1. The Bangkok FAO Technical Consultation on Policies for Sustainable Shrimp Culture was held in the FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, from 8 to 11 December 1997. It was attended by government delegations and observers from important shrimp producing and consuming countries of the Asian and American regions as well as observers from several multilateral and inter-governmental agencies and important international non-governmental organizations representing industry, environment and rural development. The List of Participants is given in Appendix B.

2. The Bangkok FAO Technical Consultation on Policies for Sustainable Shrimp Culture appreciates the efforts of the FAO in convening this Consultation. It is important that issues relating to shrimp culture world wide are considered in a timely manner, and FAO is an appropriate forum for these discussions.

3. The Consultation was opened by Mr Soetatwo Hadiwigeno, Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative of FAO for Asia and the Pacific who welcomed the participants to the FAO Regional Office on behalf of Dr Jacques Diouf, Director-General of FAO and on his own behalf. In his opening address, Mr Soetatwo Hadiwigeno stated that the principal objective of the Consultation was to contribute towards the development of guidelines for sustainable shrimp culture. These guidelines would support the implementation of the relevant provisions of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, in particular Article 9: Aquaculture Development. The guidelines might also facilitate the elaboration of a voluntary code of conduct or of code of practices for sustainable and responsible shrimp culture. In this connection, he referred to the broad agreement which existed among the various interested parties in shrimp culture on the need to develop internationally acceptable principles and criteria for the development and conduct of shrimp culture. FAO’s expectations of the outcome of the Consultation was to obtain advice from the participants on such principles and criteria and how FAO could assist in future in their development and implementation. He concluded his speech by wishing the gathering a fruitful and constructive debate.

4. The delegates elected Dr Sunil P.P.G.S.N. Siriwardena, Director, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, Sri Lanka, as Chairman and Mr Francisco Nieto-Sanchez, Director, Fomento Acuícola, Dirección General de Acuacultura, Mexico, as Vice-Chairman of the Consultation.

5. In assuming his Chairmanship, Dr Sunil P.P.G.S.N. Siriwardena, invited Mr Rolf Willmann, Senior Fishery Planning Officer, FAO Fisheries Department, and Technical Secretary of the Consultation, to give further details on the Provisional Agenda which was unanimously adopted by the Consultation. The Agenda is reproduced in Appendix A.

6. The Keynote Address was given by Dr Chua Thia Eng, Programme Manager, GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Marine Pollution Prevention and Management, Manila, Philippines. In his address, Dr Chua provided a brief historical review of shrimp culture development, identified key factors affecting sustainable development of shrimp culture and outlined a number of actions required to ascertain sustainability¹.

7. Summaries of the experience in shrimp culture development and management were presented by delegates from the following countries: Bangladesh, China, Ecuador, Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United States of America and Viet Nam. The observers from India and Malaysia made also presentations².

8. Dr Arthur Neiland, Director, Centre for the Economics and Management of Aquatic Resources, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom, presented a review of the literature on shrimp culture which identified knowledge gaps in various areas³.

9. Observers from ASEAN, World Bank, NACA, SEAFDEC, INFOFISH, GAA, Greenpeace International, ICSF and WWF presented information on their activities and positions concerning shrimp culture development and management.

10. Dr John Kurien, Centre for Development Studies, Kerala, India, presented a case study.

11. Ms Annick Van Houtte-Sabbatucci, Legal Officer, FAO Legal Office, presented summary findings of a review of legislations and policies applying to shrimp culture in several countries⁵.

12. The Consultation formed three Working Groups as listed in the Agenda. The Chairperson and Rapporteurs of the Working Groups were as follows:

Working Group A: Legal, institutional and consultative frameworks for shrimp culture development and management

Chairperson: Annick Van Houtte-Sabbatucci

Rapporteur : Prudence Fox

Working Group B: Planning and regulatory methods and tools and economic incentive schemes for shrimp culture development and management

Chairman: Rohana Subasinghe

Rapporteur: Michael Phillips

Working Group C: The potential role and contents of a voluntary code of conduct for sustainable shrimp culture

Chairman: Uwe Barg

Rapporteur: Lee Weddig

13. The Technical Bangkok FAO Consultation on Policies for Sustainable Shrimp Culture produced a consensus that sustainable shrimp culture is practised and is a desirable and achievable goal which should be pursued.

14. There is ample reason for considering shrimp culture, when practised in a sustainable fashion, as an acceptable means of achieving such varied national goals as food production, employment and generation of foreign exchange.

15. Achievement of sustainable shrimp culture is dependent on effective government policy and regulatory actions as well as the co-operation of industry in utilizing sound technology in its planning, development and operations.

16. Appropriate government responsibilities are outlined in Article 9 of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. To better implement the provisions of the Code, the Consultation recommended the following:

17. This Consultation recommends principles and elements to be provided for in legislation relating to coastal aquaculture, including shrimp culture. In making these recommendations, it must be clearly recognised that implementation of these principles and elements will take place in a manner appropriate to the individual situations and circumstances. These recommendations further are designed to contribute to achieving sustainable coastal aquaculture, but are not meant to be prescriptive. The recommendations should be viewed as guidelines to assist in the establishment or amendment of national legislation.

18. The objectives of a legal framework for coastal aquaculture are to:

• facilitate and promote the development of sustainable coastal aquaculture practices;


• promote the protection of coastal resources;


• promote the contribution of coastal aquaculture to food security, national and international wise.

Basic preliminary recommendations

19. Governments should recognise that an appropriate legal framework for coastal aquaculture may effectively contribute to the implementation of sustainable aquaculture practices.

20. Governments should have a legal framework which applies specifically to coastal aquaculture including shrimp culture.

21. Given the complexity of the legal and institutional issues involved, governments should opt for a single comprehensive new or amended coastal aquaculture law including provisions extracted from existing laws. Where this is not feasible, governments should ensure the insertion within each existing law or regulation of clear provisions specific to coastal aquaculture.

22. Before deciding whether a new legislation is necessary, or existing legislation should be amended, governments should collect, study and analyse existing laws and regulations which are likely to apply to coastal aquaculture. These laws and regulations may relate to:

• land (access and tenure with respect to coastal areas)


• water (use and discharge of fresh, salt, and underground water)


• environmental protection, including forestry


• environmental assessment procedures


• animal disease, quarantine, import of live animals, exotic species


• pesticides, chemicals, drugs (use and distribution)


• fisheries


• aquaculture


• coastal zone management


• discharge of waste.

23. Laws and regulations will not on their own ensure sustainable shrimp culture. Therefore, governments should, along with the legislation, develop awareness creating programmes as well as training and other educational programmes with the view to enhance sustainable shrimp culture practices.

24. In the process of drafting a legal framework for coastal aquaculture, including shrimp culture, governments should have regard to the following principles:

• because no new law or regulation on coastal aquaculture can stand on its own, it must be framed into the whole fabric of laws and regulations;
• because rules of nature are basic to law for coastal aquaculture, including shrimp culture, and because of social interactions within coastal areas, such law should be the result of an interdisciplinary process;
• to respond to short term needs and have a long term orientation contributing to maintaining ecological balance with respect to unforeseen events in future, a legal framework for coastal aquaculture, including shrimp culture, should be sufficiently flexible;
• consultation with involved stakeholders should occur during the drafting process to ensure that the intended legislative proposal is readily understood and that the proposal contains a role for the stakeholders in the implementation thereof;
• a legal framework for coastal aquaculture, including shrimp culture should ensure that livelihoods of local communities and their access to coastal resources are not adversely affected by coastal aquaculture developments;
• a legal framework for coastal aquaculture, including shrimp culture, should be framed within coastal zone management programmes and laws. Likewise, laws and regulations, including restrictions, permit and monitoring requirements applied to coastal aquaculture should be applied in an equivalent manner to other users of coastal areas, wetlands, mangroves and water.

25. Governments should ensure the inclusion of the concept of coastal aquaculture in laws and regulations pertaining to property right issues.

Recommended elements to be considered in a legal framework for coastal aquaculture

26. In the light of the study and analysis referred to in paragraph 22, a coastal aquaculture legislation may contain:

• a definition of aquaculture;
• provisions on the control and protection of coastal aquaculture: an authorisation process for aquaculture projects; siting of aquaculture projects; protection of coastal aquaculture zones;
• concepts of aquaculture pollution: specific definition, control of aquaculture effluents;
• remedies or compensation systems for damages caused or suffered by coastal aquaculturists; and
• enforcement measures.

Implementation and institutional arrangements

27. Governments, in developing a legal framework for coastal aquaculture, should consider the inclusion of regulations regarding:

• proof of land title (lease, concession or ownership) when applying for an aquaculture permit;
• an aquaculture permit for all aquaculture projects, (individually or collectively depending upon size of the coastal aquaculture farms);
• the application of an environmental impact assessment study;
• a periodical review by competent government authorities of the terms and conditions attached to an aquaculture permit, allowing for a variation of the latter, as appropriate;
• the participation of local communities, through public hearing or other mechanism, during the environmental impact assessment procedure;
• clear identification of how water use is to be organized;
• coastal aquaculture effluents and solid wastes;
• the use of all biologicals, chemicals and pharmaceuticals;
• the use and introduction of new, non-native or genetically altered species in aquaculture and the national and transboundary movement of live aquatic organisms, including broodstock, eggs, larvae and fry;
• the collection of wild fry and larvae in order to conserve the integrity of the aquatic ecosystems; and
• the rehabilitation, restoration or retirement of abandoned coastal aquaculture sites.

28. Governments should provide for special provisions for the application of legislation to coastal aquaculture farms which exist at the time that legislation enters into force: the interests of those persons engaged in coastal aquaculture should be carefully considered.

29. FAO should provide technical assistance to developing countries in the setting up of a legal and institutional framework for coastal aquaculture.

30. Governments should ensure that an effective institutional framework at local and national level, as appropriate, be established for sustainable coastal aquaculture development and management. Where possible, governments should envisage the establishment of a single aquaculture management authority which would be responsible for the development and management of coastal aquaculture and deal with all issues relating to this activity.

31. Where a single aquaculture management authority cannot be created, Governments should set up an appropriate administrative framework with the view to ensure a co-ordinated development and management of sustainable coastal aquaculture.

32. Governments should provide for an authority or a procedure to examine and provide remedies for public grievances in relation to aquaculture activities and their impacts on coastal resources, biodiversity and coastal communities.

33. Because there is a need to provide for laws and regulations which are practical and capable of enforcement, Governments should set forth, as appropriate, monitoring and inspection schemes as well as appropriate effective sanctions for violations and non compliance with relevant legal measures in force.

34. Governments and national organisations, whether governmental or nongovernmental, should promote the understanding of proposed laws and regulations among those involved in coastal aquaculture in order to facilitate effective application.

35. Governments and international organisations, recognising the need for research and rehabilitation should consider in close collaboration with aquaculture stakeholders the establishment of financial arrangements with the view of collecting funds for the purposes of conducting scientific research activities inter alia on adverse environmental impacts of coastal aquaculture and sustainable coastal aquaculture management practices.

36. FAO, in accordance with the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, should monitor the application and implementation of the above recommendations with regard to the legal framework for coastal aquaculture and its effectiveness in promoting sustainable coastal aquaculture practices. Governments should report accordingly and periodically to the Legal Office of FAO on the implementation of the recommendations and on any changes in their legal and institutional framework for coastal aquaculture.

37. Relevant international organisations such as FAO should promote and support, where appropriate, the establishment of a legal framework for coastal aquaculture, including shrimp culture, in order for governments to fully participate in the development of sustainable shrimp culture.

38. Considering the importance of ensuring the long-term sustainability of shrimp culture, it was recommended that appropriate management practices for the prevailing social, environmental, and economic circumstances should be identified and adopted in order to ensure sustainability of the shrimp culture sector.

39. Understanding the potential contribution of sustainable shrimp culture to national economies, it was recommended that States should recognize that sustainable shrimp culture can contribute to the national social and economic development goals and objectives.

40. Considering the significance of appropriate national development planning for the sustainability of aquaculture, it was recommended that when States undertake strategic planning for national development they should place aquaculture, including shrimp culture, within such strategic plans.

41. Acknowledging the importance of participatory approach to national planning and plan implementation for shrimp culture development, it was recommended that States should ensure that all concerned stakeholders are considered and consulted in the process of planning for aquaculture development, implementing development activities, and monitoring sustainable development.

42. Recognizing the importance of maintaining local social integrity for the sustainable development of shrimp culture, it was recommended that States should ensure the rights of local communities, during the process of shrimp culture development, according to laws and international agreements which States have become parties to.

43. Acknowledging the significance of understanding the multiple resource use behaviour for national development, it was recommended that States should recognize that shrimp culture is a legitimate user of coastal resources and should be considered and placed within the national integrated coastal area development and management.

44. Recognizing the importance of maintaining the ecological balance within shrimp culture development areas for their sustainability, it was recommended that States should carry out zonal planning for shrimp culture as a component within national integrated coastal area management.

45. Acknowledging the role that various factors can contribute to the effectiveness of zonal planning for shrimp culture development, it was recommended that such planning for shrimp culture should take into consideration, among others, (a) carrying capacity of the ecosystem, (b) technical and environmental compatibility, (c) social and economic criteria, (d) involvement of local communities and concerned stakeholders, (e) opportunities for integration into other forms of farming practices, (f) effluent and waste management, and (g) provision of appropriate infrastructure.

46. Considering the importance of flexible land-use planning to accommodate unforeseen changes in circumstances, it was recommended that zonal planning should be responsive and adaptive to changing circumstances.

47. Recognizing the contribution made by small-scale shrimp farmers to global shrimp production, it was recommended that States should pay special attention to capacity building of the small-scale shrimp farmers through providing adequate technical and financial assistance and extension to improve their culture practices for better productivity and sustainability.

48. Considering the high value of shrimp as a marketable commodity, it was recommended that economic incentives be explored as a strategy to generate financial resources for promoting and supporting sustainable development of shrimp culture practices.

49. Acknowledging the availability of a number of potentially effective mechanisms to provide economic incentives, it was recommended that appropriate economic research and studies are undertaken to evaluate the relative feasibility, effectiveness and appropriateness of such mechanisms to various social, environmental, and economic circumstances taking into account relevant international instruments.

50. Endorsing the lack of adequate financial footing to improve shrimp culture sustainability, especially in the developing countries, it was recommended that States should engage in finding financial assistance from appropriate sources to assist the process of sustainable development of shrimp culture.

51. Whilst adoption of good farming practices and correct siting would reduce problems associated with abandoned farms, it was recommended that States may consider mechanisms to provide for the costs of rehabilitation of abandoned shrimp farms, depending on the particular circumstances and farming practice.

52. Since there is a need to add to the body of knowledge on carrying capacity of coastal ecosystems for shrimp culture, it was recommended that appropriate research should be undertaken to determine carrying capacity of coastal ecosystems for shrimp culture, with an emphasis on application of this knowledge to local areas.

53. Recognizing the importance of monitoring the process of sustainable development of shrimp culture and the role that FAO can play in assisting such efforts, it was recommended that States should undertake to monitor sustainability of shrimp culture development and FAO is requested to assist in the development of suitable indicators.

54. Considering the importance to biodiversity and ecosystem functions, States are further encouraged to identify ecologically important habitats such as mangroves and wetlands and ensure their protection as part of integrated coastal management planning.

55. Considering the potential risk to wild and cultured stocks, it was recommended that States should cooperate in the development and implementation of appropriate technical guidelines for the movement and disposal of live shrimp and shrimp products to minimise potential hazards associated with transfer of pathogens.

56. Considering the significance of collective action in sustainable development, it was recommended that States are encouraged to facilitate the development of shrimp-farmer-groups and associations, and FAO is requested to assist in the process.

57. The Consultation concluded that codes of conduct, codes of practice and guidelines all have useful purpose and should be encouraged. The Consultation further concluded that the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, particularly in its sections pertaining to aquaculture, provides an accepted baseline for development of additional codes or guidelines applicable to shrimp culture. It is believed that codes can be useful instruments for reduction of government costs, to promote efficiencies, to provide protection and assurance to consumers and to producers alike, and most important, to help achieve sustainable operations.

58. Since voluntary codes of conduct or practice specific to shrimp culture can be extremely useful, FAO should encourage their development.

59. The Consultation believes that voluntary codes of practice are a means of achieving levels of performance higher than the minimum requirements of law and that voluntary codes are appropriately developed at many levels – local, regional, national, and for various sectors - production, processing, suppliers, importers – wherever there is a cohesive unit of participants.

60. Contents of voluntary codes will vary depending on the objective of the developing entity. Codes appropriately could include:

• Provisions to better control disease;


• Provisions to govern use of drugs and chemicals;


• Provisions for record keeping to monitor various impacts of shrimp culture;


• Provisions for sound engineering practice and use of best practicable technology to achieve sustainability and effective operations with minimal impacts on the environment.


• Provisions to define sustainability with one possibility to seek intergenerational sustainability.

61. Development of voluntary codes require the active input of those who would be affected by them. A role of government could be to facilitate code development. Guidance on development of voluntary codes could be a useful role of the FAO.

62. The Consultation believes there is need for several actions to assume timely and effective implementation of the Code of Conduct in respect to its use as a means of assuring sustainable shrimp culture wherever practiced.

63. The FAO should specifically request governments of nations engaged in shrimp culture to report to the Committee on Fisheries at its next and subsequent sessions, on progress of implementing the Code of Conduct to shrimp culture activities as a means of encouraging use of the Code to achieve more quickly full sustainability and to maximize the benefits of shrimp culture.

64. Acknowledging the present system of mandatory reporting by its member countries to FAO on national fisheries and aquaculture development, it was recommended that FAO develop appropriate criteria and indicators to assess progress made in the process of national shrimp culture development and request governments to report on them on a regular basis. Such criteria and indicators should be established to reflect the following aspects taking into account the practicality for countries to compile such information:

• Provisions of coastal zone planning, legislation and implementation or plans for same;


• Laws and regulations applicable to shrimp culture in place or planned, and their enforcement;


• Effects of shrimp virus or other disease on production;


• Relative use of hatchery and harvested post larvae seed stocks;


• Requirements for environmental impact assessments and their provisions;


• Farm licensing requirements and percentage of total farms subject to licensing and actually licensed;


• Use of chemicals and drugs and their regulations;


• Status of mangrove protection programmes and impact of all users on mangroves;


• Benefits of shrimp culture, including foreign exchange, employment, production;


• Government expenditure on research and types of research being conducted;


• Applicable food safety requirements;


• Effects of shrimp culture on water quality;


• Socio-economic impacts both positive and negative.

65. FAO should compile information from government reports in a timely manner to provide assistance to governments, industry and non-governmental organizations. Of particular importance is maintenance of a central, comprehensive body of information on various legal requirements and regulations in place throughout the world.

66. Governments should be asked to note any provision of the Code of Conduct, Article 9, for which additional technical guidance is needed to enable better or faster complete implementation of the Code. If there are needs for additional guidelines or assistance, FAO is encouraged to provide such.

69. This report was adopted on 11 December 1997 by all government delegations present at the Consultation. There was broad but no unanimous agreement among observers with the report’s recommendations.

APPENDIX A

1. Opening ceremony.

2. Keynote address.

3. Summaries of country experiences.

4. Salient findings of a literature review on shrimp culture.

5. Case studies on economic, social and environmental impacts of shrimp culture and on the effects of international agreements (e.g. GATT) and national and local policies.

6. Review of legislations and policies applying to shrimp culture.

7. Working Groups

Working Group A: Legal, institutional and consultative frameworks for shrimp culture development and management.

Working Group B: Planning and regulatory methods and tools and economic incentive schemes for shrimp culture development and management.

Working Group C: The potential role and contents of a voluntary code of conduct for sustainable shrimp culture.

7. Working Groups(continuing).

8. Plenary discussion of working group findings.

9. Plenary discussion of draft guiding principles for sustainable shrimp culture.

10. Plenary discussion of draft outline of policy guidelines for sustainable shrimp culture.

11. Plenary discussion of follow-up actions.

12. Closing ceremony.

APPENDIX B

BANGLADESH

RAHMAN, Md Masudur
Director (Marine)
Department of Fisheries
Park Avenue, Ramna
Matsha Bhaban
Dhaka 1000
Tel. 9561355, 9561715 - 509002 (res.)
Fax: 9568393

BAOZHEN, Wei
Director of Science and Technology
Bureau of Fisheries
Ministry of Agriculture
No.11 Nong Zhanguan Nanli
Beijing 100026
Tel. 64 19 29 40
Fax: 86-10-64192961

SUN, Yan
Disease Control Officer
Bureau of Fisheries
Ministry of Agriculture
No.11 Nong Zhanguan Nanli
Beijing 100026

ORRANTIA, Joaquin
Director
Cámara Nacional de Acuacultura
Francísco Boloña 408 y Calle 4a. oeste
(Cdla. Kennedy)
Guayaquil
Tel. (593-4) 690266, 690739
Fax: (593-4) 281741, 398238
e-mail: [email protected]

MARIDUEÑA, Leonardo
Asesor Ambiental
Cámara Nacional de Acuacultura
Francisco Boloña 408 y Calle 4a. oeste
(Cdla. Kennedy)
Guayaquil
Tel. (593-4) 690266, 690740
Fax: (593-4) 281741

STIRNBERG, Michael
Director Principal
Cámara Nacional de Acuacultura
Av. Francisco Boloña 408 y Calle 4a. oeste
(Cdla. Kennedy)
Guayaquil
Tel/Fax: 593-7-943379/944104
e-mail: [email protected].

SAKTHIVEL, M.
Aquaculture Foundation of India
40, Kapaleeswarar Nagar
Neelankarai
Chennai (Madras) 600041
Tel. 0091-44- 492 7924, 492 7840 (R)
Fax: 0091-44-492 8046
e-mail: [email protected]

NURDJANA, Made L.
Director of Fishery Resources Management
Directorate General of Fisheries
Jalan Harsono, RM No. 3
Pasar Minggu Selatan
Jakarta

KITONO Johannes
Brata Sena Company
Indonesian Fisheries Federation
Jl. Ancol Barat Blok A 5^F , No. 10
Jakarta

AL-SAHTOUT, Haydar Hasan
Managing Director
Samak Aquaculture
06150, Ayer Hitam
Kedah Darul Aman
P.O. Box 262
05000 Alor Setar
Tel. 604-794 9999
Fax: 604-794 7663

FEGAN, Daniel
Samak Aquaculture San Bhd.
Samak Aquaculture Compley
06150 Air Hitam
Kedah Darul Aman
P.O. Box 262
05000 Alor Setar

NIETO-SANCHEZ, Francisco
Director, Fomento Acuícola
Dirección General de Acuacultura
Cerrada de Trini No. 10
Ciudad de Mexico
e-mail:[email protected]

TONDA, Julian
Asesor
Secretaria del Medio Ambiente
Recursos Naturales y Pesca
Periferico Sur 4209, 5 piso
Fraccion Jardines en la Montana
Ciudad de Mexico, 14210

WILLS, David
Asesor
Secretaria de Medio Ambiente
Recursos Naturales y Pesca
Periferico Sur 4209, 5 piso
Fraccion Jardines en la Montana
Ciudad de Mexico, 14210

GARCIA-CASAS, Ignacio
Asesor
Dirección General de Fomento Pesquero (SEMARNAP)
Fraccion Jardines en la Montaña
México, D.F. C.P. 14210
Tel. 628-07-18
Fax: 628-08-98

AYPA, S.M. (Ms)
Chief, Aquaculture Division
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resourses
860 Quezon Ave., Quezon City
Metro Manila 3008

SIRIWARDENA, P.P.G.S.N.
Director
National Aquatic Resources Research and
Development Agency
Crow Island
Colombo-15
Tel. 941-522005
Fax:941-522932
e-mail:[email protected]

TOOKWINAS, Siri
Director, Marine Shrimp Culture
Research and Development Institute (SRI)
Department of Fisheries
Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900
Tel: +66-2-561-4683
Fax: +66-2-561-3997
e-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]

TANSUTAPANIT, Anant
Chief, Petchburi Coastal Aquaculture Station
Petchburi, 76110
Tel. +66-32-478210
Fax: +66-32-478211

PROMPOJ, Waraporn
Marine Shrimp Research and Development
Institute (SRI)
Department of Fisheries
Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900
Tel.+66-2-562-0584
Fax:+66-2-562-0585
E-mail:[email protected]

MUNSIRI, Prasert
Chief, Songkhla Coastal Aquaculture Station
Songkhla, 90140
Tel.+66-74-392416

KASORNCHANDRA, Jiraporn
Senior Fishery Biologist
Marine Shrimp Research
and Development Institute (SRI)
Songkhla, 9000

TANDAVANITJ, Suda
Senior Fishery Biologist
Marine Shrimp Research
and Development Institute (SRI)
Phuket 8310
Tel.+66-76-219330
Fax:+66-76--217839

PONGTHANAPANICH, Tipparat
Department of Agriculture and Resources
Economics
Kasetsart University
Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900

RHODES, Edwin
Aquaculture Coordinator
Office of Sustainable Fisheries
National Marine Fisheries Service
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
US Department of Commerce
1315 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910
Tel.+1- 301-713 2334
Fax +1-301- 713 0596
e-mail:[email protected]

FOX, Prudence
Special Assistant to the Deputy Assistant
Secretary for International Affairs
US Department of Commerce
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
14th and Constitution Ave.
Washington D.C. 20234
Tel.+1-202-4822652; Fax: +1-202-4824307
e-mail: [email protected]

CHAVES, Linda
Director, Industry and Trade Program
National Marine Fisheries Service
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
US Department of Commerce
1315 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910
Tel. +1-301-7132379; Fax: +1-301-7132384
e-mail: [email protected]

ASEAN
(Association of South-East Asian Nations)

WONGSAENGCHAN, Atchara
ASEAN Shrimp Industry Task Force
Department of Fisheries
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
Bangkok 10900
Thailand

SINGH, Tarlochan
Technical Officer (Aquaculture)
P.O. Box 10899
50728 Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Tel. (603) 2914466, 2914614, 2914794
Fax: (603)-2916804
e-mail:[email protected]

KONGKEO, Hassanai
Coordinator
P.O. Box 1040
Kasetsart Post Office
Bangkok 10903
Thailand
Tel: +66-2-561-1728/9
Fax: +66-2-561-1727
e-mail: [email protected]

BUENO, Pedro
Information Specialist
P.O. Box 1040
Kasetsart Post Office
Bangkok 10903
Thailand
Tel:+66-2-561-1728/9
Fax: +66-2-561-1727
e-mail: [email protected]

PHILLIPS, Michael
Environment Specialist
P.O. Box 1040
Kasetsart Post Office
Bangkok 10903
Thailand
Tel:+66-2-561-1728/9
Fax: +66-2-561-1727
e-mail:[email protected]

(Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre)

YAP, Wilfredo
Research Consultant and Coordinator of
the Collaborative Shrimp Task Force
Aquaculture Department
Tigbauan 5021, Iloilo City
Philippines
Tel:(+63-2)372-3980 to 82
Fax:(+63-2)372-3983
e-mail: [email protected]

ZWEIG, Ronald
Senior Aquaculturist
The World Bank
1818 H Street, NW
Washington, DC 20433
USA
Tel: (202) 458-2174
Fax: (202) 522-1664
e-mail:[email protected]

WEDDIG, Lee J.
Executive Director
1901 North Ft. Myer Drive
Suite 700
Arlington, VA 22209
USA
Tel.(703) 524-8880
Fax:(703) 524-4619
e-mail:[email protected]

BLAKE, Dixie A.
Chairman
The Shrimp Council
PO Box 85527
San Diego, CA 92186-5527
USA
Tel. 619-5715002; Fax. 619-277-6229
e-mail: [email protected]

BOYD, Claude
Consultant
Auburn University
P.O. Box 3074
Auburn, Alabama 36849-5419
USA
Tel:(334) 844-4075 (O), 844-4078
Fax:(334) 844-9208, (334) 887-8012 (H)
e-mail:[email protected]

CORPRON, Ken
GAA Asia Regional Representative
1901 N. Fort Myer Drive, Suite 700
Arlington, VA 22209
USA
Tel:(703) 524-8880
Fax:(703) 524-4619
e-mail:[email protected]

MEASURES, Paul Michael
P.O. Box 46
Iloilo City 500
Philippines
Tel:(63)(33) 3208756
Tel. & Fax: (63)(33) 3201219
e-mail: [email protected]

HAGLER, Mike
Fisheries Campaigner
P.O. Box 32153
Devonport, Auckland 9
New Zealand
Tel:+64-9-445-6909
Fax:+64-9- 445-2548
e-mail:[email protected]

RAJ, Jacob D.
PREPARE
4, Sathalvar Street, Mogappair West
Chennai-600 058
India
Tel: (044) 6357854/654211
Fax: (044) 6250315
e-mail:[email protected]

MATHEW, Sebastian
Executive Secretary
27, College Road
Chennai 600 006
India
Tel:+91-44-8275303;8223630
Fax:+91-44-8254457
e-mail:[email protected]

VIVEKANANDAN, V.
South Indian Federation of Fishermen’s
Societies (SIFFS)
TC 20/2042
Karamana Post
Trivandrum 695002
India
Telex: 0435 353 SIFF IN
Phone:+91-471-343711 or 343178
Fax:+91-471-74521 or 446859
e-mail: [email protected]

CLAY, Jason
Senior Fellow (Consultant)
1250 24th Street NW
Washington, D.C. 20037
USA
Tel. 202-778-9691
Fax: 202-293-9211
e-mail: [email protected]

ROED, Henning
Marine Coodinator
P.O. Box 6784, St. Olavs pl.
0130 Oslo
Norway
Tel: +47-22 03 65 00
Fax: +47-22 20 06 66
e-mail: [email protected]

SECRETARIAT

ALDAY-SANZ, Victoria
Department of Biotechnology
Faculty of Science
Mahidol University
Bangkok
Thailand
Tel: 66 2 2461358 ext: 2714
Fax: 66 2 2463026
E-mail: [email protected]

CHUA, Thia-Eng
Regional Program Manager
GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme for the
Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution
in the East Asian Seas
P.O. Box 2502
Visayas Avenue, Quezon City
Manila
Philippines
Tel: (632) 920-2211 local 4 & 6
Fax: (632) 926-9712
e-mail: [email protected]

HAMBREY, John
Resource and Environment Specialist
DFID Regional Aquaculture Development
Project, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources
Management
Asian Institute of Technology
PO Box 4, Klong Luang
Pathumthani 12120
Thailand
Tel + 662 524 5450 (office) 5481 (direct line)
Fax (+662) 524 6200
e-mail: [email protected]

HEMPEL, Erik
Manager/Internasjonal koordinator
KPMG Management Consulting as
Senter for havbruk of fisheri
Avd. Oslo
Reistadlia 21
3425 Reistad
Norway
Tel: (+47) 32 84 08 36
Fax: (+47) 32 84 08 77
e-mail: [email protected]

KURIEN, John
Associate Fellow
Centre for Development Studies
Thiruvananthapuram - 695011
Kerala, India
Tel. +91-471-446989
Fax +91-471-447137
e-mail: [email protected]

MENASVETA, Piamsak
Aquatic Resources Research Institute
Chulalongkorn University
Phya Thai Road
Tel : (+66-2) 218 8161
Fax No: (+66-2) 254 429
E-mail: [email protected]
Bangkok
Thailand

NEILAND, Arthur
Director
Centre for the Economics and Management
of Aquatic Resources (CEMARE)
University of Portsmouth
Locksway Road
Portsmouth, Hants PO4 8JF
United Kingdom
Tel: +44-1705-844214
Fax: +44-1705-844037
e-mail: [email protected]

FAO - Headquarters
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Rome, Italy

BARG, Uwe
Fishery Resources Officer
Fishery Resources Division
Tel:+39-6-57053454
Fax +39-6-57053020
e-mail: [email protected]

SUBASINGHE, Rohana
Fishery Resources Officer
Fishery Resources Division
Tel: +39-6-57056473
Fax: +39-6-57053020
e-mail: [email protected]

VAN-HOUTTE-SABBATUCCI, Annick
Legal Officer
Legal Office
Tel: +39-6-57054287
Fax: +39-6-57054408
e-mail: [email protected]

WIJKSTRÖM, Ulf. N.
Chief, FIPP
Fishery Policy and Planning Division
Tel:+39-6-57053156
Fax:+39-6-57056500
e-mail: [email protected]

WILLMANN, Rolf
(Technical Secretary)
Senior Fishery Planning Officer
Fishery Policy and Planning Division
Tel: +39-6-57053408
Fax: +39-6-57056500
e-mail: [email protected]

Secretary
Mercado-Pasquazi, Elizabeth
Fishery Policy and Planning Division
Tel: +39-6-57054319
Fax: +39-6-57056500
e-mail: [email protected]

FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP)
Maliwan Mansion
39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200, Thailand

CHOUDHURY, Prabhas
Senior Aquaculture Officer
Tel:+66-2-281-7844 (Ext.149)
Fax:+66-2-280-0758
e-mail: [email protected]

DAVID, Pornsuda Rose
Technical Assistant (Fisheries)
Tel: +66-2-2817844
Fax: +66-2-2800445
e-mail: [email protected]

THIWAKORNKOMOL, Wijit
Secretary

Interpreters
BONATTI, Alessandra
SHANKEN, Flora
STANTON, Irene

APPENDIX C

1. Provisional agenda FI/TC/SSC/97/1

2. Prospectus FI/TC/SSC/97/2

3. List of documents FI/TC/SSC/97/3

4. Summary overview of the literature on shrimp culture FI/TC/SSC/97/4

5. Overview of legislations and policies applying to shrimp culture FI/TC/SSC/97/5

6. Working Group A: Legal, institutional and consultative frameworks for shrimp culture development and management: discussion guide FI/TC/SSC/97/6

7. Working Group B: Planning and regulatory methods and tools and economic incentive schemes for shrimp culture development and management: discussion guide FI/TC/SSC/97/7

8. Working Group C: The potential role and contents of a voluntary code of conduct for sustainable shrimp culture: discussion guide FI/TC/SSC/97/8

9. Provisional list of participants FI/TC/SSC/97/9

Policies for sustainable shrimp culture in Bangladesh, by Md Masudur Rahman, Director, Department of Fisheries, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

The current status and prospect of shrimp culture in China, by Wei Baozhen, Director, Science and Technology, Bureau of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.

Caracterización de la actividad camaronera ecuatoriana, Cámara Nacional de Acuacultura, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Development of shrimp culture in Indonesia, by Dr Made L. Nurdjana, Director of Fishery Resources Management, Directorate General of Fisheries, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Camaronicultura sustentable, Dirección General de Acuacultura, Mexico.

Philippine experience on shrimp culture, by Simonea M. Aypa, Chief, Aquaculture Division, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Quezon City, Philippines.

Shrimp culture in Sri Lanka. The benefits, problems and constraints associated with the development and management and responses to address problems, by Dr.P.P.G.S.N. Siriwardena, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

On-farm quality assurance for marine shrimp culture production in Thailand, by Siri Tookwinas, Marine Shrimp Culture Research Institute, Department of Fisheries, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand.

Shrimp mariculture in the United States - issues for sustainability, by Edwin W. Rhodes, Office of Sustainable Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA.

Viet Nam country report on policies for sustainable shrimp culture, by Dr. Nguyen Viet Thang, Director, Research Institute for Aquaculture No.2, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.

SAMAK AQUACULTURE – Towards sustainable shrimp culture, by Hyadar Hasa Al-Sahtout, Managing Director, SAMAK AQUACULTURE, Alor Setar, Malaysia.

World Bank-Group assistance for sustainable shrimp farming (written summary of oral comments), by Ronald Zweig, Observer, Senior Aquaculturist, The World Bank Group, Washington, USA.

Benefits of sustainable shrimp culture, by Tarlochan Singh, Technical Officer (Aquaculture), INFOFISH, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Viewpoint on formulating policies for sustainable shrimp culture, by Wilfredo G. Yap, Research Consultant and Coordinator of the Collaborative Shrimp Task Force, Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre (SEAFDEC), Iloilo City, Philippines.

Procedures to lessen environmental impacts of pond aquaculture for use in codes of practice, by Claude E. Boyd, Advisor to Global Aquaculture Alliance, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Alabama, USA, and Lee J. Weddig, Acting Executive Director, Global Aquaculture Alliance, Arlington, Virginia, USA.

Greenpeace on industrial shrimp aquaculture, by Greenpeace International.

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and shrimp aquaculture, by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

A review of the literature on shrimp culture, by Arthur Neiland, Neill Soley and Joan Baron, Centre for the Economics and Management of Aquatic Resources (CEMARE), University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.

Policies for sustainable shrimp culture, by Chua Thia Eng, Regional Program Manager, GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme for the Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in the East Asian Seas, Manila, Philippines

State and shrimp - A preliminary analysis of the economic and ecological consequences of India's fishery policies, by John Kurien, Associate Fellow, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Salient legal and institutional features with regard to the development of shrimp culture in a few countries, by Annick Van Houtte-Sabbatucci, Legal Officer, Legal Office, FAO.