BETTER FARMING SERIES

The titles published in this series are designed as handbooks for an intermediate-level agricultural education and training course. They may be purchased as a set or individually.

1. The plant: the living plant; the root

2. The plant: the stem; the buds; the leaves

3. The plant: the flower

4. The soil: how the soil is made up

5. The soil: how to conserve the soil

6. The soil: how to improve the soil

7. Crop farming

8. Animal husbandry: feeding and care of animals

9. Animal husbandry: animal diseases; how animals reproduce

10. The farm business survey

11. Cattle breeding

12. Sheep and goat breeding

13. Keeping chickens

14. Farming with animal power

15. Cereals

16. Roots and tubers

17. Groundnuts

18. Bananas

19. Market gardening

20. Upland rice

21. Wet paddy or swamp rice

22. Cocoa

23. Coffee

24. The oil palm

25. The rubber tree

26. The modern farm business

27. Freshwater fish farming: how to begin

28. Water: where water comes from

29. Better freshwater fish farming: the pond

30. Better freshwater fish farming: the fish

31. Biogas: what it is; how it is made; how to use it

32. Biogas 2: building a better biogas unit

33. Farming snails 1: learning about snails; building a pen; food and shelter plants

34. Farming snails 2: choosing snails; care and harvesting; further improvement

35. Better freshwater fish farming: further improvement

36. Raising rabbits 1: learning about rabbits; building the pens; choosing rabbits

37. Raising rabbits 2: feeding rabbits; raising baby rabbits; further improvement

38. Better freshwater fish farming: raising fish in pens and cages

Better Farming Series    38

Better Freshwater Fish Farming

Raising fish in pens and cages

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome 1990

FAO Economic and Social Development Series No. 3/38

P-69

ISBN 92-5-1-102743-9

© FAO 1990

Contents

1. Preface

2. Outline Of Course

3. Introduction

1. Raising fish in pens and cages

2. The baby fish

4. Pens

1. Building a pen

2. Carrying small fish

3. Putting baby fish into your pen

4. Feeding fish in pens

5. Taking care of the fish and pen

6. Harvesting fish in pens

7. Now you must begin again

8. Raising your own baby fish in pens

5. Cages

1. Building a cage

2. Carrying small fish

3. Putting baby fish into your cage

4. Feeding fish in cages

5. Taking care of the fish and cage

6. Harvesting fish in cages

7. Now you must begin again

8. Raising your own baby fish in cages

PREFACE

The first 26 titles in FAO's Better Farming Series were based on the Cours d'apprentissage agricole prepared in Côte d'Ivoire by the Institut africain de développement écomique et social for use by extension workers. Later volumes, beginning with No. 27, have been prepared by FAO for use in agricultural development at the farm and family level. The approach has deliberately been a general one, the intention being to create a basic model that can be modified or expanded according to local conditions of agriculture.

Many of the booklets deal with specific crops and techniques, while others are intended to give farmers more general information that can help them to understand why they do what they do, so that they will be able to do it better.

Adaptations of the series, or of individual volumes in it, have been published in Amharic, Arabic, Bengali, Creole, Hindi, Igala, Indonesian, Kiswahili, Malagasy, SiSwati, Thai and Turkish. This volume has been prepared by the Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service, Fishery Resources and Environment Division.

Requests for permission to issue this manual in other languages and to adapt it according to local climatic and ecological conditions are welcomed. They should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

Booklets 27 to 38 in the FAO Better Farming Series were written and illustrated by Tom Laughlin, working closely with the technical divisions responsible.

OUTLINE OF COURSE

• Introduction

Raising fish in pens and cages

The baby fish

• Pens

Building a pen

Carrying small fish

Putting baby fish into your pen

Feeding fish in pens

Taking care of the fish and pen

Harvesting fish in pens

Now you must begin again

Raising your own baby fish in pens

• Cages

Building a cage

Carrying small fish

Putting baby fish into your cage

Feeding fish in cages

Taking care of the fish and cage

Harvesting fish in cages

Now you must begin again

Raising your own baby fish in cages

Introduction

Raising fish in pens and cages

1. In booklet No. 30, Better freshwater fish farming: the fish you were told that you can put your baby fish in a pen or a cage in one of your fish ponds until you are ready to use them.

2. Pens and cages can also be used for raising fish from the time they are babies until the time they are big enough to eat or sell.

3. If you have a stream, river, lake or reservoir nearby, you may want to build a pen or a cage and raise fish there.

4. If you already have a fish pond you may want to put in a cage or two so that you can raise more fish than you could in one pond alone.

5. Raising fish in pens and cages is somewhat different from raising fish in ponds.

Let us begin by looking at some of the differences.

Feeding

6. One of the biggest differences, and perhaps the most important, between raising fish in ponds and raising fish in pens and cages is feeding them.

7. As you know, with a pond you fertilize the water. That is, you add compost, animal manure or plant materials so that there will be natural food for the fish to eat.

8. In addition, fish in ponds must be given other kinds of food each day. This is to make them grow quickly.

9. With well-fertilized water and enough of the other kinds of food, the fish can swim about and find food anywhere in the pond.

10. However, with a pen or a cage built in a stream, lake or reservoir, there may be little natural food and the movement of water may carry the food that you give the fish outside the pen or cage where the fish cannot get it.

11. So, with pens and cages you must take greater care that the fish have enough to eat, that me food Is very rich and that it does not float away before the fish can eat it.

Place

12. It is always a good idea to put a fish pond near where you live so that you can easily take care of it and watch that people do not try to steal the fish.

13. You can usually find a place near your house with the right kind of soil to build a pond.

14. If there is no water there, you can dig a water supply ditch and bring water to the pond.

15. However, with a pen or a cage you must find a place where there is water already.

16. So, you may have to go quite far from your house to find a stream or a lake which would be good for a pen or a cage.

17. This may make it hard to take care of the fish and watch that people do not steal them.

18. Remember, it is very easy to steal fish from a cage because all of the fish are in a very small space and they can be taken quickly with a net while you are not watching.

Work, time, materials

19. To dig a pond is hard work, and the bigger the pond the longer it takes. If you dig a pond all by yourself it will take a very long time.

20. However, to dig a pond you do not have to spend very much money.

21. The only building materials that you need for a pond are for the inlet and outlet and for the overflow.

22. To build a pen or a cage is less work than digging a pond. It is easier to do by yourself and it takes less time.

23. However to build a pen or a cage may cost you more money. Pens and cages are built of bamboo or wood and closed with fish net, woven material or plastic mesh.

24. You may have to buy some of these materials if you decide to build a pen or a cage.

Loss of fish

25. With a pond, if you are careful to cover the outlet and the overflow with screens there is little danger of losing fish.

26. However, with a pen or a cage that is covered with fish net, woven material or plastic mesh you must be more careful.

27. A pen or a cage can be easily damaged by animals in the water or rubbish such as logs or tree branches. So, there is greater danger of losing fish.

The baby fish

28. The first time you stock a pen or a cage you will need some baby fish.

29. If you have raised fish in ponds and have built your own nursery pond you may already have baby fish.

30. If you do not have your own baby fish perhaps you can get them from another fish farmer or from a fish culture station.

31. After you have built either a pen or a cage you can raise baby fish in it as well.

You will learn more about this later in this booklet.

32. Now let us begin to learn how to build pens and cages and how to raise fish in them.

PENS

33. You can build a pen in the shallow water of a stream, a river, a lake or a reservoir.

34. The water in a pen should be no more than 1.5 metres in the deepest part.

35. You must also be sure that the water in a pen will never be less than 1 metre even during the dry season.

36. A pen should be put in a place where the flow of water is gentle, not fast.

37. It should be protected from wind so that the surface of the water will be calm, not rough.

38. The water should be clean. You should not build a pen too near an inlet where the water may be muddy or full of rubbish.

39. Choose a place in the stream or lake where the bottom is firm.

It is not so easy to build a pen if the bottom is too soft and where the water may become muddy when you have to work in the pen.

40. In addition, try to find a place where you can build a pen using very few materials, such as the corner of a reservoir or an angle in a stream.

Building a pen

41. A pen can be small or large depending on how many fish you want to raise.

42. However, when you first begin, start by building a small pen. You will need fewer materials. It will be easier to take care of.

43. You can begin with a pen that has about 100 square metres (10 by 10 metres).

Later, when you have learned more, you can build bigger ones.

44. A pen is closed by a fence. So, start by driving a row of posts. Posts can be made either of bamboo or wood.

45. If you are using wood, choose wood that does not rot quickly when it is in the water.

46. The posts should be long enough to be driven firmly into the bottom. They should also be long enough to reach at least 50 centimetres above the highest water level.

47. Posts should be 1 to 2 metres apart depending on the material that you use to close the pen.

48. The best material for the fence of the pen is ordinary fish net. You can also use plastic mesh, or woven material made from split bamboo or wooden strips.

49. If you are using fish net to close your pen, the posts can be further apart. If you use woven material or plastic mesh, the posts may have to be closer together.

50. The openings in the material that you use to fence in a pen must be small enough to keep the smaller fish from getting out.

51. However, if the openings are too small they may become filled with dirt or with the very small plants that grow in the water.

52. If the openings in the material become filled with dirt, fresh water will not flow through to clean out the pen and the fish may not have enough air.

53. So, be sure to use material with openings of 1.5 by 1.5 centimetres. This is the right size to keep in the smaller fish and also to let fresh water flow through.

54. Whatever material you use for the fence, it should be high enough to be buried in the pen bottom at least 30 centimetres deep.

55. It should also reach to the top of the posts which, you were told in Item 46, should be at least 50 centimetres above the highest water level.

56. This will keep your fish from getting out of the pen along the bottom or jumping out over the top.

57. Now you will be shown how to build two kinds of pens, how to attach the fence material and how to bury the material in the bottom.

mark the place where you will put the fence using wooden stakes or poles and a piece of heavy line

check the bottom along the line with a long pole to see how far you will have to drive in the posts so that they will stand firmly

measure the depth of the water every 2 metres along the line Measure the depth

remember, all posts must be at least 50 centimetres above the highest water level

so, each post must be long enough to reach 50 centimetres above the water, plus the depth of the water, plus the depth that each post must be driven into the bottom

now you can cut all of the posts to the proper length

drive in the posts along the line 1 to 2 metres apart, depending on the kind of fence material that you are going to use (see Items 47 to 49)

be sure to use material that is high enough to be buried at least 30 centimetres in the pen bottom and that can also reach the top of the posts

if you use fish net for the fence, tie the edge- line of the net to the top of the posts using strong cord

if you use woven material for the fence, tie it to the posts with strong cord or you can use strong vines

if you use plastic mesh for the fence, fasten it to the posts with wire

when the fence material is well fastened to the posts, you are ready to bury the material in the pen bottom

you can bury fence material by pushing it into the pen bottom and putting a row of stones on either side to keep it in place

you can also bury fence material by fastening it to straight poles and pushing the poles into the pen bottom with wooden stakes to keep it in place

note: to bury fence material you may have to work under the water

58. When your pen is finished, cut the weeds and grass on the banks clean out most of the plants in the water and take away any rubbish that you find.

59. Then, remove the unwanted fish, crabs or other water life in the pen. You can do this using a fine- mesh net.

60. When you have done this, you are ready to stock your pen with baby fish.

Carrying small fish

61. Small fish can be hurt easily. So, you must be very careful when you handle them or carry them from place to place.

62. If you collect small fish using a seine net Carry them in a container such as

• clay pot with a cover

• a bucket with a lid

• a plastic bag.

63. When you carry small fish you must be careful to

• use only clean water

• keep the fish out of the sun or cover the container with a well cloth 10 keep it cool.

64. If you carry small fish in plastic bags, carry the bags in a box so that they will not break.

Cover the box and the plastic bags with a wet cloth to keep them cool.

65. When you are carrying small fish, if you see that they are gasping for air put some air into the water by

• splashing the water gently with your hand

• forcing air into the water with a tire pump.

Putting baby fish into your pen

66. If you are raising Tilapia nilotica you will need to put in two baby fish for each square metre of pen. So, if you have built a small pen of 100 square metres you will need 200 baby fish.

67. The baby fish that you use should be at least 8 to 10 centimetres long or weigh about 15 to 20 grams each.

Note

If you need any help or want to raise a different fish, your extension agent or fishery officer will be able to give you good advice.

68. Just before you put the baby fish in your pen, be sure that the water they are in is not hotter or colder than the water in the pen.

69. You can find this out by putting one of your hands in the water with the fish and the other in the pen.

70. If one is hotter or colder, slowly put water from the pen in the water with the fish until they are both the same.

71. If you do not do this the fish may die when you put them into the pen.

72. Do not pour the fish Into the pen. Gently put the container into the water, tip it a little, and let them swim out by themselves.

Feeding fish in pens

73. You have already been told that there may be very little natural food in a pen. So, you must be sure to give your fish very rich foods.

74. Here are some rich foods that fish like to eat. You can give them

• termites

• grain mill sweepings

• rice bran

• beer wastes

• cottonseed or groundnut cake.

75. Prepare all of the food for one day's feeding at one time. Give the fish part of this food at two or three different times during the day.

76. Always try to feed your fish at the same time each day.

77. The bigger your fish grow, the more food they will need.

For each 100 square metres of pen feed them

• 150 to 200 grams of food every day during the first month

• 200 to 275 grams of food every day during the second month

• 275 to 350 grams of food every day during the third and fourth months

• 350 to 450 grams of food every day from the fifth month until the time you are ready to harvest.

Note

100 grams of rice bran is about one handful. Use a small tin to measure this amount.

78. It is not easy to know exactly how much to feed your fish. You must watch them carefully to learn how much food they need.

79. Feed your fish in the shallow part of the pen so that you can see them eat.

80. If you see that the fish do not eat all of their food, give them a little less.

81. If you see that the fish eat all of their food quickly, give them a little more.

82. If you feed your fish in the same places each day you will be able to see whether they are eating well. If you give them too much, the food that is not eaten will stay on the bottom.

83. Too much uneaten food on the bottom of the pen will make me water bad for the fish.

84. To make it easier to see if your fish are eating well, choose several places in your pen and always feed them there.

85. Mark each place by making a square or ring of bamboo or light wood. Drive a pole into the pen bottom and attach the square or ring. The drawings at the top of the next page will show you how.

86. When you feed the fish, put the food inside the square farming. That way you can easily see uneaten food collecting on the bottom and you will know that you are giving your fish too much.

Taking care of the fish and pen

The fish

87. You must always watch you fish to see that they are healthy and swimming strongly.

88. If the fish in your pen are not well, they will stop eating.

89. It this happens, stop feeding your fish for a day or two.

90. When you begin to feed them again, at first give them small amounts of food and then slowly more and more. When your fish begin to eat as before you will know that they are well again.

91. If you find any dead fish floating in the pen, take them out right away.

92. Then, stop feeding your fish and watch them very carefully during the next days.

93. If no more fish die you can begin to feed them after a day or two.

94. If fish continue to die take them out as soon as you can and ask your extension agent or fishery officer for help.

The pen

95. You have already been told that a pen can be easily damaged. If this happens your fish may get out.

96. So, check the pen fence every day to be sure that there are no holes. At the same time, you should check that the fence is well buried in the pen bottom.

97. If you find any places where your fish can get out, repair them right away.

98. In addition, you must be sure that the openings in the fence are free of dirt and plants so that fresh water can flow into the pen.

99. You can clean the fence of a pen using a brush or a broom. However, do it very gently so that you do not damage the fence material.

Harvesting fish in pens

100. If you have used baby fish 8 to 10 centimetres long and have fed them well, they will be ready for harvest in about six to seven months. At this time the fish will weigh 100 to 150 grams each.

101. If you want to harvest only some of your fish you can use a seine net with a large mesh.

102. A seine net with a mesh size of 3 to 3.5 centimetres will catch only the biggest fish and allow the medium and smaller fish to escape.

103. To harvest with a seine net you will need several people. Start at the deep end of the pen and pull the seine net slowly toward the shallow end. The drawing below shows you how.

104. If you want to harvest only part of your fish, you can also use a cast net or a lift net.

105. If you use a cast net or lift net you will catch both big and small fish. Keep the fish that you want and put the others back in the pen.

106. With a cast net or a lift net it is easier to catch the fish while they are eating and they are all together. So, feed them some food first.

107. If you want to harvest all of the fish you can use a seine net with a fine mesh of less than 1 centimetre.

Note

if you do not need all of the fish harvest only what you need and leave the rest in the pen. Fish can be left in a pen as long as you continue to feed them.

Now you must begin again

108. After you have harvested, clean and repair your pen as quickly as you can so that you can begin again. You must

• cut the weeds and grass on the banks

• clear out most of the plants in the water and take away all rubbish

• clean and repair the fence and make sure that it is still buried in the pen bottom

• remove unwanted fish, crabs and any other water life using a fine- mesh net.

109. If you have harvested using a large- mesh seine net there will be many baby fish left in your pen.

110. So, to begin again you will not need to put in more baby fish. However, you will have to be careful not to let the baby fish escape when you clean and repair the pen.

111. If you have harvested using a fine- mesh seine net you will catch all of the baby fish.

112. You can hold the baby fish that you catch in a pen or in a cage for small fish (see Item 114 and Item 184) until you have finished cleaning and repairing the pen.

Note

The faster you can do all of these things, the sooner you will be able to raise another crop of fish.

113. When you are ready, put in two baby fish 8 to 10 centimetres long for each square metre of pen. However, be sure to choose your biggest and best baby fish to put back into your pen.

Raising your own baby fish in pens

114. You can build a small pen in a corner of your big pen and raise your own baby fish there. You can also use a small pen like this to keep the baby fish that you catch when you harvest.

115. The small pen should be about 2 by 2 metres and at least 50 centimetres deep. Build the small pen just as you built your large pen.

116. However, the material that you use for the fence of a small pen should have smaller openings to keep in the baby fish. So, be sure to use material with openings of 0.5 by 0.5 centimetres.

117. Material with such small openings will get dirty more quickly. You must be sure to clean it often enough so that fresh water can flow into the small pen.

118. You can put up to 500 baby fish 1 to 2 centimetres long in a small pen this size. However, do not put in more than you need to use or sell.

Note

If you have more baby fish that you can use or sell you can dry them in the sun. After you have dried the baby fish, grind or pound them and mix them with crushed cottonseed, groundnut cake or rice bran to feed to your big fish, your poultry or your pigs. You can also use the baby fish to fertilize your farm garden.

119. Feed your baby fish two or three times each day just as you do with your big fish. You can give them

• termites

• rice bran

• cottonseed or groundnut cake.

120. Feed your baby fish carefully. Break their food into very small pieces and sprinkle it little by little on the surface of the water. Watch very carefully that they eat well and stop giving them food as soon as they stop eating.

121. With a small pen, it is important to give the baby fish only what they can eat and no more. Uneaten food on the bottom of a small pen is very bad for baby fish.

122. In 30 to 40 days the baby fish will grow to 8 to 10 centimetres long and you can let them into the big pen. To do this open a part of the fence. However, do not take out the posts.

123. The baby fish can then swim into the big pen through the open fence. Later, when you need to raise more baby fish or keep small fish you have caught, you can use the small pen again.

CAGES

124. You can build a cage and put it in a stream, a river, a lake or a reservoir.

125. In addition, as you have already been told, you can put a cage in a fish pond.

Note

If you have a fish pond and decide to put in some cages, you will raise many more fish. For example, a pond of 20 by 20 metres (400 square metres) will hold 800 fish. If you also put in 3 cages of 1 cubic metre each, you can raise 450 to 600 more fish. So, in this case you can raise as many as 1400 fish in the same pond.

126. The water should be deep enough so that when the cage is in place it will be at least 50 centimetres from the bottom.

127. A cage should be in a place where the flow of water is gentle and not fast. In addition, it should be protected from the wind.

128. The water should be clean You should not put a cage too near an inlet where the water may be muddy or full of rubbish.

Building a cage

129. A cage can be any shape. It can be round, square or long.

130. A cage can be small or large depending on the number of fish that you want to raise. However, when you first begin, start by building a small cage. You will need fewer materials. It will be easier to take care of.

131. You can begin with a cage that has about 1 cubic metre (1 metre by 1 metre by 1 metre) of space for the fish. Later, when you have learned more, you can build bigger ones.

132. The best material to cover a cage is ordinary fish net. If you cannot get fish net you can use either plastic mesh, woven material made from split bamboo or wooden strips.

133. The openings in the material that you use to cover a cage must be small enough to keep the smaller fish from getting out.

134. However, if the openings are too small they may become filled with dirt or with the very small plants that grow in the water.

135. So, be sure to use material with openings of 1.5 by 1.5 centimetres. This is the right size to keep in the smaller fish and also to let fresh water through.

136. You can build a simple cage by driving four or more posts into the bottom under the water and hanging a fish net inside.

137. You can also build a simple cage by putting a square float on the water and hanging a piece of fish net inside.

138. If you want a better floating cage, you can build a frame with floats and close it with fish net, woven material or plastic mesh.

139. You can use either bamboo or wood for the posts, floats or frame. However, if you are using wood, choose one that does not rot quickly when it is in the water.

140. The drawings on pages 50 to 66 show you how to build these cages. You will also be shown how to close the tops of cages and how to fix cages in the water.

A simple post cage

you can build a simple post cage using bamboo or wooden posts and fish net

find a place where the water is at least 1.50 metres deep even during the dry season

drive 4 posts into the bottom to form a square 1.25 m x 1.25 m

the posts should be about 50 cm above the water

tie a rope around the top of the posts to hold the fish net at least 25 cm above the water

hang a piece of fish net over the rope inside the posts and make sure that it is at least 1 m under the water at the deepest part

tie the net to the rope all the way around the cage using strong cord

you can put in the fish now (but first see Items 141 to 145)

if you have enough fish net stretch a piece over the top of the cage and tie it to the rope using strong cord

when you feed the fish, do not remove the cover

however, you may have to open part of the cover from time to time to take out any dead fish

A simple floating cage

you can build a simple floating cage using any wood that floats well, such as bamboo or banana stalks, and covered with either fish net, woven material or plastic mesh

tie 4 pieces of wood together using strong cord or rope to form a float 1 m square

hang the float about 1.50 m above the ground so you can work on it easily

cut 1 long piece of material for the sides of sides of the cage and one square piece of material for the bottom

depending on the material that you are going to use, tie or wire the long side piece arround the outside of the cage

then, tie or wire the square bottom piece to the lower edges of the sides in the same way

if you have used fish net or woven material, tie a length of rope to the bottom of each corner to be used for weights when the cage is in the water

carefully pull the cage into the water

make sure that there are at least 50 cm of water under the cage and tie it firmly in place

to do this, tie a piece of rope to one comer at the float and anchor the other end to a stake in the bottom

if you have used fish net or woven material, tie a weight to the rope on each comer

note: if the that sinks below the water, tie on more pieces of wood until it floats on the surface

now you can put in the fish (but first see Items 141 to 145)

after the fish are in, you can cover the cage with fish net

if your cage is built of woven material or plastic mesh you can use this material for a cage cover

depending on the material that you have used for the cover tie or wire it in place just as you did the sides and the bottom of the cage

however, you may have to open part of the cover from time to time to take out any dead fish

A better floating cage

you can build a better floating cage by making a light frame from bamboo or straight pieces of wood cut from trees and covered with either fish net, woven material or plastic mesh

tie 4 pieces of wood together using strong cord or rope to make one side of the frame, which should be about 1 m by 1.25 m

make another side the same as the first

using 4 more pieces of wood, tie the two sides together 1 m apart

cut 1 long piece of material for the sides of the cage and 1 square piece of material for the bottom

depending on the material that you are going to use, tie or wire the long side piece around the inside of the float

then, turn the cage on its side and tie on the bottom piece in the same way

for floats you can use bamboo, banana stalks, wooden blocks or, if you can get them, plastic containers, pieces of styrene plastic or used tyre inner tubes.

carefully put the cage into the water

make sure that there is at least 50 cm of water below the cage and tie it firmly in place

to do this, tie a piece of rope to one corner at the float and anchor the other end to a stake in the bottom

the cage should float so that 25 cm of it is above the water and 1 m of it is below the water

note: if the cage does not float 25 cm above the water tie on more floats until it does

now you can put in the fish (but first see Items 141 to 145)

after the fish are in, you can cover the cage with a fish net

if your cage is built of woven material or plastic mesh you can use this for a cage cover

when you feed the fish do not remove the cover however, you may have to open part of the cover from time to time to take out any dead fish

you can build an even better floating cage using pieces of squared, rough- cut wood.

you can build this kind of cage with a door that can be locked and with a special opening for feeding the fish

with a locked door it is more difficult for people to steal your fish however, you may need more floats for a cage with a heavy wooden door

141. When your cage is finished and in place in the water, you are ready to stock it with baby fish.

Carrying small fish

142. You have already been told that small fish can be hurt easily. So, you must be very careful when you handle them or carry them from place to place. Items 61 to 65 in this booklet will tell you how.

Putting baby fish into your cage

143. If you are raising Tilapia nilotica you will need to put in 150 to 200 baby fish for each cubic metre of cage.

144. The baby fish that you use should be at least 8 to 10 centimetres long or weigh about 15 to 20 grams each.

Note

If you need any help or want to raise a different fish, your extension agent or fishery officer will be able to give you good advice.

145. Put the fish in your cage just as you were told to do in a pen. Items 68 to 72 in this booklet will tell you how.

Feeding fish in cages

146. You have already been told that there may be very little natural food in a cage. So, you must be sure to give your fish plenty of very rich food.

147. Here are some rich foods that fish like to eat. You can give them

• termites

• grain mill sweepings

• rice bran

• beer wastes

• cottonseed or groundnut cake.

148. Prepare all of the food for one day's feeding at the same time and give the fish part of the food at two or three different times during the day.

149. Always try to feed your fish at the same time each day.

150. The bigger your fish grow the more food they will need. For each cubic foot of cage feed them

• 150 to 200 grams of food every day during the first month

• 200 to 350 grams of food every day during the second and third months

• 350 to 450 grams of food every day from the fourth month until the time you are ready to harvest.

Note

100 grams of rice bran is about one handful. Use a small tin to measure this amount.

151. It is not easy to know exactly how much to feed your fish. You must watch them carefully to learn how much food they need.

152. Put the food for your fish near the centre of the cage so that they can eat it before it floats away through the holes in the sides.

153. Put in the food little by little so that you can watch the fish and see that they are eating.

154. If you see that the fish do not eat all of their food, give them a little less.

155. If you see that the fish eat all of their food quickly, give them a little more.

156. Remember, that if you give your fish too much food to eat it will collect on the bottom and make the water around the cage bad.

157. So, check the cage often. If you see too much uneaten food on the bottom, you will know that you are feeding too much. When this happens, move the cage to a clean place.

Taking care of the fish and cage

The fish

158. You must always watch the fish to see that they are healthy and swimming strongly.

159. If the fish in your cage are not well, they will stop eating.

160. If this happens, stop feeding your fish for a day or two.

161. When you begin to feed them again, at first give them small amounts of food and then slowly more and more. When your fish begin to eat as before, you will know that they are well again.

162. If you find any dead fish floating in your cage, take them out right away.

163. Then, stop feeding your fish and watch them carefully for the next few days.

164. If no more fish die, you can begin to feed them after a day or two.

165. If fish continue to die, take them out as soon as you can and ask your extension agent or fishery officer for help.

The cage

166. You have already been told that a cage can easily be damaged. If this happens you may lose fish.

167. So, it is very important to check your cage every day to be sure that there are no holes where your fish can get out.

168. If you find any places where the fish can get out, repair them right away.

Note

If your cage is in shallow water you may be able to repair any holes in it as you were shown on page 33. However, if the water is deep it may be easier to completely cover the damaged side of the cage with a new piece of material.

169. In addition, you must be sure that the openings in the cage material are free from dirt and plants so that fresh water can flow into the cage.

170. You can clean the material of a cage using a brush or a broom. However, do it very gently so that you do not damage the cage material.

171. Also, do not forget to check for uneaten food on the bottom under the cage from time to time.

172. If you have put your cage on posts in the water, make sure that the posts are firmly in place so that the cage cannot float away.

173. If you have a floating cage, make sure that the floats and that the cage is firmly tied in place so that it cannot float away.

Harvesting fish in cages

174. If you have used baby fish 8 to 10 centimeters long or weighing about 15 to 20 grams and have fed them well, they will be ready for harvest in about five months. At this time the fish will weigh 100 to 150 grams each.

175. If you want to harvest only some of your fish, use a small hand net and collect what you want without moving the cage.

176. If you want to harvest all of your fish and your cage is small enough, pull it into shallow water and begin to collect the fish using a small hand net.

177. When you have collected most of the fish, you can lift the cage out of the water and collect the rest.

178. If your cage is too big to lift out of the water, pull it into shallow water as far as you can and collect the remaining fish.

Note

If you do not need all of your fish, harvest only what you need and leave the rest in the cage. Fish can be left in a cage as long as you continue to feed them.

Now you must begin again

179. After you have harvested, clean and repair your cage as quickly as you can so that you can begin again.

180. If your cage is small and you took it out of the water when you harvested the fish, clean and repair it before you put it back into the water.

181. If your cage is too big to take out of the water, you will have to clean it and repair it in the water.

Note

The faster you can do this, the sooner you will be able to raise another crop of fish.

182. You can hold the baby fish you catch in a small pen or in another cage for small fish (see Item 114 and Item 184) until you have finished the cleaning and repairing.

183. When you are ready to begin again, put in 150 to 200 baby fish 8 to 10 centimetres long for each cubic metre of cage. However, be sure to choose your biggest and best baby fish to put back in your cage.

Raising your own baby fish in cages

184. You can raise baby fish in a cage. To do this build a cage just like one of the ones shown on pages 50 to 66.

185. However, the material you use to cover the cage should have smaller openings to keep in the baby fish. So be sure to use material with openings of 0.5 by 0.5 centimetres.

186. Materials with such small openings will get dirty more quickly. So, you must be sure to clean it often enough so that fresh water can flow into the cage.

187. You can put up to 1 000 baby fish 1 to 2 centimetres long in a cage of 1 cubic metre. However, do not put in more than you need to use or sell.

Note

If you have more baby fish than you can use or sell you can dry them in the sun.

After you have dried the baby fish, grind or pound them and mix them with crushed cottonseed, groundnut cake or rice bran to feed to your big fish, your poultry or your pigs. You can also use the dried baby fish to fertilize your farm garden.

188. Feed your baby fish two or three times each day just as you do with your big fish. You can give them

• termites

• rice bran

• cottonseed or groundnut cake.

189. Feed your baby fish carefully. Break their food into very small pieces and sprinkle it little by little on the surface of the water. Watch very carefully that they eat well and stop giving them food as soon as they stop eating.

190. With a cage, it is important to give the baby fish only what they will eat and no more. Uneaten food under a cage is very bad for baby fish.

191. In 30 to 40 days the baby fish will grow to 8 to 10 centimetres long and you can put them in a pond or another cage.

192. To do this take them out carefully using a smooth plastic containers.

WHERE TO PURCHASE FAO PUBLICATIONS LOCALLY

POINTS DE VENTE DES PUBLICATIONSDE LA FAO

POINTS DE VENTA DE PUBLICACIONES LA FAO

ANGOLA   Empresa Nacional do Disco e de Publicaçoes, ENDIPU-U.E.E. Rua Cirilo de Conceiçao Silva, No. 7, C.P. No. 1314-C Luanda.

ARGENTINA   libreria Agropecuaria S.A. Pasteur 743, 1028 Buenos Aires.

AUSTRALIA   Hunter Publications 58A Gipps Street, Collingwood, Vic. 3066.

AUSTRIA Gerold & Co. Graben 31, 1011 Vienna.

BAHRAIN   United Schools International PO Box 726, Manama.

BANGLADESH   Association of Development Agencies in Bangladesh 1/3 Block F, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1209.

BELGIQUE   M.J. De Lannoy 202, avenue du Roi, 1060 Bruxelles. CCP 000-0808993-13.

BOLIVIA   Los Amigos del Libro Peru 3712, Casilla 450, Cochabamba. Mercado 1315, La Paz.

BOTSWANA   Botsalo Books (Pty) Ltd PO Box 1532, Gaborone.

BRAZIL   Fundaçao Getulio Vargas Praia de Botafogo 190, C.P. 9052, Rio de Janeiro. Libreria Nobel S.A. Rua da Balsa 559 2910 Sa:o Paulo.

CHILE   Libreria - Oficina Regional FAO Avda. Santa Maria 6700. Casilla 10095, Santiago. Telefono 228-80-56.

CHINA   China national Publications Import Corporation PO Box 88, Beijing.

CONGO Office national des librairies populaires P.B. 577, Brazzaville.

COSTA RICA   libreria, lmprenta y litografia Lehmann S.A. Apartado 10011, San José.

CUBA Ediciones Cubanas, Empresa de Comercio Exterior de Publicaciones Obispo 461, Apartado 605, La Habana.

CYPRUS   MAM PO Box 1722, Nicosia.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA   AFITIA Ve Smeckach 30, PO Box 790, 111 27 Prague 1.

DENMARK   Munksgaand Book and Subscription Service P.O. Box 2146 Telephone: 4533128570 Telefax : 4533129387. DK 1016 Copenhagen K.

ECUADOR   Libri Mundi, libreria Internacional Juan León Mera 851, Apartado Postal 3029, Quito. SU libreria Cia. ltda. Garcia Moreno 1172 y Mejia, Apartado Postal 2556, Quito.

EL SALVADOR   Libreria Cultural Salvadorena, S.A. de C.V. 7a Avenida Norte 121, Apartado Postal 2296, San Salvador.

ESPAÑA   Mundi-Prensa libros S.A. Castelló 37, 28001 Madrid. Libreria Agricola Fernando VI 2, 28004 Madrid. libreria Internacional AEDOS Consejo de Ciento, 391 08009 Barcelona

FINLAND   Akateeminen Kirjakauppa PO Box 128, 00101 Helsinki 10.

FRANCE   Editions A. Pedone 13, rue Soufflot, 75005 Paris.

GERMANY, FED. REP.   Alexander Horn lntemationale Buchhandlung Kirchgasse 22, Postfach 3340, 6200 Wiesbaden. UNO Verlag Poppelsdorfer Allee 55, D-5300 Bonn 1. S. Toeche-Mittler GmbH Versandbuchhandlung Hindenburgstrasse 33 6100 Darmstadt.

GHANA   Ghana Publishing Corporation PO Box 4348, Accra.

GREECE   G.C. Eleftheroudakis S.A. 4 Nikis Street, Athens (T-126) John Mihalopoulos & Son S.A. 75 Hermou Street, PO Box 73, Thessaloniki.

GUYANA   Guyana National Trading Corporation Lid. 45-47 Water Street, PO Box 308, Georgetown.

HAÏTI   librairie “A la Caravelle” 26, rue Bonne Foi, B.P. 111, Port-au-Prince.

HONDURAS   Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Libreria RTAC Zamorano, Apartado 93, Tegucigalpa. Oficina de la Escuela Agricola Panamericana en Tegucigalpa Blvd. Morazán, Apts. Glapson, Apartado 93, Tegucigalpa.

HONG KONG   Swindon Book Co. 13-15 Lock Road, Kowloon.

HUNGARY   Kuitra PO Box 149, 1389 Budapest 62.

ICELAND Snaebjöm Jónsson and Co. h.f. Hafnarstraeti 9, PO Box 1131, 101 Reykjavik.

INDIA   Oxford Book and Stationery Co. Scindia House, New Delhi 100 001; 17 Park Street, Calcutta 700 016. Oxford Subscription Agency, Institute for Development Education 1 Anasuya Ave, Kilpauk, Madras 600010.

IRELAND   Publications Section Stationery Office, Bishop Street, Dublin 8.

ITALY   FAO (see last column) Libreria Scientifica Dott. Lucio de Biasio “Aeiou” Via Meravigli 16, 20123 Milano. libreria Concessionaria Sansoni S.p.A. “licosa” Via Lamarmora 45, C.P. 552, 50121 Firenze. libreria intemazionale Rizzoli Galleria Colonna, Largo Chigi, 00187 Rome.

JAPAN   Maruzen Company Ltd PO Box 5050, Tokyo International 100-31.

KENYA   Text Book Centre, Ltd Kijabe Street, PO Box 47540, Nairobi.

KOREA, REP. OF   Eulyoo Publishing Co. Ltd 46-1 Susong-Dong, Jongro-Gu, PO Box 362, Kwangwha-Mun, Seoul 110.

KUWAIT   The Kuwait Bookshops Co. Ltd PO Box 2942, Safat.

LUXEMBOURG   M.J. De Lannoy 202, avenue du Roi, 1060 Bruxelles (Belgique).

MAROC   Librairie “Aux Belles Images” 281, avenue Mohammed V, Rabat.

MEXICO   Ediapsa Librerias Cristal Tehuantepec 170, Col. Roma Sur 06760 México, D.F.

NETHERLANDS   Keesing b.v. Hogeliweg 13, 1101 CB Amsterdam. Postbus 1118, 1000 BC Amsterdam.

NEW ZEALAND   Government Printing Office Bookshops 25 Rutland Street. Mail orders: 85 Beach Road, Private Bag, CPO, Auckland; Ward Street, Hamilton; Mulgrave Street (Head Office), Cubacade World Trade Centre, Wellington; 159 Hereford Street, Christchurch; Princes Street, Dunedin.

NICARAGUA   Libreria Universitaria, Universidad Centroamericana Apartado 69, Managua.

NIGERIA   University Bookshop (Nigeria) Limited University of lbadan, lbadan.

NORTH AMERICA   UNIPUB 4611/F, Assembly Drive, Lanham, MO 20706-4391 Toll Free: 800 233-0504 (Canada). 800 27 4-4888 (USA) Fax 301-459-0056.

NORWAY   Johan Grundt Tanum Bokhandel Karl Johansgate 41-43, PO Box 1177, Sentrum, Oslo 1 . Narvesen Info Center Bertrand Narvesens vei 2 P.O. Box 6125 Etterstad 0602 Oslo 6.

PAKISTAN   Mirza Book Agency 65 Shahrah-e-Quaid-e-Azam, PO Box 729, Lahore 3. Sasi Book Store Zaibunnisa Street, Karachi.

PARAGUAY   Agencia de Ubrerias Nizza S.A. Casilla 2596, Eligio Ayala 1073, Asunción.

PERU   libreria FAO Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima. Libreria Distribuidora “Santa Rosa” Jiron Apurimac 375, Casilla 4937, Lima 1.

PIHILIPPINES   International Book Center 5th Fir Filipinas Life Building Ayala Avenue, Makati, Metro Manila.

POLAND   Ars Polona Krakowskie Przedmiescie 7, 00-068 Warsaw.

PORTUGAL   livraria Portugal, Dias y Andrade Ltda. Rua do Carma 70-74, Apartado 2681. 1117 Lisboa Codex.

REPUBLICA DOMINICANA   Editora Taller, C. por A. Isabel la Católica 309, Santo Domingo, O.N. Fundación Dominicana de Desarrollo Casa de las Gargolas, Mercedes 4, Apartado 857, Santo Domingo.

ROMANIA   llexim Calea Grivitei Nó 64066, Bucharest.

SAUDI ARABIA   The Modem Commercial University Bookshop PO Box 394, Riyadh.

SINGAPORE   Select Books Pte. Ltd Tanglin Shopping Centre, 03-15 Tanglin Shopping Centre, 19 Tanglin Rd., Singapore 1024.

SOMALIA “Samater's” PO Box 936, Mogadishu.

SRl LANKA   M.D. Gunasena & Co. Ltd 217 Olcott Mawatha, PO Box 246, Colombo 11.

SUISSE   librairie Payot S.A. 107 Freiestrasse, 4000 Basel 10. 6, rue Grenus, 1200 Geneve. Case Postale 3212, 1002 Lausanne. Buchhandlung und Antiquariat Heinimann & Co. KirChgasse 17, 8001 Zurich.

SURINAME VACO   n.v. in Suriname Domineestraat 26, PO Box 1841, Paramaribo.

SWEDEN   Books and documents: C.E. Fritzes Kungl. Hovbokhandel, Regeringsgatan 12, PO Box 16356, 103 27 Stockholm. Subscriptions: Vennergren-Williams AB PO Box 30004, 104 25 Stockholm.

TANZANIA   Dar-es-Salaam Bookshop PO Box 9030, Dar-es-Salaam. Bookshop, University of Dar-es-Salaam PO Box 893, Morogoro.

THAILAND   Suksapan Panit Mansion 9, Rajadamnern Avenue. Bangkok.

TOGO   Librairie du Bon Pasteur B.P. 1164, Lame.

TUNISIE   Société tunisienne de diffusion 5, avenue de Carthage, Tunis.

TURKEY   Kultur Yayiniari is - Turk Ltd Sti. Ataturk Bulvari No. 191, Kat. 21, Ankara Bookshops in Istanbul and lzmir.

UNITED KlNGDOM   Her Majesty's Stationery Office 49 High Holborn, London WC1V 6HB (callers only). HMSO Publications Centre, Agency Section 51 Nine Elms Lane, London SW8 SOR (trade and London area mail anders); 13a Castle Street, Edinburgh EH2 3AR 80 Chichester Street. Belfast BT1 4JY; Brazennose Street, Manchester M60 BAS; 258 Broad Street, Birmingham 81 2HE; Southey House, Wine Street, Bristol BS1 2BQ.

URUGUAY   libreria Agropecuaria S.R.L. Alzaibar 1328, Casilla Correo 1755, Montevideo.

VENEZUELA   Tecni-Ciencia Libros, S.A. Torre Phelps-Mezzanina, Plaza Venezuela Caracas Tamanaco libros Técnicos Centro Comercial Ciudad Tamanaco Nivel C-2 Caracas Tecni-Ciencia libros, S.A. Centro Comercial Shopping Center Av. Andrés Eloy, Urb. El Prebo Valencia, Edo. Carabobo.

YUGOSLAVIA   Jugoslovenska Knjiga, Trg. Republike 5/8, PO Box 36, 11001 Belgrade Cankarjeva Zalozba PO Box 201-IV, 61001 Ljubljana. Prosveta Terazije 16, Belgrade.

ZAMBIA   Kingstons (Zambia) Ltd Kingstons Building, President Avenue, PO Box 139, Ndola.

Other Countries Autres Pays Otros Paises

Distribution and Sales Section, FAO Via delle Terme di Caracalla,00100 Rome, Italy.