BETTER FARMING SERIES

Twenty-three titles have been published in this series, designed as handbooks for intermediate level agricultural education and training. They may be purchased as a set or as individual documents.

FIRST YEAR

1. The plant: the living plant; the root

2. The plant: the stem; the buds; the leaves

3. The plant: the flower

4. The soil: how the soil is made up

5. The soil: how to conserve the soil

6. The soil: how to improve the soil

7. Crop farming

8. AnimaS husbandry: feeding and care of animals

9. Animal husbandry: animal diseases; how animals reproduce

SECOND YEAR

10. The farm business survey

11. Cattle breeding

12. Sheep and goat breeding 18. Keeping chickens

14. Farming with animal power

15. Cereals

16. Roots and tubers

17. Groundnuts

18. Bananas

19. Market gardening

20. Upland rice

21. Wet paddy or swamp rice

22. Cocoa

23. Coffee

24. The oil palm

25. The rubber tree

26. The modern farm business

Better Farming Series    10

The Farm Business Survey

Published by arrangement with the Institut africain pour le développement économique et social B.P. 8008, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome 1976

First printing 1976

ISBN 92-5-100153-7

© French edition, lnstitut africain pour

le développement économique et social (INADES) 1971

© English edition, FAO 1976

Contents

1. Part 1

2. Agriculture is a trade that must be learned

3. What did we learn in the first-year course?

4. Why study the Better Farming courses?

5. Why go on with the Better Farming courses?

6. What shall we learn in the second-year course?

7. Part 2

1. The farm business survey

2. Why make a farm business survey?

3. How to make a farm business survey

4. A farmer should know the size of his fields

5. How to reckon the length and width of a field

6. How to reckon the area of a field

7. How to measure the weight of a harvest

8. How to reckon the yield per hectare

9. How to reckon receipts

10. Explanations to help in answering the questionnaire

8. Part 3

1. Farm business survey questionnaire

PREFACE

This manual is a translation and adaptation of “Lénterprise agricole (enquéte),” published by Agri-Service-Afrique of the Institut africain pour le développement économique et social (INADES), and forms part of a series of 26 booklets. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the publishers for making available this text, which it is hoped will find widespread use at the intermediate level of agricultural education and training in English-speaking countries.

The original texts were prepared for an African environment and this is naturally reflected in the English version. However, it is expected that many of the manuals of the series - a list of which will be found on the inside front cover - will also be fo value for training in many other parts of the world. Adaptations can be made to the text where necessary owing to different climatic and ecological conditions.

Applications for permission to ussue this manual in other languages are welcomed. Such applications should be addressed to: Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracallle, 00100 Rome, Italy.

The author of this Englist version is Mr. A.J. Henderson, former Chief of the FAO Editorial Branch.

OUTLINE OF COURSE

Part 1

Agriculture is a trade that must be learned

What did we learn in the first-year course?

Why study the Better Farming courses?

Why go on with the Better Farming courses?

What shall we learn in the second-year course?

Part 2

The farm business survey

Why make a farm business survey?

How to make a farm business survey

A farmer should know the size of his fields

How to reckon the length and width of a field

How to reckon the area of a field

How to measure the weight of a harvest

How to reckon the yield per hectare

How to reckon receipts

Explanations to help in answering the questionnaire

Part 3

Farm business survey questionnaire

PART 1

Review of the first-year course

Introduction to the second-year course

AGRICULTURE IS A TRADE THAT MUST BE LEARNED

Agriculture is the trade of men and women

who farm the land and raise livestock.

The farmer's trade is a difficult one;

it is a trade that demands a great deal of work.

It is a trade which has to be learned,

becaused nowadays there are many new techniques.

Agricultural extension workers

and agricultural assistants

explain these new techniques

to farmers.

With the help of the Better Farming courses

you can also gain a better knowledge

of farming.

The farmer's trade is the most important trade

for many African countries.

It is the farmers who feed

all a country's people.

Agriculture is the chief wealth

of most African countries.

For example:

Cotton is the chief resource of Chad;

Groundnuts are the chief resource

of Senegal;

Cocoa is the chief resource of Cameroon;

Coffee is the chief resource

of Ivory Coast.

In almost all African countries

the products sold to foreign countries

are agricultural1 products.

What did we learn in the first-year course?

You have just finished the first-year course.

You learned first

about plants and their different parts:

• the root has a very important part to play

(see Booklet No. 1):

• it holds the plant to the soil;

• above all,.it takes from the soil

the plant's food — mineral salts.

If roots did not exist,

plants could not feed themselves.

They would die.

• the stem (see Booklet No. 2):

• it carries the branches, leaves, flowers and fruits;

• it moves the raw sap from the root to the leaves.

• the leaves (see Booklet No. 2):

The action of the leaves is chiefly to change

the raw sap into elaborated sap.

The raw sap is the mineral salts and water

which the roots have taken from the soil.

The raw sap cannot be used directly

to feed the plant.

The raw sap has to be changed.

It is the leaves which change the raw sap

into elaborated sap.

This is known as vegetable synthesis.

The elaborated sap can feed the plant directly.

• the flowers (see Booklet No. 3):

The Job of the flowers is to produce fruits.

•the fruits (see Booklet No. 3):

Usually we grow plants

to harvest their fruits, such as:

the grains of millet, sorghum, maize,

the berries of coffee, the pods of cocoa,

the fruits of oil palms and coconut palms, bananas,

pineapples, mangoes, papaws.

After that

you learned about the soil.

• How is the soil made up? (see Booklet No. 4)

The soil is a mixture of sand, clay and silt.

Good soil contains humus.

Humus makes many soils much better,

it helps air and water to circulate better,

and makes the soil richer.

• The soil must be conserved (see Booklet No. 5)

by protecting the soil

against flowing water (erosion by water)

against wind (erosion by wind),

and against sun that is too hot.

To do this on sloping fields,

the ploughing should be along contour lines,

and the soil should be covered.

• Soil fertility must be improved (see Booklet No. 6)

by applying manure and compost,

by growing green manuring crops,

by the use of fertilizers.

Besides that, water can be brought in (irrigation)

if the ground is too dry;

and water can be taken away (drainage)

if the ground is too wet.

• The soil must be well worked

so as to produce more (see Booklet No. 7).

All the jobs on the land must be well done,

and they must be done at the right time.

Then you learned about animals.

If you want to have many fine animals,

you must:

• feed them well (see Booklet No. 8):

If the animals do not get enough to eat,

they do not grow,

they do not gain weight.

They produce little milk.

They will yield little meat

when they are slaughtered.

• house them well (see Booklet No. 8):

Animals need a shelter in which to sleep

and rest protected from rain and sun.

• protect them against diseases (see Booklet No. 9):

wounds must be treated,

parasites must be removed from animals,

animals must be vaccinated.

• make good animals breed (see Booklet No. 9):

If you choose males of good quality

and females of good quality,

you will have young ones of good quality.

Selective breeding will quickly improve your herd.

Why study the Better Farming courses?

What are the Better Farming courses for?

With the Better Farming courses

you will learn more about agriculture.

They teach farmers what they must do

to get better crops and to raise better animals.

For extension workers,

agricultural assistants

and community leaders

the Better Farming courses provide a refresher course

on what they learned in their training.

Many students write to ask:

“What are Better Farming courses for?

Could I get a job as an extension worker

or agricultural assistant?

Could I get a government job with your certificate?”

We always reply:

the aim of the Better Farming courses

is not to give you a government job.

In every country

there are examinations for government jobs.

But our purpose

is not to get people into government service.

Our aim is to give a better knowledge of their trade

to farmers,

agricultural extension workers

and agricultural assistants.

Why go on with the Better Farming courses?

I know that the Better Farming courses

are not recognized by the government

and administration of my country

as an official certificate.

Doing a Better Farming course

will not help me to get a government job.

That is not its purpose.

I do the course

simply in order to learn my job better.

If I'm a farmer,

or working with my father or uncle,

I shall learn how to farm well.

I shall use modern methods,

I shall get good yields

and I shall earn more money.

So I shall have extra money

to feed my family well,

make a better house,

and improve the village along with the other farmers.

If I am an extension worker

or an agricultural assistant

I shall learn how to give simple advice to farmers.

I shall become a good community leader

and be useful to the farmers and to my country.

What shall we learn in the second-year course?

During the first year we studied:

plants,

the soil and the tools for working the soil,

animals.

Why?

A farmer uses plants, the earth,

tools and animals to produce.

The farmer and those who work with him,

the plants, the earth, the tools, and the animals,

are all part of a whole

which is called the farm business.

Each farmer in savanna country,

each planter in forest country,

uses different means to produce and to earn money.

These means are:

• his labour and the labour of those with him,

• animals,

• land — his fields or his plantations,

• plants,

• tools.

All that (the labour, animals, land, plants, tools)

are the means of production

of the farm business.

The farmer uses all these means of production to produce:

• vegetable products,

such as millet, maize, yams, cassava,

coffee, cocoa, oil palm fruits, cotton,

groundnuts, okra, pimentoes, tomatoes, beans.

• animal products,

such as beef, mutton,

milk, butter,

eggs.

In the second-year course

there are nine booklets to study,

and nine question papers to answer.

• Two booklets are obligatory,

and should be studied by everyone.

These are the first,

on the farm business,

and the last,

on modern farming

• The other seven booklets are optional.

Each student should choose

out of the booklets prepared

seven booklets on crops and animal husbandry.

He must choose at least

two booklets on animal husbandry.

There are now four booklets on animal husbandry:

• Cattle breeding

• Sheep and goat breeding

• Keeping chickens

• Farming with animal power.

There are now 11 booklets on crops:

• Groundnuts

• Wet paddy or swamp-rice

• Upland rice

• Cereals (millet, maize sorghum}

• Roots and tubers

(cassava, yams, sweet potatoes, tania, taro)

• Market gardening

• Coffee Cocoa

• The oil palm

• Bananas

• The rubber tree

If a student chooses two booklets on animal husbandry,

he has to choose five booklets on crops.

If a student chooses three booklets on animal husbandry,

he has to choose four booklets on crops.

If a student chooses four booklets on animal husbandry,

he has to choose three booklets on crops.

For example:

Mamadou is a farmer in savanna country;

he has cattle and sheep;

he uses animal power for tilling.

Mamadou chooses:

three booklets on animal husbandry:

cattle,

sheep and goats,

farming with animal power;

four booklets on crops:

cereals,

roots and tubers,

groundnuts,

market gardening.

PART 2

The farm business survey

THE FARM BUSINESS SURVEY

The study programme

for the second-year course

is called:

the farm business

and its animal and vegetable production.

We shall deal more particularly with the farm business

in this first booklet

of the second-year course

and in the last booklet of the course.

In the other booklets

we shall deal with the animal and vegetable production

of a farm.

In this first booklet

we ask you to make a farm business survey.

What does this mean — “make a survey”?

Making a survey or a farm business

means taking stock of a farm

and stating what are its means of production.

For instance:

• How many workers are there?

• How many fields are farmed?

What is the area of these fields?

What crops are grown on them?

• What animals belong to the farmer?

How many are there?

Do some animals work in the fields?

• What tools are used?

• What buildings are there?

Why make a farm business survey?

Many students of the Better Farming courses

are farmers who work on a farm.

Sometimes this business belongs to them,

and sometimes it belongs to their father,

or brother or uncle.

Each Better Farming student

should have a good knowledge

of the farm on which he works.

If he knows it well,

he will be able to improve it,

for he will have a good knowledge

of the means of production

used by this farm business.

Many students of the Better Farming courses

are agricultural extension workers,

or agricultural assistants

or community leaders.

Their aim is to teach farmers

to farm the land better,

to breed better animals.

For them too it is necessary

to have a good knowledge of some farm.

They will learn

how to look carefully at a farm business.

They will see better

all the farmers' difficulties.

They will be able to advise them better,

and help them better in their everyday work.

How to make a farm business survey

1. If you own a farm,

or if you work with your father,

or brother or uncle,

choose the farm business

in which you work.

Read the survey questionnaire.

At each question,

note how things are

on the farm where you work.

In answering the question,

do not invent an answer

which will please the enumerator or supervisor.

Say exactly what happens

on the farm.

For example:

You are asked if you put manure on the fields.

If on your farm

the animals are not shut in,

you cannot make manure.

So you should not say

that you put manure on the fields.

For example:

You are asked if you apply fertilizer

to your plantation.

If you do not apply fertilizer,

you must not say that you do.

The farm must be described

exactly as it is.

Answers must not be invented.

2. If you do not own a farm,

or if you do not work on a farm,

choose a farm that you know well.

If you are an agricultural extension worker

or agricultural assistant,

choose a farm which you regularly visit

to advise the farmer.

Ask the farmer to give you the necessary information.

Make a note on paper of all this information

and then fill in the questionnaire of the survey.

If you have some other job,

such as that of schoolteacher,

look for a farmer or planter

in your neighbourhood

who will give you the information you need.

You can also choose a farm in your native village,

or your old father's farm,

or that of your uncle

or one of your cousins.

Ask them questions,

make a note of the answers to these questions.

Go and look at the fields yourself.

Measure the area of each field.

Weigh the traditional measures,

such as a cask and a cashbash (gourd)

to find out how many kilogrammes of millet

a cask or a calabash contains.

A farmer should know the size of his fields

A modern farmer

should have regular-shaped fields,

with square corners.

That is, corners that make right angles.

A corner of your booklet

is a square corner

because it forms a right angle.

Farmers should nowadays make all their fields

with square corners.

Most modern fields

have the shape of a rectangle.

A rectangle is a field

with 4 sides and 4 square corners.

Your booklet is a rectangle,

because it has 4 sides and 4 square corners.

The 2 bigger sides

are called the length.

The 2 smaller sides

are called the width

When the length and the width are the same,

the rectangle is called a square.

A good farmer should know

the length and width of his fields.

To know the length and width of a field

the field must be measured.

Measuring the length or width of a field

means knowing

how many metres there are in this length or width.

HOW TO RECKON THE LENGTH AND WIDTH OF A FIELD

You measure the length or width of a field

in metres.

A metre is a unit of fength.

At shops you can buy a wooden folding rule,

or a tape which measures exactly one metre.

But you can make a metre measure for yourself.

Take a stick that is quite straight,

or a piece of string or rope.

Take five times the length of your booklet

(the bigger side of the booklet)

and you will have a length of about one metre

(1.05 metres exactly),

because your booklet is 21 centimetres long,

that is 0.21 metre (0.21 X 5= 1.05 m).

To get just one metre,

take off the stick, or string or rope,

the length of your thumb.

With this stick, string or rope,

you can measure

the length and width of your field.

As these distances are often very long,

the length or width of fields is often measured

with a rope or chain of 10 metres.

(This rope or chain is called a decametre).

If you have a rope long enough,

you can yourself make a decametre.

Take the metre that you made first

and put it along the rope ten times.

That will give you a decametre.

It will enable you to measure much more easily

the length and width of your field.

The extension workers or agricultural assistants

sometimes have decametres.

You can ask them to measure your fields.

HOW TO RECKON THE AREA OF A FIELD

The area of a field is measured

in square metres (m^2).

To reckon the area of a field

that has the shape of a rectangle,

multiply the length in metres by the width in metres.

Example: I have a field which is 54 metres long

and 22 metres wide;

the area of the field is

54 m X 22 m = 1 188 m^2,

I have another field which is 187 m long

and 84 m wide;

the area of the field is

187 m x 84 m — 15 708 m^2,

I have a garden which is 21 m long

and 8 m wide;

the area of my garden is

21 m X 8 m = 168 m^2.

Usually, to measure the area of a field,

we use another unit of measurement

which is more useful than m^2.

This is the hectare (ha).

A hectare equals 10 000 m^2.

It is the area of a square field,

the four sides of which are each 100 metres long.

How to change into hectares

the area of a field given in m^2.

You simply put in a decimal point four places back, thus:

15 708 m^2 = 1,5708 ha

1 188 m^2 = 0.1188 ha

168 m^2 = 0.0168 ha

How to measure the weight of a harvest

Often when you ask a farmer

how much he has harvested,

the farmer says:

“I harvested 22 casks of rice,”

or “I harvested 18 baskets of cotton,”

or “I. harvested 5 sacks of coffee.”

Usually farmers do not use

the same units of measurement

to measure the amount they have harvested.

So it is difficult to compare the harvest of one farmer

with the harvest of another farmer.

To do that, it is better

to measure the amount harvested in kilogrammes (kg).

You can measure the weight of a harvest in kilogrammes

on scales or on a weighing machine.

The dealers or trading companies

who buy agricultural produce

have scales

to weigh the harvest of each farmer.

But sometimes the dealers

cheat the farmers

in weighing their produce.

So it is often worth while

for all the farmers of a village

to have their own scales.

Then each farmer can know

exactly how much he has harvested

from each field of cotton or millet or cocoa.

When he sells he cannot be cheated by the dealer,

because he knows the weight

of the cotton, millet or cocoa

that he is selling

If you have not got a pair of scales,

you can get someone to weigh

the rice contained in one cask, let us say 8 kg.

Then, if you have harvested 22 casks, that makes about

8 kg X 22 = 176 kg.

How to reckon the yield per hectare

To find out if the harvest has been good,

you often need to reckon

how many kilogrammes you would have harvested

if you had a field of one hectare.

When you have worked out this figure,

you have reckoned the yield per hectare.

Example:

I have a field of groundnuts

that is 54 metres long and 22 metres wide.

The area is: 54 m X 22 m = 1 188 m^2.

I harvested 94 kg of groundnuts from this field.

What is the yield per hectare?

To work this out,

I use what is called the rule of three, thus:

From an area of 1 188 m^2 I harvested 94 kg

Another example:

I have a field of maize

which is 165 metres long and 74 metres wide.

Its area is 165 m X 74 m = 12 210 m^2.

I harvested 924 kg of maize on this field.

What is the yield per hectare?

I use the rule of three:

On an area of 12 210 m^2 I harvested 924 kg

How to reckon receipts

The receipts

are the money a farmer gets

for selling his produce.

Mamadou is a farmer

who grows: 0.8 ha of cotton

0.5 ha of groundnuts

0.6 ha of millet

0.4 ha of rice

He weighs all his harvests.

He has harvested: 640 kg cotton

450 kg of groundnuts

420 kg of millet

360 kg of rice

He keeps, to feed his family:

100 kg of groundnuts

360 kg of millet

150 kg of rice

He sells: 640 kg of cotton at 28 F: 28 X 640 = 17 920 F

350 kg of groundnuts at 17 F: 17 X 350 = 5 950 F

60 kg of millet at 15 F: 15 X 80 = 990 F

210 kg of rice at 20 F: 20)1210 = 4 200 F

So the farmer's receipts are:

But the farmer has perhaps sold

other things besides his harvests.

Perhaps he has sold an ox or a calf,

some sheep,

chickens, or eggs.

Perhaps he sold some okra, pimentoes or tomatoes.

All the other products sold must be added

in order to get the farmer's total receipts.

EXPLANATIONS TO HELP IN ANSWERING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

The questionnaire for this survey is long.

There are five parts.

Each of these parts deals with

one of the means of production of the farm business:

• Farm labour (page 2 of questionnaire)

• Farm animals (page 3 of questionnaire)

• Farm land and products: garden, plantations, fields, pasture (pages 4 and 5 of questionnaire)

• Farm buildings (page 6 of questionnaire)

• Farm installations and tools (page 7 of questionnaire)

In the following pages

we give some explanations

so that you can answer the questions better.

Read these pages several times,

so that you will understand better

what you are asked.

Think well before answering.

Take good note of what is done on the farm.

Do not invent answers.

Say exactly what there is on the farm.

Page 2 of questionnaire

1. FARM LABOUR

First of all it is important to say

to whom the farm belongs,

who is head of the business.

You must also say

if you work on the farm.

Then it is important to know

how many people work

all the year round on the farm.

Include only those who

remain in the village all the year,

and who

work on the farm all the year.

In the following question

you can say

if some people come from time to time to work,

for example, students during their holidays,

brothers, or cousins, or friends.

Page 3 of questionnaire

2. FARM ANIMALS

There are animais

on almost all farms.

First of all you are asked to say

what animals live on the farm.

If there are cattle (cows, oxen)

you answer “yes” after “Cattle ,”

and then you say

how many males, females and calves there are.

If there are no cattle

you write “no” after “Cattle.”

You do the same thing

with the other animals:

sheep, goats, pigs, chickens.

If there are other animals

which are not listed in the questionnaire,

such as donkeys, horses, camels, rabbits, guinea fowl,

write the name of the animal

under the other names of animals,

then say how many are

males, females, young ones.

Next you must say

what these animals are used for.

Are they raised

for meat, or milk or eggs?

Are they raised

for sale to earn money?

Are they raised

for farm work such as ploughing, and for transport?

Page 4 and 5 of questionnaire

3. FARM LAND AND PRODUCTS

The two pages on land

are divided into four parts:

1. Garden

2. Tree plantations

3. Fields

4. Pasture

1. Garden

On the farm there is perhaps a place

where, for example, pimentoes, or tomatoes,

or okra or onions are grown.

Name all the plants grown in this garden.

Say also if the farmer sells vegetables

grown in the garden.

If there is no garden, answer “no”

and go on to the next question.

2. Tree plantations

Plantations are land where trees are grown.

In the questionnaire

each rectangle represents one plantation.

Fill in as many rectangles as there are plantations.

In the forest regions,

the plantations are chiefly of coffee trees, cocoa trees,

oil palms, coconut palms, bananas.

In savanna country

the plantations are chiefly of fruit trees

such as mango, orange, lemon or papaw trees.

If the plantation is very small,

for example, it has three or four mango trees,

give only the number of trees,

do not give the area.

If the plantation is very big,

for example, coffee trees,

give only the area of the plantation

and not the number of trees.

3. Fields

In the questionnaire

each rectangle represents one field.

Fill in as many rectangles

as there are fields.

For example, Yeo has a field of cotton,

a field of millet,

a field of groundnuts.

Yeo has only three fields,

so he fills in only three rectangles.

When a farmer has not sold a product,

for example, millet,

fill in only the first three lines

of each rectangle;

do not fill in the last two lines.

4. Pasture

Are there places

where fodder crops for animals are grown,

for example, a seeded fallow?

Page 6 of questionnaire

4. FARM BUILDINGS

A modern farm

should have special buildings.

There may be three kinds of buildings:

1. Buildings to house the animals:

• a cow shed for cattle (cows, oxen);

• a shed for sheep or goats;

• a pigsty for pigs;

• a henhouse for poultry (chickens, guinea fowl);

• a stable for donkeys or horses.

2. Buildings for tools:

• a shed for implements, such as: hoe, machete, sickle, plough, mechanical cultivator, seed drill, rice thresher, coffee pulping machine;

• a store for fertilizers and pecticides.

3. Buildings for the harvests:

• a granary for storing millet, rice, groundnuts;

• a hut for storing cassava or yams;

• a shelter for drying coffee or cocoa.

Take note

whether there are such buildings on the farm.

Do not invent your answers.

If there are no buildings of these kinds,

answer “no” to the questions.

Page 7 of questionnaire

5. FARM INSTALLATIONS AND TOOLS

First of all, say

whether the farmer has made any installations on his farm,

such as digging a pit for making compost,

or arranging a place for making manure,

or digging a well to get water,

or digging channels to make an irrigated rice field.

Do not invent answers

if there are no such installations.

Answer “no” to the questions.

Next, list

the different tools that belong to the farmer.

List first the hand tools,

such as: hoe, machete, knife, sickle,

spade, dibber, rake.

Then list the tools drawn fay animals

(if the farmer works with animal power),

such as: plough, cart, harrow, marker,

cultivator, groundnut lifting plough.

Finally, list the other machines,

such as: rice threshing machine,

coffee pulping machine,

pesticide applicators,

millet grinder,

scales for weighing produce.

PART 3

Farm business survey

questionnaire

FARM BUSINESS SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

This questionnaire

is different from the question papers

of the first-year courses.

You are not asked to answer questions

about what you have learned in the course.

You are asked to get a good knowledge of a farm.

If you are a farmer yourself,

you work in the fields;

you have animals

and perhaps buildings for them;

you have tools.

The farm workers, the animals, the fields,

the buildings, the tools make up

what is called a farm business.

The course has explained this.

Read carefully.

You are now going to make us familiar with your farm.

If you do not have a farm yourself,

take your father's farm,

or your brother's,

or the farm of someone else.

In answering the questionnaire,

take only one farm.

HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONNAIRE

• Be sure you understand each question.

This booklet explains how to answer the questions.

Reread pages 24 to 30.

• Next, take good note

of what there really is on the farm.

As asked, you must count and measure.

Then write your answer.

• If the question speaks

of something which does not exist on the farm,

answer “no”.

1. FARM LABOUR

he farm consists in the first place of those who work on it.

There is whoever has the land and the animals; he gives work and food

to the family and he keeps the harvest.

There are also those who work for him on the farm.

Answer the following questions:

• In what village does the farm lie?

____________________________________________________

• Who does the farm belong to?

Is it yourself?_________________

Is it someone in your family?__________________________

Is it some other person? _____________________________

• Do you work on the farm you rself?

____________________________________________________

• Count how many people work all the time on the farm.

How many men? _________

How many women? _________

How many unmarried youngsters? __________

How many paid workers? _________

Total number of workers _________

• Are there other workers who come at certain times?

____________________________________________________

All these workers make the success of the business.

They bring labour to the business.

2. FARM ANIMALS

The farm business also includes the animals.

Take a good look and count them.

There are livestock (cattle, goats, sheep, pigs,

donkeys, horses, camels, etc.).

There are farmyard animals

(chickens, ducks, guinea fowl, rabbits).

On the farm of Mr.__________________________________there are:

• Are these animals raised for food for people (meat, milk, eggs)? If so, which?

____________________________________________________

• Are these animals raised for sale, to earn money? _____________

This year, was any money earned from the animals?____________

How much? Reckon as follows:

• Are some animals used for farm work?

• Is food bought for the animals?

• Are medicines bought for the animals?

Animals are wealth: they are

the animal capital of the business

3. FARM LAND AND PRODUCTS

The farm business also includes the cultivated land.

Let us see:

Mr. _______________________________________ and his wife may have a garden.

They may have tree plantations.

They grow crops for the family food, and other crops to sell.

They may also have pasture for feeding animals.

1. The garden

• Has Mr. ________________________________________________ a garden? ______________________________________

(If not, do not answer this question. Go on to the following question about tree plantations.)

• What is grown in the garden?

____________________________________________________

• Are any vegetables sold? Which?

____________________________________________________

• If yes, how much was earned in a year?

____________________________________________________

2. Tree plantations

Are there any plantations or fruit trees?

Each rectangle below represents one plantation or a group of trees. Write in the rectangle the answers to the following questions:

• What sort of plantation? (Coffee ______oil palms______mangoes ______etc.)

• What is the area of the plantation?

• How many trees are there?

• How many kilogrammes were harvested in a year?

• If anything was sold, how much was earned? ("Receipts...........")

3. Fields

• How many fields are there in the farm?

____________________________________________________

• Look at each field. Each rectangle below represents one field. Write in the rectangles and say:

• What crop is grown in the field: “Field of ...........”

• What is the area of this field: “measuring ...........”

• How many kilogrammes were harvested in this field: "Harvest ...........”

• If the harvest was sold, or part of the harvest, how much was earned? {"Receipts...............")

Which of the products harvested in the fields and plantations were used for human food? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Which were used for animal food? ________________________________

Which were sold to earn money?________________________________

4. Fodder crops for animals: pasture

Are fodder crops for animals grown?

Are there places kept for pasture?

The garden, plantations and fields contribute to production:

they are the land capital of the business.

4. FARM BUILDINGS

The farm business also includes buildings. They are used for housing animals, for storing tools. Perhaps there are barns or paddocks.

Look carefully and do not forget anything.

• At night where do the animals sleep? Include the livestock and the farmyard animals.

In the farm house? ________________________Which animals? ___________________________________________

In a shelter? __________________________________Which? ________________________________________________________

In the bush? __________________________________Which? ________________________________________________________

In housing made for them? __________________________________________________________________________________

• How many buildings are there for the animals? Which?

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

• What are the walls of these buildings made of? And the roof?

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

• What is to be seen inside these buildings?

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

• Is there a paddock for the animals in the daytime? For which animals?

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

• How is the paddock made? What is to be seen in It?

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

• Is there a special place for storing working materials such as tools, fertilizers, pesticides? What piace is there?

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

• How many granaries are there for storing the harvest?

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

Buildings contribute to production.

They are also part of the farm capital.

5. FARM INSTALLATIONS AND TOOLS

To produce more, Mr. ______________________________ has maybe made some improvements to his land by digging ditches or making little channels, or by doing other things.

In working, he uses tools. Maybe he has built some installations.

These installations and tools are part of the business.

Take a good look.

Installations: is there:

a pit for compost? ________________________a place for manure?___________________________

a pit for silage? _____________________________a store of hay or oil cake?_______________________

a well near the house and garden?_______________________________________________________________

What is there for storing water? _______________________________________________________________

What arrangements have been made to bring water to the fields or garden? __________________________________

What installations, such as a dryer or oven, etc., are there for drying or treating harvest products? _______________________________________________________________________

What tools are used in production?

Pesticides and fertilizers: does the farmer buy fertilizers?________________________________________

For what crops?________________________________________

Installations and tools contribute to production:

they are the technical capital of the business.

FAO SALES AGENTS AND BOOKSELLERS AGENTS ET DÉPOSITAIRES DE LA FAO LIBRERIAS Y AGENTS DE VENTAS DE LA FAO

Argentina  Editorial Hemisferio Sur S.R.L., Libreria Agropecuaria, Pasteur 743, Buenos Aires.

Australia  Hunter Publications, 58A Gipps Street, Collingwood, Vic. 3066; The Assistant Director, Sales and Distribution, Australian Government Publishing Service, P.O. Box 84, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600, and Australian Government Publications and Inquiry Centres in Canberra, Melbourne, Sydney, Perth, Adelaide and Hobart.

Austria  Gerold & Co., Buchhandlung und Verlag, Graben 31, 1011 Vienna.

Bangladesh  Association of Voluntary Agencies in Bangladesh, 549F Road 14, Dhammandi, P.O. Box 5045, Dacca 5.

Belgique  Service des publications de la FAO, M.J. De Lannoy, rue du Trône 112, 1050 Bruxelles. CCP 000-0808993-13.

Bolivia  Los Amigos del Libro, Perú 3712, Casilla 450, Cochabamba; Mercado 1315, La Paz; René Moreno 26, Santa Cruz; Junin esq. 6 de Octubre, Oruro.

Brazil  Livraria Me.stre Jou, Rua Guaipá 518, Sâo Paulo 10; Rua Senador Dantas 19-S205/206, Rio de Janeiro.

Brunei  MPH Distributors Sdn. Bhd., 71/77 Stamford Road. Singapore 6, Singapore.

Canada  Information Canada, Ottawa.

Chile  Biblioteca, FAO Oficina Regional para América Latina, Av. Providencia 871, Casilla 10095, Santiago.

China  China National Publications Import Corporation, P.O. Box 88, Peking.

Colombia  Litexsa Colombiana Ltda., Carrera 15, N° 51-79, Apartado Aéreo 51340, Bogotá.

Costa Rica  Libreria, Imprenta y Litografia Lehmann S.A., Apartado 10011, San José.

Cuba  Instituto del Libro, Calle 19 y 10, N° 1002. Vedado.

Cyprus  MAM, P.O. Box 1722, Nicosia.

Denmark  Ejnar Munksgaard, Norregade 6, Copenhagen S.

Ecuador  Su Libreria Cia. Ltda., Garcia Moreno 1172, Apartado 2556, Quito.

Egypt  Al Ahram, El Galaa St., Cairo.

El Salvador  Libreria Cultural Salvadoreña S.A., Avenida Morazán 113, Apartado Postal 2296, San Salvador.

Espanña  Libreria Mundi Prensa, Castelló 37, Madrid; Libreria Agricola, Fernando VI, 2, Madrid - 4.

Finland  Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, 1 Keskuskatu, Helsinki.

France  Editions A. Pedone, 13 rue Soufflot, 75005 Paris.

Germany, F. R.  Alexander Horn Internationale Buchhandlung, Spiegelgasse 9, Postfach 3340, Wiesbaden.

Ghana  Ghana Publishing Corporation, P.O. Box 3632, Accra.

Grece  “ Eleftheroudakis”, 4 Nikis Street, Athènes.

Guatemala  Distribuciones Culturales y Técnicas “Artemis”, Quinta Avenida 12-11, Zona 1, Guatemala.

Haiti  Max Bouchereau, Librairie “A la Caravelle”, B.P. 111B, Port-au-Prince.

Honduras  Editorial Nuevo Continente S. de R.L., Avenida Cervantes 1230-A, Apartado Postal 380, Tegucigalpa.

Hong Kong  Swindon Book Co., 13-15 Lock Road, Kowloon.

Iceland  Snaebjörn Jónsson and Co. h.f., Hafnarstraeti 9, P.O. Box 1131, Reykjavik.

India  Oxford Book and Stationery Co., Scindia House. New Delhi; 17 Park Street, Calcutta.

Indonesia  P.T. Gunung Agung, 6 Kwitang, Djakarta.

Iran  Iran Book Co. Ltd., 127 Nadershah Avenue, P.O. Box 14-1532. Tehran; Economist Tehran, 99 Sevom Esfand Avenue, Tehran (sub-agent).

Iraq  National House for Publishing, Distributing and Advertising, Rashid Street. Baghdad.

Ireland  The Controller, Stationery Office. Dublin.

Israel  Emanuel Brown, P.O. Box 4101, 35 Allenby Road and Nachlat Benyamin Street, Tel Aviv; 9 Shlomzion Hamalka Street, Jerusalem.

Italie  Distribution and Sales Section, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via del I e Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome; Libreria Scientifica Dott. L. De Biasio “Aeiou”, Via Meravigli 16, 20123 Milan; Libreria Commissionaria Sansoni “Licosa”, Via Lamarmora 45, C.P. 552, 50121 Florence.

Jamaica  Teachers Book Centre Ltd., 96 Church Street, Kingston.

Japan  Maruzen Company Ltd., P.O. Box 5050, Tokyo Central 100-31.

Kenya  The E.S.A. Bookshop. P.O. Box 30167, Nairobi.

Korea, Rep. of  The Eul-Yoo Publishing Co. Ltd., 5 2-Ka, Chong-ro, Seoul.

Liban  Dar Al-Maaref Liban S.A.L., place Riad El-Solh. B.P. 2320, Beyrouth.

Luxembourg  Service des publications de la FAO, M.J. De Lannoy, rue du Trône 112, 1050 Bruxelles (Belgique).

Malaysia  MPH Distributors Sdn. Bhd., 71/77 Stamford Road, Singapore 6. Singapore.

Maroc  Librairie “ Aux Belles Images”, 281 avenue Mohammed V, Rabat.

Mauritius  Nalanda Company Limited, 30 Bourbon Street, Port-Louis.

Mexico  Dilitsa, Puebla 182-D, Apartado 24-448, Mexico 7. D.F.

Netherlands  N.V. Martinus Nijhoff, Lange Voorhout 9, The Hague.

New Zealand  Government Printing Office: Government Bookshops at Rutland Street, P.O. Box 5344, Auckland; Mulgrave Street, Private Bag, Wellington; 130 Oxford Terrace, P.O. Box 1721, Christchurch; Princes Street, P.O. Box 1104, Dunedin; Alma Street, P.O. Box 857, Hamilton.

Nicaragua  Culturama, Camino de Oriente, Apartado 4741, Managua.

Nigeria  University Bookshop Nigeria Ltd., University of Ibadan.

Norway  Johan Grundt Tanum Bokhandel, Karl Johansgt. GT 41-43, Oslo 1.

Pakistan  Mirza Book Agency, 65 The Mall, Lahore 3.

Panama  Distribuidora Lewis S.A., Edificio Dorasol, Calle 25 y Avenida Balboa, Apartado 1634, Panamá 1.

Peru  Libreria Juan Mejia Baca, Azangaro 722, Lima,

Philippines  The Modern Book Company, 928 Rizal Avenue, Manila.

Poland  Ars Polona-Ruch, Krakowskie Przedmiescie 7, Warsaw.

Portugal  Livraria Bertrand, S.A.R.L., Apartado 37, Amadora; Livraria Portugal, Dias y Andrade Ltda., Apartado 2681, Rua do Carmo 70-74, Lisbon - 2.

Rep. Dominicana  Fundación Dominicana de Desarrollo, Casa de las Gárgolas, Mercedes 4, Santo Domingo.

Roumanie  llexim, Calea Grivitei No. 64-66, P.O. Box.2001, Bucharest.

Saudi Arabia  Khazindar Establishment, King Faysal Street, Riyadh.

Singapore  MPH Distributors Sdn. Bhd., 71/77 Stamford Road, Singapore 6.

Somalia  “Samater’s”, P.O. Box 936, Mogadishu.

Sri Lanka  M.D. Gunasena and Co. Ltd., 217 Norris Road, Colombo 11.

Suisse  Librairie Payot S.A., Lausanne et Genéve; Hans Raunhardt, Kirchgasse 17, Zurich 1.

Sweden  C.E. Fritzes Kungl. Hovbokhandel, Fredsgatan 2, 103 27 Stockholm 16.

Tanzania  Dar es Salaam Bookshop, P.O. Box 9030, Dar es Salaam.

Thailand  Suksapan Panit, Mansion 9, Rajadamnern Avenue, Bangkok.

Togo  Librairie du Bon Pasteur, B.P. 1164, Lomé.

Turkey  Güven Kitabevi Mudafaa Cad., Güven Building 12/5, Ankara.

United Kingdom  Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 49 High Holborn, London, W.C.1; P.O. Box 569, London, S.E.1 (trade and London area mail orders); 13a Castle Street, Edinburgh EH2 3AR; 109 St. Mary Street, Cardiff CF1 1JW; 7 Linenhall Street, Belfast BT2 8AY; Brazennose Street, Manchester M60 8AS; 258 Broad Street, Birmingham 1; Southey House, Wine Street, Bristol BS1 2BO.

United States of America  UNIPUB, 650 First Avenue, P.O. Box 433, Murray Hill Station, New York, N.Y. 10016.

Uruguay  Juan Angel Peri, Alzaibar 1328, Casilla de Correos 1755, Montevideo.

Venezuela  Blume Distribuidora S.A., Calle 3, N° 508, Quinta Palmera Sola, Campo Alegre, Chacao, Caracas.

Yugoslavia  Jugoslovenska Knjiga, Terazije 27/11, Belgrade; Cankarjeva Zalozba, P.O. Box 201-IV, Ljubljana.

Other countries  Requests from countries where sales agents have not yet been appointed may be sent to; Distribution and Sales Section, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

Autres pays  Les commandes ou les demandes de renseignements émanant de pays pour lesquels des agents ou des depositaires n’ont pas encore été désignés peuvent être adressées á: Section distribution et ventes, Organisation des Nations Unies pour I’alimentation et I’agriculture, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italie.

Otros paises  Los pedidos procedentes de paises en donde aún no han sido designados agentes distribuidores, pueden hacerse directamente a la Sección de Distribución y Venta, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Roma, Italia.