ILCA Monograph No 6
by E Mukasa-Mugerwa
August 1989
International Livestock Centre for Africa
P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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ILCA The International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), established in 1974, is an autonomous, non-profit making research, training and information centre with a mandate to improve livestock production throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The activities and publications of the Centre are financed by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR members which have funded ILCA to date are the African Development Bank, the European Economic Community, the Ford Foundation, the International Development Research Centre, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, and the governments of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. ILCA conducts its own research programme, works closely with national agricultural research systems (NARS) in collaborative research projects and seeks to develop the research capacities of NARS by providing specialized training programmes and a range of information services. ILCA's publications series include Research Reports, Monographs and a quarterly journal, as well as conference proceedings and a quarterly ILCA Newsletter. Responsibility for ILCA publications rests solely with the centre and with such other parties as may be cited as co-authors. |
Correct citation: Mukasa-Mugerwa E. 1989. A review of a productive performance of female Bos indicus (zebu) cattle. ILCA Monograph 6. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
August 1989
SUMMARY
This monograph summarises knowledge of the reproductive biology of cows, with emphasis on Bos indicus types. After a brief introduction to the reproductive anatomy and endocrinology of the cow, subsequent chapters describe changes which occur at puberty, during the oestrous cycle, and at pregnancy; measures of reproductive performance; causes of infertility, and how these can be diagnosed and their effects minimised; the role of nutrition in cattle reproduction; lactational anoestrus and the effect of weaning; and herd health programmes. Data from Africa, Asia, America and Australia are presented. Where data from zebu cattle were not available, points are illustrated or emphasised using data on Bos taurus cattle, or other species.
This monograph is intended for field workers in agriculture and livestock production and health, particularly in Africa. However, it gives enough detail to be useful also to higher degree students and researchers.
KEY WORDS
/Zebu cattle/ /Bos indicus/ /Breeding/ /Reproduction/ /Animal physiology/ /cows/ - /Endocrinology/ /Reproductive performance/ /Reproductive disorders/ /Infertility/ /Animal nutrition/ /Animal health/ /Oestrous cycle/ /Weaning/
RESUME
La présente monographie fait le point des connaissances en ce qui concerne la biologie de la reproduction chez la cache, notamment de type Bos indicus. Après une brève introduction consacrée à l'appareil reproducteur et à l'endocrinologie, cette étude décrit les changements survenant à la puberté, au cours du cycle oestral et de la gestation; la mesure des performances de reproduction; les causes, le diagnostic et les solutions possibles de l'infertilité; le rôle de la nutrition dans la reproduction chez les bovine; l'anoestrus de lactation et l'effet du sevrage; et des programmes sanitaires destinés à des troupeaux bovine. les analyses vent basées sur des données rassemblées en Afrique, en Asie, en Amérique et en Australie. Celles-ci se rapportent essentiellement au zébu, mais parfois à Bos taurus ou à d'autres espèces bovines lorsqu'on ne dispose pas d'information sur le zébu.
D'abord destinée aux agents du développement agricole et des services de l'élevage en Afrique notamment, cette monographie est cependant suffisamment bien documentée pour intéresser également les étudiants et les chercheurs travaillant dans les domaines de l'agriculture, de la production et de la santé animales ou dans des disciplines connexes.
MOTS-CLES
/Bovin zébu/ /Bos indicus/ /reproduction/ /physiologie animale/ /vaches/ /endocrinologie/ /performances de reproduction/ /troubles de la reproduction/ /infertilité/ /nutrition animale/ /santé animale/ /cycle oestral/ /sevrage/
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
1.1 Bos indicus cattle in Africa and worldwide
1.2 Productivity and reproduction
1.3 References
2. Anatomy and endocrinology of cow reproduction
2.1 Anatomy
2.2 Endocrinology of reproduction2.2.1 Endocrine changes in the prepubertal heifer
2.2.2 Endocrinology of the oestrous cycle
2.2.3 Endocrinology of pregnancy
2.2.4 Maternal recognition of pregnancy
2.2.5 Endocrinology of the postpartum period
3. Puberty, Oestrus and Pregnancy
3.1.1 Importance and estimates of age at puberty
3.1.2 Anomalies in age at puberty3.2.1 Oestrous cycle length
3.2.2 Oestrus duration
3.2.3 Oestrus detection3.3 Gestation length, parturition and uterine involution
3.3.1 Gestation length
3.3.2 Parturition
3.3.3 Uterine involution
4. Measures of reproductive performance
4.1 Age at first calving
4.2 Fertility (calving) rates4.2.1 Estimates
4.2.2 Effects of age and lactation
4.2.3 Effect of breed
4.2.4 Effect of bodyweight
4.2.5 Effects of year and season
4.2.6 Genetic effects4.3 Number of services per conception
4.4 Calving interval4.4.1 Estimates
4.4.2 Genetic effects
4.4.3 Effects of year and season
4.4.4 Effect of nutrition
4.4.5 Effect of age
4.4.6 Other factors4.5 Specific measures of cow productivity
4.5.1 Cow efficiency
4.5.2 Cow productivity index
4.5.3 Most probable producing ability
4.5.4 Expected progeny difference
4.5.5 Lactation index
4.5.6 Breeding efficiency4.6 Cow productivity and useful life
4.7 Effect of inbreeding and heterosis on reproduction
4.8 Summary
4.9 References
5.1 Congenital morphological causes
5.2 Functional causes of infertility and repeat breeding5.2.1 Cystic ovaries and retained (persistent) corpora lutea
5.2.2 Other causes of anoestrus
5.2.3 Repeat breeders5.3 Infectious causes of infertility
5.3.1 Bacterial and protozoan infections
5.3.2 Viral infections
5.3.3 Mycoplasmas
5.3.4 Endometritis, metritis and pyometra, and the use of prostaglandins in postpartum uterine pathology
5.3.5 Retained afterbirth
6. The role of nutrition in cattle reproduction
6.1 Effect of nutrition on heifer pubertal development
6.2 Effect of nutrition on the postpartum cow
6.3 The relationship between body condition and cow reproduction
6.4 Hormonal changes associated with undernutrition
6.5 Summary
6.6 References
7. Lactational anoestrus and the effect of weaning
7.1 Early weaning
7.2 Temporary weaning
7.3 Partial or restricted suckling
7.4 Implications of strategic weaning and partial suckling
7.5 Possible physiologic basis of lactation anoestrus and possible hormonal initiation of cyclicity
7.6 References
8. Reproductive herd health programmes
8.1 Identification and history
8.2 Clinical examination
8.3 Rectal examination
8.4 Treatment
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