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Ould Ely, S.M. & Everts, J.W. 2022. Manual for the implementation of environmental, health, and safety standards for the control of locusts – December 2021. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc1840en

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Contents

Acknowledgements

I. Introduction

II. Implementation process

II.1 Development of the EHS at national level

II.2 Validation of the EHS at national level

II.3. Appointment of a person responsible for implementation

II.4 Development of an Implementation Manual

II.5 Current status of implementation/ Baseline situation

II.6 Identifying priorities

II.7 Programming

II.8 Training

II.9 Monitoring of the implementation

III. Structure of the manual

Subject as defined in the EHS

SOP No. Description of the SOP, as defined in the EHS

1. Choice of control strategy and methods

SOP 1.1. Barrier treatments against gregarious hopper populations are favoured, if possible

SOP 1.2. Treatments with entomopathogens are favored, if possible

2. Choice of the insecticide

SOP 2.1. Only those insecticides registered in the country for locust control are used

SOP 2.2. In the absence of registration, the insecticide has received a temporary authorization from the designated regulatory authority, including a quality analysis demonstrating compliance with the minimum requirements specified in the FAO Pesticide Specification

SOP 2.3. Taking into account local conditions, only those insecticides that meet the human health criteria listed by the FAO (and based on the WHO classification of pesticides by hazard) are used

SOP 2.4. Taking into account national regulations, only those insecticides that meet the environmental safety criteria listed by the FAO are used

3. Procedures for procurement, tenders and donations

SOP 3.1. The insecticide packaging is conform the UN Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods

SOP 3.2. Suppliers should guarantee that the insecticide meets the required quality criteria for a minimum duration of 2 years after importation in the country (for imported products), or after arrival on site at the locust control unit (for locally formulated products), when stored according to the FAO pesticide storage guidelines

SOP 3.3. Insecticide labels comply with SOPs set by the national pesticide registration authority, or, if absent, comply with FAO guidelines

SOP 3.4. Insecticide quality meets FAO/WHO specifications, if the specifications exist for the technical and/or formulated product

SOP 3.5. A certificate of quality analysis of the insecticide is provided by the supplier, issued by a quality control laboratory working according to GLP, and which is preferably independent of the supplier. The certificate contains the information defined in the FAO/WHO specifications

SOP 3.6. The insecticide drums/containers have a bar code which allows their individual traceability

SOP 3.7. An effective insecticide supply system is put in place to avoid the creation of obsolete stocks

4. Choice of the application equipment

SOP 4.1. For aerial treatments: Only sprayers with rotary atomizers and electrical pumps are being used; spray aircraft are equipped with a DGPS and GPS linked to a flow meter

SOP 4.2. For ground treatments by vehicle: only ULV sprayers with rotary atomizers are being used; spray vehicles are equipped with a GPS

SOP 4.3. For ground treatments with portable sprayers: ULV sprayers with rotary atomizers are favoured

SOP 4.4. For ground treatments with portable sprayers: If, during an invasion, ULV sprayers are not or not sufficiently available, medium volume sprayers can be used (e.g. for EC or SC formulations)

SOP 4.5. Each sprayer should have an appropriate calibration kit

5. Training of control staff

SOP 5.1. All persons who handle or apply insecticides are trained before they start their work in the field

SOP 5.2. All persons that handle or apply insecticides have obtained a certificate of professional competence before they start their work in the field

6. Organization and training of public health staff

SOP 6.1. All health centers and medical practitioners in areas that will likely see control operations have received safety data sheets, poisoning treatment measures and other relevant toxicological information, for all the insecticides that may be used in the area

SOP 6.2. “Strategic” health centers will be chosen to ensure that an intoxicated person can be transported there within a reasonable time

SOP 6.3. Health staff (doctors, nurses, etc.) in strategically located health centers are trained in the recognition and treatment of intoxications that could be due to insecticides used in locust control

SOP 6.4. Specific antidotes exist for the treatment of poisoning due to the insecticides used, and they are made available to strategic health centers and control teams in areas likely to be treated

7. Pesticide storage

SOP 7.1. Permanent and semi-permanent insecticide storage is carried out in accordance with the FAO guidelines for pesticide storage

SOP 7.2 Temporary storage of large quantities of insecticides during upsurges and plagues, is carried out in accordance with the FAO guidelines for pesticide storage

SOP 7.3. Temporary storage of small quantities of insecticides is carried out in accordance with the FAO Desert Locust Guidelines

SOP 7.4. All persons responsible for storage of locust control insecticides have received a training in pesticide stock management

SOP 7.5. All personnel responsible for storage of locust control insecticides keeps stock records up to date

SOP 7.6. FAO's Pesticide Stock Management System is used to track insecticide stocks across the country

SOP 7.7. An environmental assessment is carried out before the construction of new pesticide stores

8. Pesticide transport

SOP 8.1. International transport of locust control insecticides complies with international standards

SOP 8.2. National transport of insecticides complies with the FAO Desert Locust Guidelines

SOP 8.3. All drivers of vehicles carrying insecticides have received training on product handling and on emergency procedures in the event of accidents involving the products

SOP 8.4. Any transport of insecticide must be accompanied by its shipping documents

Outbreak, upsurge / plague

Basic SOP

Preparation

9. Information and awareness of the public

SOP 9.1. Information and awareness raising sessions are organized on precautionary measures for people living in the regions in which control operations can be carried out

SOP 9.2. A general information campaign is conducted to inform the public that control operations will be carried out, on their possible risks, and on precautionary measures

SOP 9.3. Before the control operations, Locust control teams have informed habitants close to areas to be treated, about precautions they should take

SOP 9.4. A system for filing complaints or reports of adverse effects of the locust control operations has been put in place

10. Emergency plan

SOP 10.1. An emergency plan is available and is triggered at the moment that an accident occurs with a locust insecticide

11. Insecticide treatments

SOP 11.1. Insecticide treatments are being carried out according to the principles described in the relevant FAO guidelines

12. Documentation of the control operations

SOP 12.1. The insecticide treatment details are collected at each control operation and noted on the FAO Spray monitoring form

SOP 12.2. The actual application doses are measured, based on the area treated and the volume of insecticide applied

SOP 12.3. The coordinates of corner of the treated plots are recorded using GPS

13. Field operations bases

SOP 13.1. Temporary field operations bases are located according to FAO Desert Locust guidelines, to ensure minimum risks to local populations

SOP 13.2. Field operations bases are equipped with decontamination materials (buckets, absorbents, water, shovels, etc.) and are kept clean and free of waste

SOP 13.3. A closed-circuit pumping system is available on each aerial operation base

14. Personal protective equipment

SOP 14.1. Anyone handling insecticides have and use personal protective equipment suitable for their duties

SOP 14.2. Anyone with personal protective equipment have been trained in its proper use and maintenance

SOP 14.3. A quantity of personal protective equipment, sufficient to equip all staff handling or applying pesticides for a period of 3 to 6 months, is permanently in stock

SOP 14.4. Each locust control team is equipped at all times with a first aid kit and a personal decontamination kit (clean water, detergent, eye-wash bottle, etc.)

15. Sensitive areas

SOP 15.1. All areas in the country that are sensitive to the ecological effects of insecticide applications are identified and mapped

SOP 15.2. All areas in the country that are ecologically vulnerable to insecticide treatments have been identified in a GIS system

SOP 15.3. Risk mitigation measures have been identified for each area sensitive to insecticide applications

16. Waiting periods

SOP 16.1. For all insecticides that may be applied on crops intended for human consumption, pre-harvest intervals have been defined based on national maximum residue limits (MRLs) or on the Codex Alimentarius MRLs, if available

SOP 16.2. For all insecticides that may be applied on crops intended for human consumption, farmers are informed of the pre-harvest intervals they should observe

SOP 16.3. For all insecticides that may be applied on pastures, livestock withholding periods have been defined based on national maximum residue limits (MRLs) or on the Codex Alimentarius MRLs, if available

SOP 16.4. For all insecticides that may be applied on pastures, pastoralists and shepherds (nomads) are informed about the relevant livestock withholding periods and are urged to observe them

SOP 16.5. Waiting periods for control staff between the insecticide application and re-entry in the treated plot are defined and observed, for all insecticides used

17. Monitoring of treatments

SOP 17.1. At least one operationally independent team is available, specialized in monitoring human health, environmental impact, and application quality, and regularly carrying out monitoring exercises

18. Efficacy assessment

SOP 18.1. Regular assessments of the biological efficacy of the control operations are conducted

19. Monitoring of human health

SOP 19.1. A detailed medical examination is done before the start of the control campaign, of all personnel handling insecticides. The examination includes the establishment of an individual acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE) base level. Persons that may be highly susceptible to insecticides will not be assigned to work that includes these products

SOP 19.2. A personal insecticide use passport is kept during the control campaign for all persons handling insecticides

SOP 19.3. Regular occupational health monitoring is conducted of all personnel handling insecticides, based on the frequency of application, the quantity of insecticides handled, and the results of previous AChE assessments

SOP 19.4. A database is set up for recording and evaluation of cholinesterase inhibition

SOP 19.5. At the end of the control campaign a detailed medical examination is conducted of all personnel having handled insecticides

SOP 19.6. Each person showing a plasma cholinesterase inhibition level of more than 40%, or an erythrocyte cholinesterase inhibition level of more than 30%, or whose health is otherwise adversely affected by an insecticide, will be withdrawn from all handling of insecticides. Those persons will be assigned other work within the control campaign until recovery to normal cholinesterase levels or of his/her health

SOP 19.7. Any handling of human blood must be done by a health worker, or a person otherwise certified for this work

20. Environmental monitoring

SOP 20.1. An environmental monitoring assessment of the control operations is conducted on a regular basis

SOP 20.2. A database, linked to a GIS, is created and used for the management of information on the environmental impact of locust control operations

21. Management of empty insecticide containers

SOP 21.1. A system is put in place for the management of empty insecticide containers, including their storage, transport, rinsing crushing and disposal

SOP 21.2. All empty containers of locust control insecticides are collected stored at a single place

SOP 21.3. The empty and crushed containers are recycled or disposed in accordance with national regulations or relevant international standards

SOP 21.4. If empty containers need to be sent abroad for disposal or recycling, transboundary movements are conducted according to the Basel Convention

22. Management of left-over insecticides

SOP 22.1. All insecticides that have not been used at the end of the control campaign are collected in a limited number of permanent pesticide stores

SOP 22.2. The quality of all insecticides produced two years ago or more is checked by chemical analysis at least once a year, unless previous analyses clearly justify a longer quality assessment interval

SOP 22.3. Insecticides that do no longer meet the FAO/WHO specifications with respect to acceptable impurity levels, or which have otherwise become unusable, will be set aside for environmentally sound disposal

SOP 22.4. If obsolete insecticides need to be sent abroad for disposal or recycling, transboundary movements are conducted according to the Basel Convention, if required

23. Internal monitoring of implementation of the EHS

SOP 23.1. The national locust control unit (NCLU) appoints an environmental and health officer who is responsible for the implementation of the EHS

SOP 23.2. The person responsible for the internal monitoring puts in place, and maintains, a system for the documentation of the state of implementation of all the SOPs defined in the EHS Manual , to allow external auditing at all times

SOP 23.3. The person responsible for the internal monitoring elaborates each year a report on the state of implementation of the EHS

After-campaign pesticide stock management and cleaning of environmental contamination

Containers

Dangers of improper disposal

The responsibility of industry and the government

Contaminated soil

The process

The costs

The FAO Programme, manuals and guidelines

Technical Guidelines

Guidelines and Manuals

Updates of the Manual

Acknowledgements

The manual was prepared with the advices of, and in close collaboration with the following FAO Officers and experts:

◦ Shoki Al-Dobai, Locusts and Transboundary Plant Pests and Diseases Team Leader

◦ Mamoon AlSarai Alalawi, Executive Secretary of the Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in the Central Region (CRC)

◦ Harold van der Valk, Senior Pesticide Management Expert

◦ Mohammed Ammati, Senior Pesticide Management Expert

◦ Said Ghaout, Senior Locust Management Expert

◦ Catherine Constant, Locust Management Expert

Abbreviations and acronyms

CLCPRO Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in the Western Region

(D)GPS (differential) global positioning system

DLG FAO Desert Locust Guidelines

EC emulsifiable concentrate

EHS environmental, health and safety

EIA environmental impact assessment

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

GIS Geographical Information System

GLP good laboratory practice

LD50 median lethal dose

MRL maximum residue level

NLCU national Locust Control Unit

PPE personal protective equipment

QA quality assurance

SC suspension concentrate

SMT specialized Monitoring Team

SOP standard operation procedure

ULV ultra low volume

WHO World Health Organization

I. Introduction

The Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Standard Operation Procedures (SOP) for the control of the Desert Locust define the procedures that should be followed in a Desert Locust control campaign to minimize the impact of the use of insecticides on human health and the environment.

This Manual for the implementation of SOPs for EHS has been developed to support the person responsible for the implementation of EHS at the National Locust Control Unit (NLCU). The Manual should facilitate the programming of activities to be carried out, structure the documentation of the state of implementation, and allow relatively easy monitoring of the extent to which the EHS has been achieved by the managers of the NLCU or by third parties.

The Manual presents a “model approach“ for the implementation of the EHS. However, this approach is flexible and should not be applied too rigorously but adapted to the national situation and the specific organization of NLCU.

The objectives of the Manual are to:

– clarify responsibilities for the implementation of each Standard Operation Procedure (SOP);

– plan the activities to be carried out;

– allow the internal monitoring of the implementation process;

– ensure complete documentation of the implementation process;

– facilitate the external audit; and

– allow an easy adaptation to the national situation

II. Implementation process

The process of implementing the SOPs for EHS will differ from country to country. The exact process will depend on several factors, including the regulatory and administrative situation in the country with respect to the structure of the NLCU, the degree of implementation of the standards of EHS at the start of the process, and the human and financial resources available.

The following steps are normally part of the process for the EHS implementation at the national level. However, the exact order and content of the steps may vary.

II.1 Development of the EHS at national level

The regional EHS adopted by the environmental experts of the member countries of the Desert Locust Control Commission in the Western Region (CLCPRO) defines the “universal standards”, applicable to the member countries of CLCPRO. This regional EHS should then be translated into a national EHS, introducing amendments or additions to ensure compliance with the national legislation applicable in this field and the provisions of the national policies or strategies adopted in the field of locust control.

II.2 Validation of the EHS at national level

Validation of the EHS by the various actors involved at the national level is a key step, since its implementation does not depend solely on the NLCU. Other governmental and national non-governmental structures should participate to ensure compliance with their specific standards for EHS. These structures should agree on the content of the EHS and be involved in the programming of relevant activities.

The institutional anchoring of the implementation and, where appropriate, of monitoring and external audit, should be formalized during this stage. In principle, it is recommended that the implementation of EHS be under the direct responsibility of the NLCU, in order to ensure optimal integration between the (monitoring of) EHS and the daily activities of the NLCU. This recommendation is based on the belief that the EHS should be internalized at the NLCU if we want to achieve effective implementation. However, the monitoring of the implementation of EHS can be carried out by another structure. In some countries, an external audit is provided under national (usually environmental) legislation.

II.3. Appointment of a person responsible for implementation

After national validation, the NLCU must appoint a person responsible for the implementation of the EHS. This person coordinates the entire implementation process, including: internal (within NLCU) and external (among the other structures involved) information exchange regarding the implementation of the EHS, programming of activities necessary to meet the standards of the EHS, activities of different sections of the NLCU and with the other structures involved in the implementation of the EHS,

The manager himself is therefore not responsible for the implementation of EHS SOPs, although certain SOPs may be directly under his mandate.

II.4 Development of an Implementation Manual

An EHS Implementation Manual includes information and programming pages for EHS SOPs (see below). Some of this information, particularly any national changes to SOPs and technical guidelines, should be included (or amended) in the Manual to ensure that the content of the Manual follows exactly the content of the national EHS. This work is mainly administrative, and should be done by the EHS implementation manager, based on the validated national EHS.

In addition, for EHS SOPs, the primary responsible(s) for their implementation within the NLCU must be identified and formalized.

II.5 Current status of implementation/ Baseline situation

It is important to initially establish the current implementation status of EHS standards. This description of the “starting situation” will identify which SOPs of the EHS are already in place, which gaps exist, and for which SOPs of the activities should be developed.

In addition, a good definition of the initial situation will subsequently facilitate EHS monitoring implementation. To do this, it is recommended to quantify, as much as possible, the verification indicators already at the time of the description of the current state.

II.6 Identifying priorities

It will probably not be possible to set up and execute all the activities necessary to meet all the SOPs of the EHS. Human and financial resources, as well as the time available, will certainly limit the ability to execute in a given year. During the process of defining the EHS, it was suggested that its implementation would take two to three years, provided that the human and financial resources are available.

It will therefore be necessary to make short-term priorities regarding the SOPs to be put in place and the activities to be carried out. The choice of these priorities will depend, among others, on national policies for agriculture, the environment and human health, as well as the specific situation of EHS.

After the description of the current status of the implementation of the EHS (see 2.5), the identification of short-term priorities (over 1 to 2 years) should be made.

II.7 Programming

For all the priorities identified, more detailed programming can be done. It concerns the various activities necessary to achieve compliance with priority SOPs. For EHS activity, the following questions should be answered:

– What should we do?

– Who will do it?

– What is the deadline?

– What resources are needed?

– What are the audit indicators?

– How to follow up?

The first four questions can only be answered at the national level. On the other hand, suggestions for the verification indicators and the information to be collected in order to be able to follow up are given in the sheets below.

II.8 Training

A large number of agents at the level of the NLCU, but also in other national structures, are involved in the implementation of the EHS. Depending on the SOP, the actors are often different. However, all these agents must have the technical skills required to meet the SOPs defined in the EHS.

For a given SOP, the technical skills may already be present at a suitable level; they can be present but deserve reinforcement, or the necessary technical capacities are to be developed. In the last two cases, specific and targeted training is essential.

II.9 Monitoring of the implementation

The internal monitoring of the implementation of the EHS will start with the description of the initial situation (see 2.5), which is carried out continuously during the implementation of the EHS. It is recommended that internal monitoring be done by the implementation manager at the NLCU level. Certain verification indicators and information to be collected and analyzed have been identified in the sheets below. Additional indicators and data to be collected may still be added, if considered useful, to better describe the progress of the achievement of EHS SOP.

Documenting the implementation of EHS SOPs will be a key activity in monitoring. In its present form, this Implementation Manual can be used to organize and archive the information and documentation which will form the basis of internal monitoring. In addition, it will facilitate any possible external audit of the implementation of the EHS.

III. Structure of the manual

Every EHS SOP is summarized in one page in the manual, and suggestions are given regarding: a. implementation procedures, b. verification indicators, and c. information to be collected to verify the SOP's fulfilment.

It is recommended that the manual be designed in the form of (series of) file (s) where the different “forms - SOPs” appear as dividers. All the information necessary to monitor the implementation of the EHS will thus be stored in a secure place to ensure complete documentation. . The manual can be considered as a framework for organizing documentation and monitoring the implementation of the EHS. However, the EHS manager is free to organise the documentation in the most appropriate way.

After-campaign pesticide stock management and cleaning of environmental contamination[5]

“FAO's Programme on the Prevention and Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides is working to inform authorities about the handling of after-campaign cleaning operations and obsolete pesticide stocks.

Containers

Disposal of used containers is an ongoing problem that poses a severe threat to the environment and public health. Empty pesticide containers are highly valued property. Even though it is usually impossible to remove all traces of toxic chemicals from pesticide containers, people often use them for storing fuel or even food and water. This unsafe practice must be discouraged.

Dangers of improper disposal

A common practice is the burying or burning of waste pesticides and empty containers. But buried chemical waste can contaminate soil and groundwater, while burning pesticides and containers releases highly toxic fumes. Containers and contaminated materials can be dumped in landfills or other general waste collection sites. Still, most of these sites aren't designed to prevent toxic materials from leaking into the ground or being washed out by rain into water bodies, and such sites are usually scavenged. Useful items such as pesticide containers are reclaimed.

The responsibility of industry and the government

Most pesticide users can't dispose of pesticides and related waste materials safely. Under The International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management, manufacturers and distributors of pesticides are expected to provide facilities that allow pesticide users to dispose of empty containers and pesticide-related waste materials safely. National and local authorities must help with the disposal of farmers' and householders' pesticide-related waste through schemes for collecting small quantities of pesticides, used containers and contaminated materials. FAO provides technical advice and guidance to assist in taking the necessary measures to reduce the risks posed by used pesticide containers.

Contaminated soil

Obsolete pesticides may be improperly stored, with pesticides leaking out of corroded drums into the soil and groundwater and powders spread by wind, posing a serious health and environmental threat to nearby communities.

The process

Cleaning up contaminated water and soil is part of any obsolete pesticide disposal operation. It is costly, and technically complex. Cleanup usually focuses first on the removal of the source of contamination (the pesticides themselves) and decontamination of soil and water is generally addressed on the basis of risk analysis. Depending on the results of the chemical analysis and risk assessment, there are three basic ways of dealing with contaminated soil and water:

• removing the contamination by excavating the soil and pumping-up of groundwater;

• containing the contamination by covering contaminated soil with buildings, asphalt or another impermeable layer, and preventing contaminated groundwater from flowing downstream;

• preventing human contact with the contamination by covering the contamination with clean soil, fencing-off contaminated areas and closing contaminated wells.

The costs

Removing contamination is more expensive than containing it, which in turn is more expensive than taking protective measures. But it ends the problem once and for all. Containment and protective measures are effective only for as long as they are maintained and their proper maintenance may be difficult to ensure over a long period of time.

The FAO Programme, manuals and guidelines

The FAO Programme has published a reference manual for assessing soil contamination to assist developing countries to make sound decisions about how to deal with the problem in the most cost-effective manner. FAO is also working to develop cost effective methods for dealing with pesticide contaminated soil in developing countries.

Technical Guidelines:

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 12: Environmental Management Tool Kit for Obsolete Pesticides (EMTK) – Vol. 1

– A. Environmental risk assessment

– B. Prioritization of stores

– C. Regional prioritization and risk tracking

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 13: Environmental Management Tool Kit for obsolete pesticides (EMTK) - Vol 2

– D. Selection of collection centers

– E. Management of collection centers

– F. Transport planning

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 14: The Preparation of Inventories of Pesticides and Contaminated Materials*

– Inventory planning

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 15: Environmental Management Tool Kit for obsolete pesticides (EMTK) – Vol. 3[6]

– G. Safeguarding strategy

– H. Disposal strategy

– I. Environmental Assessment report and Environmental Management Plans

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 16: Environmental Management Tool Kit for obsolete pesticides (EMTK) – Vol. 4[7]

– J. Zoning of workplaces

– K. Risk assessment

– L. Standard Operating Procedures

– M. Selection and use of equipment

– N. Health, safety and environment plan

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 17: Environmental Management Tool Kit for obsolete pesticides (EMTK) – vol. 5

– O. Pesticide contaminated site identification and prioritization

– P. Preliminary risk assessment and design of the detailed site investigation

– Q. Data analysis and generic quantitative risk assessment

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 18: Environmental Management Tool Kit for obsolete pesticides (EMTK) – vol. 6

– R. Risk reduction strategy design

– S. Risk reduction implementation strategy design

– T. Development of risk mitigation plans

– U. Development of the environmental management plan

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) investigator handbook

Guidelines and Manuals

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 2 - Prevention of accumulation of obsolete pesticide stocks

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 3 - Pesticide storage and stock control manual

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 4 - Disposal of bulk quantities of obsolete pesticides in developing countries

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 7 - Guidelines for the management of small quantities of unwanted and obsolete pesticides

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 8 - Assessing soil contamination: A reference manual

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 10 - FAO Training Manual for inventory taking obsolete pesticides

FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 11 - Country guidelines

Updates of the Manual

To maximize the applicability of the Manual, updates will be released regularly. Users are therefore invited to submit proposals for corrections and additions to the FAO: Shoki Al-Dobai, Locusts and Transboundary Plant Pests and Diseases Team, via email address: shoki.aldobai@fao.org

1 This minimum is realistic for campaigns executed under normal conditions. In crisis situations, authorities may have other priorities

2 The LD50 of the formulation may be calculated based on the LD50 of the active ingredient and its concentration in the formulation; or (better) it may be available in the registration dossier or in the chemical safety data sheet of the product.

3 Verification of conformity for products for which a FAO/WHO specification has been established where applicable, verification of deviation of the a.i. concentration from the certificate of analysis supplied on delivery.

4 External audit of the EHS: An external audit of the state of implementation of these Standards is conducted by an independent national institution designated to this end and not part of the EHS Manual.

5 https://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/obsolete-pesticides/resources0/en/

6 Publication no. 14, 15 and 16 have been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.

7 Publication no. 14, 15 and 16 have been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.