CIFA Technical Paper No.9 COASTAL AQUACULTURE: DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES IN AFRICA AND CASE STUDIES FROM OTHER REGIONS
edited by/révisé par André G. Coche FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS |
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. |
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Les appellations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n'impliquent de la part de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites.
M-44
ISBN 92-5-001300-0
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PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT
The Second Session of the Committee for Inland Fisheries of Africa (CIFA) Working Party on Aquaculture had planned to meet in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, in late November 1979. The selected topics for discussion had been centred on coastal aquaculture development in Africa. A series of individual papers had been prepared by various authors, to be presented at the meeting. Unfortunately, and for reasons beyond our control, the Working Party could not meet.
This Technical Paper assembles in their original language most of the documents prepared in 1979 for the meeting, either as National Reports or Review Papers. Among the latter, selected examples of successful coastal aquaculture developments from outside the African Region have been included, because of their possible interest in this region.
PREPARATION DE CE DOCUMENT
La Seconde Session du Groupe de Travail sur l'Aquaculture du Comité des Pêches Continentales pour l'Afrique (CPCA) devait se réunir à Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, en novembre 1979. Les sujets de discussion choisis se concentraient sur le développement de l'aquaculture côtière en Afrique. Une série de documents avaient été préparés par divers auteurs pour être présentés à la réunion. Malheureusement et pour des raisons indépendantes de notre volonté, le Groupe de Travail ne put se réunir comme prévu.
Le présent document rassemble, dans leur langue originale, la plupart des documents préparés au cours de 1979 pour la réunion, soit comme rapports nationaux soit comme revues synthétiques. Parmi ces dernières, sont inclus des exemples de développement aquacoles côtiers situés en-dehors de l'Afrique. Ayant démontré un certain succès, ils peuvent présenter de l'intérêt pour le développement futur de l'aquaculture côtière en Afrique même.
Distribution: CIFA mailing list FAO Fisheries Department FAO Regional Fishery Officers | For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as follows/La référence bibliographique de ce document doit être donnée ainsi: |
Liste de distribution CPCA FAO Département des Pêches FAO, Fonctionnaires régionaux des Pêches | Coche, A. (ed.), 1982 Coastal aquaculture: development perspectives in Africa and case studies from other regions. Aquaculture côtiere: perspectives de développement en Afrique et examples d'autres regions. CIFA Tech.Pap./Doc.Tech.CPCA, (9):258 p. |
© FAO 1982
ABSTRACT
In a first section, the status and potential for development of coastal aquaculture in selected African countries are presented. A general review of this development in the continent as a whole introduces individual country studies (Egypt, Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria and Tunisia).
A second section presents selected aspects of coastal aquaculture development: socio-economic aspects related to its planning and implementation; some of the particular problems encountered with the development of penaeid shrimp culture; review of the experience gained in the Mediterranean countries; brackishwater pond culture and fish-pen aquaculture in Far Eastern Asia; and coastal marine cage culture of fish based on the recent technology developed in Malaysia.
RESUME
Dans une première partie, le statut et le potentiel de développement de l'aquaculture côtière sont présentés pour une série de pays africains. Une revue générale de ce développement, au niveau du continent, introduit des études nationales individuelles (Egypte, Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria et Tunisie).
Une seconde partie présente ensuite divers aspects du développement de l'aquaculture côtière: les aspects socio-économiques liés à sa planification et à sa réalisation; certains problèmes particuliers rencontrés lors du développement de la culture des crevettes pénéides; une revue de l'expérience acquise dans les pays méditerranéens; les élevages d'Extrême Orient en étangs d'eau saumâtre et en enclos lagunaires; et enfin l'élevage de poisson en cages marines côtières sur la base de la technologie récemment développée en Malaisie.
PART I. STATUS OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE IN AFRICA/STATUT DE L'AQUACULTURE COTIERE EN AFRIQUE
1. Africa. A general review of coastal aquaculture in the African region by J.D. Ardill
1.1 General background and definitions
1.2 Geomorphology of African coastal areas.
2. EXTENSIVE AQUACULTURE IN COASTAL AREAS
2.1 Anadromous Fish Migration
2.2 Acadjas in Ghana, Madagascar and Benin
2.3 Barachois in Mauritius
2.4 Fish Introduction and Stocking
3. SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE IN COASTAL AREAS
3.1 Howash Farms in Egypt
3.2 Mangrove Swamps
4. INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE IN COASTAL AREAS
4.1 Pond Culture in Ivory Coast
4.2 Gage and Enclosure Culture in Ivory Coast
5. GENERAL PROBLEMS OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT
5.1 Fish Species Selection
5.2 Fish Seed Production
5.3 Fertilization and Feeding
5.4 Technical and Extension Services
5.5 Pollution
5.6 Financial Support
5.7 Marketing
ANNEX I: List of fish and shrimp species cultivated in African Brackish Waters.
2. Egypt. The utilization of coastal areas for aquaculture development by M.M. Ishak and M.M. Shafik
2. STATUS OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE
2.1 Lake Manzalah
2.2 Lake Borollus
2.3 Lake Edku
2.4 Fish Fauna of These Lakes
2.5 Lake Maruit
2.6 Lake Quaroun
2.7 Port-Fouad and Bardaweel Depressions
2.8 Fish Farming in Howash
4. SOURCES OF AQUACULTURE SEEDS
7. PROBLEMS FOR FUTURE AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT
3. Ghana. The utilization of coastal areas for aquaculture development by F.M.K. Denyoh
2.1 The Coastline
2.2 River Systems and Estuaries
2.3 The Coastal Lagoons
3. SOME IMPORTANT COASTAL LAGOONS
3.1 Sakumo Lagoon I
3.2 Mukwe Lagoon
3.3 Sakumo Lagoon II
3.4 The Keta Lagoon
3.5 The Angaw Lagoon
3.6 The Aby Lagoon
4. SPECIES OF FISH AND CRUSTACEANS
6. THE EXPLOITATION OF THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS
7. TRADITIONAL METHODS OF EXTENSIVE AQUACULTURE
8. DEVELOPMENT OF THE COASTAL ZONES
8.1 Commercial Coastal Aquaculture
8.2 Traditional Jurisdiction Over Areas Suitable for Aquaculture
8.3 Institutional Aspects
8.4 Policy and Planning
9. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF AQUACULTURE IN THE COASTAL LAGOONS
11. PRESENT STATE OF FISH PRODUCTION IN RELATION WITH FISH CONSUMPTION
12. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE AND RELATED PROBLEMS
APPENDIX Some Fish and Crustacean Species Commonly Caught in Lagoons and Estuaries of Ghana
4. Madagascar. L'utilisation des zones côtières pour le développement de l'aquaculture par A.L. Rasolofo et A. Rabelahatra
1.1 Géomorphologie
1.2 Climats
1.3 Sols et hydrologie
1.4 Importance des zones côtières favorables à l'aquaculture
2. L'EXPLOITATION DES ENVIRONNEMENTS COTIERS
3. ESPECES PISCICOLES D'UN INTERET PARTICULIER
4. ASPECTS DU DEVELOPPEMENT DES ZONES COTIERES
4.1 Aspects légaux juridiques
4.2 Aspects institutionnels
4.3 Aspects de planification
4.4 Aspects socio-économiques
4.5 Aspects financiers
4.6 Statistiques
5. DEVELOPPEMENT FUTUR DE L'AQUACULTURE ET SES PROBLEMES
ANNEXE Biologie et intérêt en aquaculture côtière de diverses espèces piscicoles à Madagascar
5. Mauritius. The utilization of coastal brackishwater areas for aquaculture by J.D. Ardill
2. THE EXPLOITATION OF BARACHOIS
3.1 Finfish
3.2 Crabs
3.3 Oysters
4. DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS OF COASTAL ZONES
4.1 Legal Aspects/Jurisdiction
4.2 Institutional Aspects
4.3 Planning Aspects
4.4 Statistical Data
5. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE AND RELATED PROBLEMS
6. Nigeria. The utilization of coastal areas for aquaculture development by M.A. Afinowi and B.I.O. Ezenwa
1.1 The Freshwater Zone
1.2 The Brackishwater Zone
1.3 The Coastal Zone
1.4 The Off-Shore Zone
2. FISH AND SHELLFISH OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IN NIGERIA
3. THE EXPLOITATION OF THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS
4. THE DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS OF THE COASTAL ZONES
4.1 Legal Aspects
4.2 Institutional Aspects
4.3 Planning Aspects
4.4 Socio-Economic Aspects
4.5 Financial Aspects
5. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE
7. Nigeria. On the economics of the production of the catfish Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus in brackishwater ponds by B.I.O. Ezenwa
2.1 Experimental Ponds
2.2 Length-Weight Relationship
2.3 Condition Factor
2.4 Food Conversions
2.5 Water Chemistry
4.1 Feed and Growth Studies
4.2 Economics of Catfish Farming in Nigeria
APPENDIX Suggested Pilot Project for Catfish Farming in Nigeria: a 50-ha Tidal Brackish-Water Fish Farm with 30-ha of Fish Ponds (1979 prices)
8. Tunisia. L'utilisation des zones côtières pour le développement de l'aquaculture par R. Abdelmajid
2.1.1 Le lac Ischkeul
2.1.2 Le lac de Bizerte
2.1.3 Le lac de Ghar El Melh (Porto Farina)
2.1.4 Le lac de Tunis
2.1.5 Le lac de Hergla
2.1.6 Le lac de Khenis
2.1.7 La sebkha El Kelbia
2.1.8 Le lac Biban
3.1 Techniques de pêche
3.2 Données statistiques
4. DEVELOPPEMENT DES ZONES COTIERES
4.1 Etat actuel de l'aquaculture en Tunisie
4.1.1 Les stations
4.1.2 Les espèces
4.2 Perspectives de développement
PART II. SELECTED ASPECTS OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT/ASPECTS CHOISIS DU DEVELOPPEMENT DE L'AQUACULTURE COTIERE
9. Selected socio-economic aspects of coastal aquaculture in tropical regions with respect to planning and implementation by U.W. Schmidt
2. PLANNING FOR COASTAL AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Evaluating the Socio-Economic Reality
2.2 The Formulation of the Social Postulate
2.3 Case Study: The Development of Coastal Aquaculture in Kenya
2.4 Macro-Economic and Legal Aspects
3. IMPLEMENTING COASTAL AQUACULTURE PROJECTS
3.1 Socio-Psychological Considerations
3.2 The Transfer of Responsibilities
3.3 The Vertical and Horizontal Integration of Coastal Aquaculture
10. Penaeid shrimp culture in tropical developing countries by M. Pedini
2. SOME BRIEF EXAMPLES OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHRIMP CULTURE PRACTISED
2.1 Southeast Asia and India
2.2 Latin America
3. SOME CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS LINKED WITH DEVELOPMENT OF SHRIMP CULTURE, OR HOW TO LEARN SOMETHING FROM PAST EXPERIENCE
11. L'aquaculture dans les pays méditerranéens par P. Rouzaud
1.1 - Caractéristiques générales de la Méditerranée
1.2 - Les côtes lagunaires
1.3 - Les côtes rocheuses
1.4 - Les côtes basses
2. L'exploitation des environnements côtiers
2.1 - La pêche en mer
2.2 - La pêche en lagune
2.3 - La valliculture
2.4 - L'élevage intensif en bassins et en cages flottantes
2.5 - La conchyliculture
3.1 - Le loup
3.2 - La daurade
3.3 - Les mulets
3.4 - La sole
3.5 - L'anguille
3.6 - L'huitre et la moule
3.7 - La crevette
4. Les aspects du développement
4.1 - L'environnement et les aspects légaux
4.2 - Les aspects techniques et institutionnels
4.3 - Les aspects de planification
4.4 - Les aspects sociaux économiques
4.5 - Les aspects financiers
4.6 - Le marché
5. Développement futur de l'aquaculture
5.1 - Les besoins
5.2 - Les projets
12. Pond culture of fish, shrimps and crabs in intertidal zones in the Far East by P.G. Padlan
2.1 Tidal range and land elevation
2.2 Soil
2.3 Topography
2.4 Vegetation
2.5 Storms and floods
2.6 Availability of labour and equipment
2.7 Miscellaneous
3.1 Milkfish farms
3.2 Shrimp farms
4.1 Construction by manual labour
4.2 Construction by mechanical equipment
5.1 Milkfish production
5.2 Shrimp production
5.3 Crab production
6. PROBLEMS RELATED TO DEVELOPMENT
6.1 Financial support
6.2 Trained manpower
6.3 Fish seeds availability
6.4 Fertilizers supply
13. Fish-pen aquaculture development on Laguna de Bay, Philippines by M.N. Delmendo
1.1 Description of the Lake
1.2 The Lake Fishery
1.3 The Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)
2.1 Rationale for Fish-pen Development
2.2 The Merchanism of Development
3. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FISH PENS
3.1 Shape and Size of Fish Pens
3.2 Details of Construction and Cost
4. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FISH PENS
4.1 Stocking Density
4.2 Reraring Period
4.3 Harvesting
4.4 Multiple Crop Production
5. ECONOMIC INVESTMENT POTENTIAL
5.1 Market Demand
5.2 The Fish Pen as an Investment
5.3 Risks of Fish Pen Operations
6. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FISH-PEN DEVELOPMENT ON THE LAKE REGION
6.1 Employment Opportunities
6.2 Related Subsidiary Income - Generating Activities
6.3 Effects of the Lake Fishery
8.1 Fish Seed Supply
8.2 Ecological and Environmental Problems
8.3 Social and Economic Problems
8.4 Management
9.1 Water Quality Management
9.2 Fish-Pen Development Management
9.3 Transfer of Technology
9.4 Mechanism for Development
14. Marine cage culture system in the tropics: technology and potential by T.E. Chua
1. STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CULTURE SITE
3.1 Biofouling
3.2 Regulation of growth and production
3.3 Harvesting
3.4 Transportation