FI:DP/INS/72/003/7
May 1979
| RESTRICTED FI:DP/INS/72/003/7 May 1979 |
A report prepared for the
BRACKISHWATER SHRIMP AND MILKFISH CULTURE
APPLIED RESEARCH AND TRAINING PROJECT
by
W.T. Yang
Fishery Biologist
(Shrimp Culture)
This is one of a series of reports prepared during the course of the UNDP project identified on the title page.
The conclusions and recommendations given in the report are those considered appropriate at the time of its preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of the project.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers.
| FAO. Brackishwater Shrimp and Milkfish Culture, Applied Research and Training Project, Indonesia. Shrimp Culture Research, based on the work of W.T. Yang. Rome, 1979. 34 p., 6 figs. FI.DP.INS/72/003/7 |
| ABSTRACT |
| This report gives an account of penaeid shrimp culture development work including postlarval production, nursery rearing and pond culture. The postlarval culture method was established for Penaeus monodon and P. merguiensis using different types of culture vessels. The total number of postlarvae produced in 1975 was 580 300 and production has increased to over 4 million in 1977; this figure will be rapidly increased in 1978 from induced gonad maturation and spawning. The highest P. monodon postlarvae per brood in a 10 m3 tank was achieved by producing 375 000 with 73 percent survival, and 320 000 with 52 percent survival for P. merguiensis. |
| Mass-culture systems of phytoplankton and rotifers were established for larval food organisms. The particulated soybean curd and rotifers were used for the larval diet to substitute for Artemia nauplii. Artemia will still be needed for a better survival rate. |
| Various types of nursery methods were experimented on formulated diet and on natural food in ponds; the optimal nursery stocking densities were determined. |
| A series of pond culture results indicated that interim fish extermination by using 7 ppm derris root extract was effective. The annual shrimp production in pond projected from preliminary results indicated that 600 kg per ha per year is possible, utilizing natural productivity with the fertilization but no feeding. This phase of the work needs to be repeated. |
| Based on the experiments, recommendations are outlined for further work to increase production. |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Food and Agriculture Organization is greatly indebted to the following organizations and individuals who assisted in the implementation of the project by providing advice, information and facilities: the Directorate General of Fisheries, Department of Agriculture, Jakarta, Mr Sukotjo Adisukresno, Co-Manager of the Project and Director of the Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Centre, and Mr Alie Poernomo, the former Co-Manager and Director of the Centre, for their support and actions in solving problems during the experiments; Mr Made L. Nurdjana, hatchery counterpart, for his work on the induced maturation of shrimps; Mr Kisto Mintardjo, pond culture counterpart; the members of the Shrimp Fry Production and Shrimp Culture Sections and other staff of the Centre.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1979
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1.1 Terms of Reference
1.2 Background Information
2.1 Availability of Spawners and Fecundity
2.1.1 Availability of Natural Spawners
2.1.2 Spawners from Induced Maturation
2.1.3 Fecundity of Local Shrimp
2.2.1 Larval Rearing in Small Pools
2.2.2 P. merguiensis Larval Rearing in Large Pools
2.2.3 Larval Rearing Method for Penaeus monodon
2.2.4 Larval Rearing in Large Cement Tanks
2.2.5 Rotifers as Larval Food
2.2.6 Soybean Curd as Larval Food
2.2.7 Benthic Algae or “Klekap” as Larval Food
2.2.8 Hatchery System Improvement
2.2.9 Transportation of Postlarvae
2.3 Mass-culture of Food Organisms
2.3.1 Uni-algal Mass-culture Facility
2.3.2 Mass-culture of Chlorella
2.3.3 Mass-culture of Brachionus rotifer
2.3.4 Mass-culture of Moina
2.4.1 Mixed Diet as Postlarval Food
2.4.2 Postlarval Culture in Nursery Ponds
2.4.3 Postlarval Rearing of P. merguiensis on Formula Feed
2.4.4 Postlarval Rearing of P. monodon on Formula Feed
2.4.5 Postlarval Rearing of P. monodon and P. merguiensis in
Tanks and Wooden Boxes
2.5.1 Culture Ponds
2.5.2 Growth and Production of P. merguiensis
2.5.3 Growth of P. merguiensis in Ponds
2.5.4 P. merguiensis Culture in Small Ponds
2.5.5 Mixed Culture of Penaeid Shrimp
2.5.6 Rainy Season Shrimp Culture in Ponds
2.5.7 Fish Extermination
2.7 Chironomid Larvae as Food for P. merguiensis
2.8 Induced Gonad Maturation and Spawning
3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1 Hatchery System and Postlarval Production
3.1.1 Seawater and Aeration System
3.1.2 Culture Tanks and Other Rearing Facilities
3.1.3 Collection of Spawners
3.2 Production of Food Organisms
3.4.1 Preparation of Ponds, Stocking and Harvesting
3.4.2 Interim Extermination of Extraneous Fish
3.4.3 Monitoring and Surveillance of Pond Conditions
3.4.4 Other Recommended Experiments
3.5 Training and Extension Programme
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 NUMBER OF OVIGEROUS PENAEID SHRIMPS COLLECTED BY K.M. WINDU
Table 2 OBSERVED FECUNDITY OF P. MERGUIENSIS AND P. MONODON
Table 3 HATCHERY PRODUCTION OF PENAEID POSTLARVAE 1975 to 1978
Table 4 EXAMPLE OF RESULTS OF POSTLARVAL PRODUCTION
Table 5 FEEDING OF LATE PENAEUS MERGUIENSIS LARVAE ON BRACIONUS DIET
Table 6 MORTALITY OF P. MERGUIENSIS POSTLARVAE UNDER DIFFERENT DENSITIES OF PACKING
Table 7 GROWTH AND FEEDING OF P. MERGUIENSIS POSTLARVAE ON A MIXED DIET
Table 8 STOCKING, GROWTH AND APPROXIMATE SURVIVAL RATES OF P. MERGUIENSIS IN NURSERY PONDS
Table 9 GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND CONVERSION RATES OF P. MERGUIENSIS POSTLARVAE
Table 10 GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND FOOD CONVERSION RATES OF P. MONODON POSTLARVAE IN POOLS
Table 11 RESULTS OF MIXED CULTURE OF PENAEID SHRIMPS
Table 12 INTAKE RATE OF BURROWED CHIRONOMID LARVAE BY JUVENILE P. MERGUIENSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 VIEW OF SEMI AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL ADJUSTING SIPHON
Figure 2 LAYOUT OF EXPERIMENT AND DEMONSTRATION PONDS
Figure 3 VIEW OF SLUICE GATE WITH FILTER AND DAM BOARD
Figure 4 LARGE SHRIMP SAMPLING TRAP
Figure 5 CEMENT TANKS FOR LARVAL REARING AND NURSERY
Figure 6 DIURNAL DO AND pH CHANGES AFTER HEAVY FERTILIZATION