villagers. Barakau consists of two fisherman villages. Its total population is less than 1,000. Several houses are built at jutting on the water. There was a trial of milkfish pen-culture by a Filipino at the back of the bay four to five years ago. Its method and result were unknown.

   

   Fig.3 Map of surveyed area in Hiri District

   WHERE IS MIRIGEDA?

   Mirigeda is about 17 kilometres from Port Moresby the capital city of Papua New Guinea.

   

   MIRIGEDA - 133 acres of land of which about half is suitable for agricultural purposes.

   Fig.4 Mirigeda Youth Development Center

4. Sirinumu Dam

   The dam was impounded in 1960's for supplying power and water to Port Moresby. Water is rather transparent and appears mesotrophic level in nutrient. Water level seems fluctuating about 5 meters throughout the year. Tilapia is a major fish in the dam. It is said crocodile population is gradually increasing. There are about 15 villages existing around the dam, with 2,000 of population. Tilapia is fished by hand-lines and mostly consumed by villagers. Fishing is allowed to only villagers due to the traditional land tenure system. Gill-net is not common because of probably crocodile. Cooked Tilapia was sold at K0.40 per fish (large size) at the town close to the dam.

5. Goilala District

The trip to Goilala district by plane was arranged in advance, but it was failed due to incorrect booking of flight. Re-booking was made to the next day, but unfortunately the flight operation was cancelled because of heavy rain at Port Moresby on the next day. The preliminary survey was not carried out accordingly.

The following information was obtained from Mr.Joseph Ipson of the Agriculture, Stocks and Fisheries Office of Woitape.

Rainbow trout was introduced to the Central Province in 1979 from the Mendi Hatchery, Southern Highlands Province. Trout is propagating only in the Iwane River system in Kosipe area, above 1,800 meters of altitude. Villagers of Kosipe and Iwane are mainly catching trout for subsistence purpose, but they often produce smoked trout for selling at Woitape town at K0.50 per fish. It takes 4 to 5 hours to Woitape on foot. There is no trout in Woitape area.

There are at present totally 11 trout ponds in the area. Some pond is 30×30 meters in size. Most of them are currently empty. Trout fingerlings are collected from rivers and stocked in the ponds. Seed supply is the major problem. Trout is fed with cooked sweet potato, earth warms, grubs, etc. Apart from trout farming interests in the area, village youth are restocking trout juveniles from river to river for increasing the area of trout habitat.

No electricity is available in Woitape and Kosipe area. There is a cold storage at Woitape, operated by diesel generator, for stocking meats and vegetable to be shipped to Port Moresby. No ice is produced. Airplane is the only way to access to Woitape from Port Moresby. Airfreight between Port Moresby and Woitape is K0.47/kg. Trout is sold at about K7.00/kg at supermarkets in Port Moresby. The Goilala District Office intends to develop trout marketing at Port Moresby, but its transportation is problematic at present.

IV. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Kairuku District

1) Bereina area

(1) The site proposed for shrimp farming near Aviara-Oreke

It is not recommended to construct shrimp ponds there for the following reasons;

• It would be technically difficult to construct a full-scaled shrimp culture ponds due to thick vegetations and softness of bottom soil. Seasonal flooding is also problem. It might be possible to construct only primitive ponds by dumping soil to make dyke, transported from somewhere. In this case, dyke level should be risen higher to protect from floodings. It could be very costly.

• Because of no availability of shrimp hatchery in the country, shrimp larvae should be collected from natural or imported. However, availability of natural larvae suitable for farming purpose is unknown in the area.

• The landowner wishing to operate shrimp farming has no technical background of any aquaculture practice, and besides, no aquaculture training facility is available for him in the country.

As conclusion, it is unlikely that the site is feasible for commercial shrimp farming either technically and economically. However, there is a potential for fish pen-culture, particularly for milkfish and mullet. Fig.5 shows a typical pen used for milkfish culture in the Philippines. The procedure of pen-culture is as follows;

1. Clear grass and dead shrubs in the proposed site for the pen.
2. Construct bamboo pen internally fixed with fish net.
3. Catch all fish or predators inside the pen by gill-nets or cast-nets as many as possible.
4. Stock with milkfish and/or mullet fingerlings collected from wild. Some 200 fingerlings might be stocked for good growth in the 100 m² pen.

In addition to this, this area is well suitable for subsistence fishery purpose, as it is currently practiced. Following are the recommendations to increase catch in that site

• Cut grass in the water and remove dead shrubs out of the water as much as possible in order to increase the area of open water for enabling more fish and/or shrimp to stay in the water.
• Stock mullet or milkfish fry/fingerlings collected at beach or mouth of river, if they are available.

Fig. 5 Fish-pen used for milkfish culture in Philippines

(2) Tidal area around the bridge passing to Aviara-Oreke

It will be worthwhile to carry out a trial of oyster propagation practice in view of increasing subsistence supply to the village people. From the fact that oyster was heavily attached to the stones asides the bridge, oyster spat might be available abundantly in this area. It is, hence, recommended to place many stones onto the bottom to increase oyster settlement. Bamboo, mangrove stakes or cement blocks are also applicable. Several practices carried out in the Southeast Asian countries are shown in Figure 6.

Rock method	Cement pole method
Cement block method	Bamboo stake method

Fig. 6 A variety of oyster culture methods practiced in South-east Asian countries

(3) Small inland ponds and swamps

In order to increase fish productivity in the those waters it is recommended that common carp be introduced if it is assured that there is no worry of carp escaping from the water to other water systems. Carp fry is available from the Aiyura Hatchery. Water weed would better be controlled in order to maximize a productivity of fish stocked. Carp can also contribute to control infestation of water weed at some extent. Stocking of grass carp is most effective to those waters and beneficial in production of food fish as well, but grass carp is not available in the country. The Central Government might possibly seek for introduction of grass carp and its seed production in the country in the future.

2) Hall Sound and Nikara village

As this area seems still rich in mangrove crabs, this resource might better be utilized as a source of cash income for the villages. There found no rational need of crab culture presently in this area. The catch will be able to increase easily by introducing new fishing gears such as traps, dilly nets, beehive pots, etc (Fig.7). Since mangrove crab has a high commercial value in the Asian countries, particularly in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Japan as well, its exportation would possibly earn a considerable foreign currency. As of November 1990, whole sale prices of live mangrove crab ranging 350 to 600 g in weight are US$6.20/kg (K5.27) in Singapore and $5.20/kg (K4.42) in Kuala Lumpur. Compared to the current price sold at the Nikara village, it seems hard to obtain a commercial profit from the exportation of mangrove crab to Singapore or Kuala Lumpur at this moment. Since, however, market price usually fluctuate by season, further study would have to be carried out to assess its export potential, as well as marketing survey at other countries.

Fig.7 Traps for catching mangrove crab with bait

If the commercial crab capture fishery is developed in the area, the provincial government in accordance with the Department of Marine Resources and Fisheries, should formulate a fishing regislation, particularly to restrict capture of under-sized crab in order to sustain crab resource. For carrying out the commercialized crab supply from the village it is strongly recommended that the provincial government provide assistance in establishing a system of shipping and marketing, as well as in organizing a management body in the villages.

2. Abau District

1) Kupiano area

The natural environmental conditions of the Marshall Lagoon showed a high potential of brackish aquaculture development, such as oyster culture, cockle culture and pen-culture for milkfish, rather than mariculture practices. Since, however, the area in and around the lagoon seems still rich in fisheries resources of which supply is stable throughout the year and prices are comparatively cheaper, there appears no urgent need of aquaculture development in this area, at least from subsistence purpose point of view. In view of commercial oriented aquaculture development, oyster might be a good commodity. Oyster could be shipped to high class restaurants and hotels in Port Moresby to obtain high economic return. It will be required to carry out a biological survey of local oyster available in the lagoon and to examine a transplantation of new commercial oyster species either from the other area of the country or the South-east Asia, if appropriate. Detailed feasibility study would be needed in both technical and socio-economic aspects prior to preparing the implementation plan of oyster programme.

As mangrove crab is already exploited commercially in this region, it is urgently required by the government to set up the legislation of mangrove crab fishing. The National Fisheries Center would be functioned for making such fishing legislations effective and for putting awareness, to villagers, of importance of resource management protecting from overfishing. Strengthening of fishing legislation is also required for sea-cucumber, Trochus, pearl shell, green snail, giant clam, cockle and lobster fishings in the area.

3. Rigo District

1) Hood Lagoon

This lagoon seems technically suitable for practices of mariculture such as net-cage culture of fin-fish or raft culture of green mussel, but not for pearl culture due to probably low salinity appeared in the rainy season.

However, because of the same reason to the Kupiano area, there seems no urgent need for practicing aquaculture for subsistence purpose. Net-cage culture or raft culture is generally applicable only for commercial purpose because of high capital investment required for facilities and operations. To make commercially viable fin-fish mariculture practices there are various aspects to be considered, such as selection of economically and technically suitable fish species for culture, source of feed materials, availabilities of materials for culture facility, fingerlings or fry as seed and man power, etc. If considered those aspects, it might be hard at this stage to launch commercial mariculture programmes in this area.

On the other hand, potential of bivalve shell culture development is rather high than that of fin-fish culture in this lagoon, because of no need of feeding to bivalve shell which generally grows by taking organisms suspended in the water such as phyto-plankton. Hood Lagoon seems good in production of phyto-plankton because of topographical circumstance of the bay. Hood Lagoon is a closed bay that can trap nutrients washed from land, which are necessary for growing phyto-plankton. This lagoon might hit to green mussel culture. Major constraint, however, is how to obtain green mussel seed. Green mussel is commonly being cultured in South-east Asian countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, etc. As green mussel is not available in Papua New Guinea, it is necessary to transplant green mussel seed from South-east Asia if green mussel culture is appropriate in the country.

4. Hiri District

1) Mirigeda Youth Development Center

The mangrove swamp at the back of the center is a technically ideal place for fish/shrimp culture. Ponds can be constructed easier because of shallowness and sparse mangrove trees. Soil at the swamp area shows good as well for fish/shrimp culture purpose.

From viewpoints of availability of culture technics and geographical situation, the following species might be appropriate for culture;

1. Milkfish (Chanos chanos)
2. Mullets
3. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
4. Sea-bass (Lates calcarifer)
5. Shrimps

In order to make a successful practice, development planners, government administrators and/or investors would have to recognize that there are in general three types of purposes in aquaculture. Those are for;

1. Subsistence for villagers,
2. Commercial for local consumption, and
3. Commercial, but mainly for export.

In this district, commercial-oriented aquaculture for local demand particularly for Port Moresby might be right, as subsistence aquaculture would not be reasonable because of availability of coastal food fish year-around. After production saturated local demand, exportation might be sought.

Prior to starting commercial aquaculture, technical and socio-economic feasibility studies would be essential to identify appropriate species and scale of production, and to assess its profitability through the following basic surveys on;

• local market (market price, demand in quantity, public preference, etc)
• seed (existence of seed suppliers, cost, quantity and quality, etc)
• culture technics (availability and cost of technical staff, local acceptability of technics, existence of technical backup, etc)
• feed (existence of feed suppliers, cost, quantity and quality, etc)
• infrastructure (availability of electricity, water and fuel, availability of equipment and materials, costs of construction and facility, transportation costs of seed, feed and product, operational cost, etc)

As the first step towards development of commercial aquaculture practice, it might be essential to first establish a small-scaled pilot farm to let people understand about the concept of aquaculture as it is new in the country, if the aforesaid feasibility studies resulted in finding a potential of commercial aquaculture practice in this place.

2) Bay at Tubusereia

This bay would have a high potential of pearl culture because of no inlets available and clearness of water, and calmness throughout the year. A further detailed study is recommended. If a commercial catch of pearl shell in the area exists, it is suggested to stop it right now in order to keep brood stock available for further development of pearl culture. In PNG, two pearl culture farms were once in operation in the Milne Bay and the Fairfax harbour, and they collapsed probably by mainly socio-economic reasons as mentioned in earlier. In order to avoid a similar failure, a feasibility study and programming should be carefully carried out.

There would be also a potential of net-cage culture of groupers or sea-bass in this bay because of closeness to the major market of Port Moresby, though its economic viability is unknown.

3) Bay at Barakau

Because of rough weather in certain season, all aquaculture practices might be difficult in the bay.

4) Sirinumu Dam

This dam would be suitable for applying floating net-cage culture of common carp and Tilapia (O. niloticus). Socio-economic assessment, however, should be made prior to its practice.

As means of increase of fisheries productivity in the dam, introduction of new fish species could be taken into account. Common carp might be a good candidate, as its seed are available locally from Aiyura, and it grows larger and can propagate naturally in the dam. Introduction of another Tilapia (O. niloticus) would possibly improve in size of Tilapia existing in the dam, because a hybridization with the existing Tilapia (O. mossambicus) could make a size of Tilapia larger. This was experienced in the Laguna de Bay Lake of the Philippines. As it is internationally recognized that O. niloticus is the valuable species for both stocking and farming compared with O. mossambicus, it is suggested to set up a governmental or provincial-operated hatchery then produced seed can re-stocked into natural waters or supplied to those who have their own ponds or swamps.

5) Bootless Bay

The Bootless Bay adjacent to Port Moresby city was not visited by this mission due to that this area was beyond the jurisdiction of the Central Province. The project manager of SPADP, however, recognized that the bay showed an indication of sufficient primary productivity for bivalve culture at his visit in July 1989. This bay would probably fit particularly to green mussel or oyster. Further study is required to assess this potential. It would be a good practice to carry out such study in cooperation with the University of PNG in terms of mutual benefit.

5. Goilala District

Mr. Joseph Ipson of the Agriculture, Stocks and Fisheries Office of Woitape, pointed out several issues on the present constraints over trout development, particularly as to seed, feed and marketing. It seems, however, essential to make it clear on what the goal of this trout programme is; for subsistence or commercial purpose, prior to programming its development plan.

It seems that trout is well adapted to Kosipe area and utilized for subsistence purpose. It is highly recommended to encourage the present re-stocking practices carried out by villagers. As the low water temperature 12 – 13 °C or below is required in winter time for maturation of rainbow trout, rivers re-stocked with trout should be selected carefully. Meanwhile, commercial trout farming might be questionable at this moment. If ice could be produced economically at Kosipe or Woitape, trout might be marketed to Port Moresby. Otherwise, trout should be shipped alive with water and oxygen. This would not be economically feasible. Smoked trout might be an appropriate product for shipping to Port Moresby though its market potential at Port Moresby is unknown. Further economic study is required for marketing of smoked trout as well as viability of trout farming in Kosipe or Woitape.

1. Photographs

Photo. 1 Swamp area near Aviara Oreke proposed for shrimp farming	Photo. 2 The same area, lower part
Photo. 3 Tidal area around the bridge passing to Roro-Aiara-Waima	Photo. 4 Oysters attached to rocks placed along the bridge sides

Photo. 5 Inland pond seen near Bereina

Photo. 6 Mangrove forests at Nikara Village
Photo. 7 Mangrove crabs; green and red

Photo. 8 Viewing Marshall Lagoon from Kupiano
Photo. 9 Viewing Hood Lagoon from Karo One Point	Photo. 10 Tarawa Village at Kele Iruna Point

Photo. 11 Sea-cucumber processor at Tarawa Village
Photo. 12 Drying surfredfish

Photo. 13 Swamp area of the Mirigeda Youth Development Center