SHRIMP CULTURE: POND DESIGN, OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT
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SHRIMP CULTURE: POND DESIGN, OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT |
NACA Training Manual Series No. 2
SHRIMP CULTURE: POND DESIGN, OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT
P. Kungvankij and T.E. Chua
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO)
and
| B.J. Pudadera, Jr. | L.B. Tiro, Jr. |
| G. Corre | I.O. Potestas |
| E. Borlongan | G. A. Taleon |
| Alava | J. N. Paw |
Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries
Development Center
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia (NACA)
Regional Lead Centre in the Philippines (RLCP)
June 1986
The designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/UNDP nor SEAFDEC AQD. concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimination of its frontiers or boundaries.
The copyright in this publication is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by any method or process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Application for such permission with a statement of the purpose and extent of the repro duction desired, should be made through and addressed to the Coordinator, Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia (NACA), UNDP, P.O. Box 618, Bangkok, Thailand
This publication is one of a series published specifically to commemorate the WORLD FOOD DAY 1986 by the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia (NACA), a regional project of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It is the Asian component of the global network of aquaculture centres established and coordinated through the FAO/UNDP inter-regional project, Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme (ADCP).
FAO has been observing World Food Day on 16 October for the past five consecutive years, in an effort to increase public awareness of the problems of hunger and malnutrition. The impact of this celebration is globally felt, and 16 October has become an important date in the national calendar of activities of almost all Member Countries of FAO. It provides an excellent opportunity for making better known what FAO is, what it has done since its foundation, and the challenges it faces in helping to resolve the problems of hunger. The theme adopted for this year's celebration is “FISHERMEN and FISHING COMMUNITIES”, including aquaculture, and NACA is participating in the celebration through a series of publications and video productions on fish farming systems and technologies developed in Asia.
The role of aquaculture in the improvement of nutrition and socio-economic conditions of the fish farming communities in the rural and coastal regions cannot be over emphasized. In fact, rediscovery of aquaculture in Asia may provide hope for the rural poor, particularly as an option to the displaced fishermen and fishing communities of the region, for whom the culture of finish, shellfish and other aquatic organisms ranks among those occupations which have the greater potential of contributing to diets and higher income with the least disruption of their traditional lifestyle. However, transfer of technological innovations to them for adoption appears to be one of the most important constraints in changing their traditional methods of farming. As such bringing together the art and science of such innovations in the form of a publication or a video for the benefit of the fishermen, fishing community, fish farmers and extension workers, is one of the major NACA activities. It is therefore, befitting to bring out this publication as the World Food Day 1986 Commemorative Issue. This provides the package of practices of the farming system based on synthesis of the practical work done by the authors and blended with the observations made by others in this field. On behalf of NACA, I would like to thank the national staff and the project staff in bringing out this material.
 CHEN Foo Yan NACA Coordinator |
Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software. FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
2.1 Traditional or extensive shrimp farming
2.2 Improved traditional or semi-intensive farming
2.3 Intensive farming
3. Site Selection for Shrimp Culture
3.1 Water quality
3.2 Tidal fluctuations
3.3 Soil
3.4 Topography
3.5 Vegetation
3.6 Source of seed
3.7 Accessibility
3.8 Other factors
4.1 Penaeus japonicus and P. orientalis
4.2 P. monodon
4.3 P. indicus and P. merguiensis
4.4 Metapenaeus ensis
5. Pond Design and Construction
5.1 Size and shape of culture ponds
5.2 Dike
5.3 Supply and drainage canal
5.4 Water control gate (sluice type)
6.1 Soil sampling
6.2 Leaching
6.3 Pond drying
6.4 Tilling
6.5 Control of undesirable species
6.6 Liming
6.7 Fertilization
7.1 Supply of post-larvae from wild stock
7.2 Seed from Hatchery
7.3 Transportation of fry
8.1 Nursing of fry
8.2 Stocking of fry
8.3 Routine pond management
9.1 Salinity
9.2 pH
9.3 Dissolved oxygen (DO)
9.4 Nitrogen compound
9.5 Temperature
9.6 Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
10.1 Feeding behavior
10.2 Natural food in the pond
10.3 Supplemental feeding
10.4 Feeding method
10.5 Feeding rate and frequency
11. Manipulation of Stocking in Extensive and Semi-intensive Farming
12. Harvesting and Preservation
Figure 1. Typical extensive pond in Thailand
Figure 2. Typical semi-intensive pond
Figure 3. Amakusa-type shrimp farm in Japan
Figure 5. Shigueno type intensive culture tank
Figure 6. Lay-out of earthen pond with peripheral canal
Figure 7. Cross section of dike
Figure 8. Sample design of parimeter dike
Figure 9. Typical slope of dike
Figure 10. A typical wooden gate
Figure 11. A reinforced concrete gate
Figure 12. Section of gate showing grooves for slabs and screens
Figure 13. Scooping of fry in twigs
Figure 14. Collection of fry in fry lure
Figure 16. Push net or scissor net
Figure 18. Transportation of fry through live tanks
Figure 19. Fry transportation of fry in polyethelene bags
Figure 23. Selective harvesting net
Table 1. Lime requirement table
Table 2. Comparison of organic and inorganic fertilizers
Table 3. Stocking density of shrimp in different culture operations