J.C.M. Trail1, K. Sones2, J.M.C. Jibbo3, J. Durkin4, D.E. Light4 and Max Murray5.
1 Livestock Productivity and Trypanotolerance Group, ILCA, P.O. Box 46847, Nairobi, Kenya.
2 May and Baker Ltd., Dagenham, Essex, UK.
3 Amboni Ltd., P.O. Box 117, Tanga, Tanzania.
4 Biometrics and Computer Unit, ILCA, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
5 International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
ILCA Research Report No. 9
International Livestock Centre for Africa
February 1985
ILCA PUBLICATIONS
The International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) is an autonomous, non-profit making research and information centre with a mandate to improve livestock production throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The activities and publications of the centre are financed by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR members which have funded ILCA to date are the International Development Research Centre, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, and the governments of Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, France, Iran, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.
Responsibility for ILCA publications rests solely with the centre and with such other parties as may be cited as joint authors. Until 1982, the centre's two main series of scientific publications were Systems Studies and Monographs. These two series have now been superceded by the present series of Research Reports.
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
ABSTRACT
The productivity of grade Boran cattle maintained by chemoprophylaxis under severe trypanosomiasis risk was evaluated at Mkwaja Ranch, Tanzania. Twenty thousand calving records collected over a period of 10 years were analysed. It was established in an area of high tsetse challenge that, using a chemoprophylactic drug (Samorin) strategy, acceptable levels of productivity could be obtained. On average, the productivity level achieved at Mkwaja, expressed per unit of metabolic weight of cow maintained, was approximately 80% of that of Boran reared in a tsetse-free ranching environment in Kenya and was 35 % greater than trypanotolerant N'Dama kept in tsetse-infested areas of West and central Africa without trypanocidal drugs.
KEY WORDS
/ Tanzania // Mkwaja // trypanosomiasis // disease control // productivity data // chemoprophylaxis // trypanocidal drugs // Boran cattle // N'Dama cattle/
RESUME
La productivité du bétail de race Boran améliorée entretenue par la chimioprophylaxie dans des conditions de grave risque de trypanosomiase, a été évaluée au ranch de Mkwaja, en Tanzanie. 20000 recensements de vêlage couvrant une période de 10 ans ont été analyses. Il a été constaté dans une région à forte incidence de tsé-tsé que la mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie utilisant un produit chimioprophylactique (Samorin) permettait d'obtenir des niveaux de productivité acceptables. En moyenne, le niveau de productivité réalisé à Mkwaja, exprimé en unité de poids métabolique par vache, était approximativement 80% de celui des Boran élevées dans un environnement de ranching exempt de tsé-tsé et était de 35% plus grand que celui des N'Dama trypanotolérantes élevées dans des zones infestées de tsé-tsé en Afrique occidentale et centrale sans médication trypanocide.
MOTS CLES
/ Tanzanie // Mkwaja // trypanosomiase // lutte anti-maladie // données de productivité // chimioprophylaxie // médicaments trypanocides // bovins Boran // bovins N'Dama /
ISBN 92-9053-056-1
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
1. African trypanosomiasis and approaches to its control
Extent of the problem
Complexity of the problem
Control of the problem
Tsetse control
Future prospects for vaccination
Trypanotolerance
Trypanocidal drugs
History
Environmental features
Vectors and trypanosomes
Ranch management and production methods
Internal organization
Herding
Registration of calves
Weaning
Breeding
Culling
Marketing
Disease control
Wild predators
3. The need for trypanocidal drugs at Mkwaja
4. Approach to analysis of matching productivity and health data at Mkwaja
Background
Data preparation
Data analyses
5. Cattle productivity at Mkwaja
Reproductive performance
Mortality
Causes of death
Bodyweights
Cow productivity
Cow culling
6. Environmental influences on performance traits at Mkwaja
Effect of specific factors on performance
Year of calving or birth
Area and location on ranch
Cow age
Season of calving or birth
Sex of calfDevelopment of effective management systems
Increasing selection efficiency
Prophylactic and therapeutic regime
Trypanosomiasis diagnosis from blood smears
Environmental influences on number of treatments required
Effect of trypanocidal treatments required on performance
Number of Samorin treatments required
Berenil treatment given
Interaction between Samorin and Berenil treatments: Its relevance to drug resistance
Timing of Samorin treatment
8. Links between tsetse population dynamics and cattle productivity at Mkwaja
Introduction
Comparison of northern and southern areas
9. Comparison of Boran genotypes at Mkwaja
Introduction
Genotype effects on pre-weaning growth characters
Genotype x year of birth interaction effects on pre-weaning growth characters
Location effects on pre-weaning growth characters
Genotype x location interaction effects on pre-weaning growth characters
Genotype x year x location effects on pre-weaning growth characters
Conclusion
10. Mkwaja cattle productivity in an African context
Comparison of Mkwaja Boran with Boran in Kenya
Comparison of Mkwaja Boran with N'Dama in west and central Africa
Conclusion
11. Conclusions and recommendations
The trypanosomiasis problem
Unique nature of Mkwaja data
Trypanosomiasis risk at Mkwaja Ranch
Outcome of the Samorin prophylactic strategy
Insecticide application and release of sterile male tsetse flies
Mkwaja and Kenya Boran
Can productivity be increased?
Implications for other tsetse-infested areas