PROCEEDINGS OF THE FAO WORLD SYMPOSIUM ON WARM-WATER POND FISH CULTURE ACTES D U SYMPOSIUM MONDIAL ORGANISE PAR LA FAO SUR LA PISCICULTURE EN ETANG A TEMPERATURE ELEVEE ACTAS DEL SIMPOSIO MUNDIAL DE LA FAO SOBRE PISCICULTURA EN ESTANQUES DE AGUA TEMPLADA CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIERES INDICE

Rome, Italy, 18–25 May 1966
Rome, Italie, 18–25 mai 1966
Roma, Italia, 18 a 25 de mayo 1966

PREPARATION OF THIS VOLUME

This is the third volume of the Proceedings of the FAO World Symposium on Warm-water Pond Fish Culture and contains the review and experience papers contributed to Meeting II (on Fertilization and Role of Soil in Fish Pond Productivity) and Meeting III (on Feeds and Feeding).

The first and second volume contain the report of the Symposium and the regional and country reports, respectively. The subsequent volumes will contain the review, experience and working papers of Meetings IV to IX of the Symposium.

The views expressed in the contributions are those of the authors and not necessarily of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Dr. (Mrs.) Rosemary McConnell and Dr. Homer Swingle assisted in the editing of some of the contributions.

PREPARATION DU PRESENT VOLUME

Le présent volume est le troisième des Actes du Symposium mondial organisé par la FAO sur la pisciculture en étang à température élevée. Il contient les études spécialisées et les comptes rendus d'expériences présentés à la réunion II (Fertilisation des étangs et rôle du sol dans la productivité) et à la réunion III (Aliments pour poissons et alimentation artificielle).

Les premier et deuxième volumes renferment le rapport du Symposium et les rapports régionaux et nationaux, respectivement. Les volumes suivants contiendront les études spécialisées, les comptes rendus d'expériences et les documents de travail relatifs aux réunions IV à IX du Symposium.

Les opinions exprimées dans les communications sont celles des auteurs, et ne représentent pas nécessairement celles de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture.

Mme. Rosemary McConnell et M. Homer Swingle ont collaboré à la mise au point de certaines des communications.

PREPARACION DE ESTE VOLUMEN

Este es el tercer volumen de las actas del Simposio Mundial de la FAO sobre Piscicultura en Estanques de Agua Templada y contiene los documentos de información y experiencias que fueron presentados a la Reunión II (La fertilización y la función del suelo en la productividad de la estanicultura) y a la Reunión III (Tipos de alimentos y métodos de alimentación.

El primero y el segundo volumen contienen el Informe sobre el Simposio y los informes regionales y nacionales, respectivamente. En los volúmenes sucesivos se incluirán los documentos de información, experiencias y trabajos de las Reuniones IV a IX del Simposio.

Las opiniones expuestas en los documentos presentados son las de los autores de los mismos y no reflejan necesariamente las de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación.

La doctora Rosemary McConnell y el doctor Homer Swingle colaboraron en la redacción de algunos de estos documentos.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L'ALIMENTATION ET L'AGRICULTURE
ORGANIZACION DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LA AGRICULTURA Y LA ALIMENTACION
Rome, October 1967    Rome, octobre 1967    Roma, octubre 1967

Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.

This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software. FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.

Les liens hypertextes vers d'autres sites de l'Internet ne signifient nullement que l'Organisation approuve officiellement les opinions, idées, données ou produits qui y sont présentés, qu'elle en assume la responsabilité ou qu'elle garantit la validité des informations qui s'y trouvent. Leur seul objectif est d'indiquer où trouver un complément d'informations sur des thèmes apparentés.

Cette version numérique du document a été scannérisé en utilisant des logiciels de reconnaissance optique de texte (OCR). La FAO décline toute responsabilité pour les éventuelles différences pouvant apparaître dans ce document par rapport à la version imprimée originale.

Los hiperenlances que remiten a sitios Internet distintos de los de la FAO no implican, de parte de la Organización, ratificación oficial o responsabilidad respecto a opiniones, ideas, datos o productos presentados en dichos sitios, o una garantía de validez acerca de las informaciones que contienen. El único propósito de los enlaces a sitios distintos de los de la FAO es proporcionar otras informaciones disponibles sobre asuntos conexos.

La presente versión electrónica de este documento ha sido preparada utilizando programas de reconocimiento óptico de texto (OCR). La FAO declina cualquier responsabilidad por las eventuales diferencias que puedan existir entre esta versión y la versión original impresa.

CONTENTS
TABLE DES MATIERES
INDICE

FERTILIZATION AND ROLE OF SOIL IN FISH POND PRODUCTIVITY
FERTILISATION DES ETANGS ET ROLE DU SOL DANS LA PRODUCTIVITE
LA FERTILIZACION Y LA FUNCION DEL SUELO EN LA PRODUCTIVIDAD DE LA ESTANICULTURA

Review papers
Etudes spécialisées
Documentos de información

II/R-1   Some limiting factors affecting the dose of fertilizers added to fish ponds, with special reference to the Near East, by B. Hepher

1   INTRODUCTION

2   CHEMICAL FACTORS

3   BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

4   ECONOMIC FACTORS

5   REFERENCES

II/R-2   A review of the methods of fertilizing warm-water fish ponds in Asia and the Far East, by G.A. Prowse

1   CHINA

2   HONG KONG, KOWLOON AND THE NEW TERRITORIES

3   TAIWAN

4   PHILIPPINES

5   INDIA

6   INDONESIA

7   CEYLON

8   PAKISTAN

9   THAILAND

10   MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE

II/R-3   Appraisal of North American fish culture fertilization studies, by Burwell C. Gooch

1   INTRODUCTION

2   SUMMARY OF FERTILIZATION STUDIES

3   CORRELATION OF FISH PRODUCTION WITH FERTILIZER SUBSTANCES IN POND WATER AND SOIL

4   THE FUTURE OF POND FERTILIZATION EXPERIMENTS

5   REFERENCES

II/R-4   Influence of soil on the chemistry of water in relation to productivity, by H.L. Golterman

1   INTRODUCTION

2   THE IRON-SULPHUR-PHOSPHORUS SYSTEM

3   THE CALCIUM-CARBONATE-PHOSPHORUS SYSTEM

4   SUMMARY OF 2 AND 3

5   OTHER SORPTION PROCESSES ON COLLOIDS AND EXCHANGE PROCESSES

5.1   Iron-humus-phosphorus system and iron or aluminium-silicon-humus system

5.2   Exchange processes

6   POTASSIUM

7   NITROGEN

8   SILICON

9   OXYGEN UPTAKE

10   REFERENCES

II/R-5   Fertilization in warm-water pond fish culture in Africa, by M.I. van der Lingen

1   INTRODUCTION

2   LIME

2.1   South Africa

2.2   Rhodesia and Zambia

2.3   Tropical Africa

2.4   Madagascar

3   INORGANIC FERTILIZERS

3.1   South Africa

3.2   Rhodesia

3.3   Zambia

3.4   Uganda

3.5   Central Africa

3.6   Madagascar

3.7   Nigeria

4   ORGANIC FERTILIZERS, ANIMAL MANURES AND FOODSTUFFS AS FERTILIZER

4.1   South Africa

4.2   Central Africa

4.3   Cameroon

4.4   Madagascar

4.5   Nigeria

4.6   Rhodesia

5   GREEN MANURES

6   DRYING OF PONDS

7   CONCLUSIONS

8   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

9   REFERENCES

II/R-6   The role of soil in fish pond productivity in Asia and the Far East, by Yoshihiro Matida

1   INTRODUCTION

2   SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS FROM ENVIRONMENT

3   THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DECOMPOSITION AND STORAGE

4   MECHANISM OF TURNOVER

5   TRANSFORMATION OF NUTRIENTS IN SOIL

6   DEGRADATION OF SOIL

7   FUTURE STUDIES

8   REFERENCES

II/R-7   Fertilization of warm-water fish ponds in Europe, by Pawel Wolny

1   SOME PROBLEMS IN FERTILIZING FISH PONDS

1.1   Main aims

1.2   Climatic factors

1.3   Economic factors

1.4   Chemical composition of fresh waters

1.5   The phosphorus:nitrogen ratio

1.6   The roles of lime and carbon dioxide in pond fertilization

1.7   The effect of nitrogenous fertilizers on fish

1.8   The effect of the fish-rearing method on the circulation of mineral salts and effectiveness of fertilization

2   MINERAL FERTILIZATION OF PONDS

2.1   The efficacy of phosphate and nitrate fertilizers used separately

2.2   The efficacy of combined nitrate-phosphate fertilization

3   ORGANIC FERTILIZATION OF PONDS

3.1   Barnyard and pig manuring

3.2   Pond manuring with town sewage and foodstuff industry wastes

3.3   Organic manuring of ponds by combined domestic duck and fish breeding

3.4   Organic manuring of ponds with fish excrement and unconsumed fodder remains

4   PLACE OF POND FERTILIZATION IN THE ECONOMIC MODEL OF POND FISH PRODUCTION

5   REFERENCES

Experience papers
Comptes rendus d'expériences
Documentos de experiencias

II/E-1   Benthio organisms of fertilized and unfertilized ponds in winter, by Jium-Kuo Liang

1   INTRODUCTION

2   MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1   Ponds

2.2   Previous treatments of ponds

2.3   Fishes

2.4   Sampling and analysis

3   RESULTS

3.1   Samplers in contact with pond bottom

3.2   Hanging samplers

4   DISCUSSION

4.1   Evaluation of the multiple-plate sampler in contact with the bottom in sampling of benthic organisms

4.2   Estimate of winter populations

4.3   The effects of previous fertilizer treatment upon the benthic organisms

4.4   Variation due to depth

4.5   Comparison of the benthic organisms in winter with those in summer

5   REFERENCES

II/E-2   Essai de fertilisation des étangs à la Station de Recherches Piscicoles de Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire, by P. Lessent

1   BUT DE L'ESSAI

2   ESSAI PRELIMINAIRE DE CHAULAGE DES ETANGS

3   MISE EN PLACE DE L'ESSAI DE FERTILISATION DES ETANGS

4   RESULTATS OBTENUS

5   BILAN ECONOMIQUE DE L'OPERATION

II/E-3   Application of limnological and primary productivity studies in fish culture, by A. Sreenivasan

1   INTRODUCTION

2   MATERIALS AND METHODS

3   MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES OF THE PONDS

4   PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FEATURES

4.1   Temperature

4.2   Free carbon dioxide and alkalinity

4.3   pH value

4.4   Dissolved oxygen

4.5   Chloride

4.6   Hardness and electrical conductivity

4.7   Nutrients

4.8   Calcium

5   PLANKTON

6   PRIMARY PRODUCTION

7   DISCUSSION

8   ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

9   REFERENCES

TABLES

II/E-4   Problems in carp pond fertilization, by Nikola Fijan

1   FERTILIZATION EXPERIMENTS

1.1   Moderate and heavy fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium

1.2   Experiments with phosphorus only

1.3   Application of the results of experiments

2   FACTORS COUNTERACTING THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION

2.1   Water

2.2   Stocking rate and supplementary feeding

3   CONCLUSIONS

4   REFERENCES

II/E-5   La fertilisation et son influence sur l'augmentation de la production passagère et finale dans certains étangs de Vojvodina, by V. Pujin

1   INTRODUCTION

2   METHODE DE TRAVAIL

3   RESULTATS DE LA RECHERCHE

3.1   L'étang Susek

3.2   L'étang Jegrička

3.3   L'étang Futog

3.4   Recherches dans les étangs expérimentaux

4   ANALYSE DES RESULTATS OBTENUS

5   REFERENCES

II/E-6   Fertilization of fish ponds with trace element manganese for increased production of plankton, by S.M. Banerjea and S.C. Banerjee

1   INTRODUCTION

2   EXPERIMENTS

2.1   Experiment I

2.2   Experiment II

2.3   Experiment III

3   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4   SUMMARY

5   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

6   REFERENCES

II–VI/E-7   The role of soils in fish production in ponds, by Stanislaw Wróbel

1   INTRODUCTION

2   THE ROLE OF DRAINAGE BASINS IN THE FORMATION OF POND SOILS

3   THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF SOIL AND WATER IN PONDS

4   CULTIVATION OF POND SOILS

5   MAIN TRENDS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF POND ENVIRONMENT

6   REFERENCES

II/E-8   Inorganic fertilizers for pond fish culture, by Herminio R. Rabanal

1   FISH POND FERTILIZATION IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION

1.1   Japan

1.2   Taiwan

1.3   Southern China and Hong Kong

1.4   Malaysia and Singapore

1.5   India

1.6   Indonesia

1.7   Philippines

2   RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS ON INORGANIC FERTILIZERS MADE IN ALABAMA, U.S.A.

2.1   Effects on chemistry of pond water

2.2   Plankton and bottom fauna

2.3   Fish production

2.4   General comments

3   REFERENCES

II/E-9   Fish production in some rural demonstration ponds in Madras (India) with an account of the chemistry of water and soil, by A. Sreenivasan

1   INTRODUCTION

2   POND FISH PRODUCTION IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES

3   METHODS

4   TYPES OF PONDS AND THEIR PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONDITIONS

4.1   Fort moats

4.2   Temple tanks

4.3   Rock pools

4.4   The coastal ponds

4.5   Large irrigation tanks

4.6   Village ponds

5   FISH YIELDS RELATED TO WATER AND SOIL CHEMISTRY AND STOCKING RATES

5.1   Water quality

5.2   Soil conditions

5.3   Fish stocking

6   DISCUSSION OF SOME INDIVIDUAL PONDS

7   ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY FISH PONDS AND TO CORRELATE PRODUCTION WITH POND TYPES

8   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

9   REFERENCES

TABLES

II/E-10   A survey of the algal pasture soils of milkfish ponds in Taiwan, by Yun-an Tang and Shing-Hsiang Chen

1   THE ROLE OF BOTTOM SOILS IN PRODUCTIVITY OF MILKFISH PONDS

2   AREA AND DISTRIBUTION

3   CLIMATE

4   ELEVATION OF POND BOTTOM

5   KINDS OF ALGAE AND THEIR YIELD

6   TILLAGE AND SOIL MANAGEMENT

7   GEOLOGY

8   SOIL TESTS

8.1   Soil texture

8.2   Soil reaction

8.3   Soil organic matter

8.4   Nitrogen

8.5   Available phosphorus

8.6   Available potassium

8.7   Available calcium and magnesium

8.8   Chloride content

9   REFERENCES

II/E-11   Increase of production in fresh-water fish ponds by the use of inorganio fertilizers, by S.Y. Lin and T.P. Chen

1   INTRODUCTION

2   FISH POND CONDITIONS AND PROBLEMS IN TAOYUAN

3   THE EXPERIMENT DESIGN

3.1   Superphosphate treatments in Taoyuan RETSER Fish Farm

3.2   Farm ponds with N-P-K treatments

3.3   Experimental ponds in Chupei Fish Culture Station

4   PROCEDURE OF APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS

5   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1   The seventeen ponds of Taoyuan RETSER Farm

5.2   Farm ponds with N-P-K treatments

5.3   The experimental ponds in Chupei Station

6   CONCLUSIONS

7   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

8   REFERENCES

II/E-12   Productions of Tilapia mossambica Peters, plankton and benthos as parameters for evaluating nitrogen in pond fertilizers, by J.S. Dendy, V. Varikul, K. Sumawidjaja and M. Potaros

1   INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background information

1.2   Parameters studied

2   PLANKTON

2.1   Review of literature

2.2   Materials and methods

2.3   Results

3   BENTHOS

3.1   Review of literature

3.2   Materials and methods

3.3   Results

4   FISH

4.1   Review of literature

4.2   Materials and methods

4.3   Results

5   DISCUSSION

6   REFERENCES

II/E-13   Effects of micro-nutrients on the survival and growth of Indian carp fry, by B.C. Das

1   INTRODUCTION

2   SURVIVAL OF FRY

2.1   Procedures

2.2   Statistical design

2.3   Results: Percentage survival

2.4   Results: Density

2.5   Discussion

3   GROWTH OF FRY

3.1   Post-embryonic growth

3.2   Juvenile growth

3.3   Discussion

4   PROJECTIONS OF YIELD

5   MICRO-NUTRIENTS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRY

5.1   Procedures

5.2   Statistical design and analysis

5.3   Results

5.4   Discussion

6   REFERENCES

II/E-14   Physiological significance of carbon sources in fertilized fish ponds, by Yoshihiro Satomi

1   INTRODUCTION

2   SOURCES OF INORGANIC CARBON

3   SOURCES OF ORGANIC CARBON

4   SOURCES OF CARBON IN PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON

5   SOURCES OF CARBON IN PRODUCTION OF ZOOPLANKTON

6   EFFECTS ON BACTERIA

7   SOURCES OF CARBON IN FISH PRODUCTION

8   REFERENCES

II/E-15   Thermal characteristics of carp ponds, by Maria Szumiec

1   INTRODUCTION

2   DESCRIPTION OF THE PONDS

3   RESULTS

4   CONCLUSIONS

5   REFERENCES

II/E-16   Experiments in the fertilization of Minnesota fish rearing ponds, by John Dobie

1   INTRODUCTION

2   POND FERTILIZATION

2.1   Inorganic fertilizers and chelate

2.2   Organic fertilizers

2.3   “Green fallowing”

3   SUMMARY

FEEDS AND FEEDING
ALIMENTS POUR POISSONS ET ALIMENTATION ARTIFICIELLE
TIPOS DE ALIMENTOS Y METODOS DE ALIMENTACION

Review papers
Etudes spécialisées
Documentos de información

III/R-1   Economic aspects of fish feeding in the Near East, by S. Tal

1   INTRODUCTION

2   FEEDING WITH REGULAR FEED STUFFS

3   FEEDING WITH A BALANCED DIET

4   REFERENCES

III–VIII/R-2   Feeds and feeding of warm-water fishes in ponds in Asia and the Far East, by S.W. Ling

1   INTRODUCTION

2   FISH FOOD

2.1   Natural food

2.2   Artificial feeds

3   FOOD AND FEEDING

3.1   Rearing of fry and fingerlings

3.2   Culturing fish in brackish-water ponds

3.3   Culturing fish in fresh-water ponds

3.4   Intensive feeding

III/R-3   Feeds and feeding of warm-water fish in North America, by E.W. Shell

1   INTRODUCTION

2   NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF WARM-WATER FISH

2.1   Proteins

2.2   Carbohydrates

2.3   Fats

2.4   Vitamins

2.5   Calories

2.6   Minerals

2.7   Bulk in the diet

2.8   Use of additives in diets

3   FEEDS FOR WARM-WATER FISH

3.1   Diet formulations

3.2   Feed processing

4   FEEDING OF WARM-WATER FISH

4.1   Amount of feed required

4.2   Feeding at low water temperature

4.3   Determination of the amount of feed

5   REFERENCES

Experience papers
Comptes rendus d'expériences
Documentos de experiencias

III/E-1   Influence de la distribution de nourriture artificielle sur la mortalité des jeunes alevins, la croissance pré-adulte et la maturité sexuelle d'Heterotis niloticus Erh.

1   JUSTIFICATION DE L'ESSAI ET BUTS

2   PROTOCOLE EXPERIMENTAL

2.1   Mise en place

2.2   Nourriture

3   CONDUITE DE L'EXPERIMENTATION

4   RESULTATS

4.1   Mortalité des jeunes alevins

4.2   Croissance pendant les stades pré-adultes

4.3   Rendement pondéral

4.4   Rendement financier

4.5   Etude du sex ratio en relation avec la croissance

4.6   Maturité sexuelle

5   CONCLUSIONS GENERALES

5.1   Mortalité des alevins

5.2   Croissance pré-adulte

5.3   Maturité sexuelle

6   REFERENCES

III/E-2   Studies on the rate of food passage in the intestine of Labeo rohita (Ham.), Cirrhina mrigala (Ham.), and Catla catla (Ham.), by S.S. Ranade and H.G. Kewalramani

1   INTRODUCTION

2   MATERIALS

3   METHODS

3.1   Determination of rate of food passage

3.2   Concentrations of amyloclastic and proteolytic enzymes in the three species

4   OBSERVATIONS

5   DISCUSSION

6   ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

7   REFERENCES

III–VIII/E-3   Feeding of eels (Anguilla anguilla) in ponds, by H. Koops

1   GROWTH OF ELVERS IN PONDS

2   GROWTH OF EEL FINGERLINGS IN PONDS

2.1   First feeding experiment

2.2   Second feeding experiment

3   REFERENCES

III/E-4   Evaluation of the relative suitability of various groups of algae as food of milkfish in brackish-water ponds, by Yun-an Tang and Ting-Lang Hwang

1   INTRODUCTION

2   THE DOMINANT GROUPS OF ALGAE IN BRACKISH-WATER PONDS

3   THE RELATIVE DIGESTIBILITY OF VARIOUS GROUPS OF ALGAE

3.1   Filamentous green algae

3.2   Phytoflagellates

3.3   Diatoms

3.4   Filamentous blue-green algae

4   THE RELATIVE DESIRABILITY OF VARIOUS GROUPS OF ALGAE

4.1   Food and the feeding mechanism of milkfish

4.2   Palatability

5   THE RELATIVE DESIRABILITY OF VARIOUS GROUPS OF ALGAE FOR POND MANAGEMENT

6   REFERENCE

III/E-5   On a new artificial feed for carp fry, by M.A.V. Lakshmanan, D.S. Murty, K.K. Pillai and S.C. Banerjee

1   INTRODUCTION

2   MATERIAL AND METHODS

3   EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS

3.1   Single items

3.2   Two-item mixtures

3.3   Three-item mixtures

3.4   Four-item mixtures

3.5   Five-item mixtures

4   CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPORTANT FEEDS

5   FIELD EXPERIMENTS

6   DISCUSSION

7   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

8   REFERENCES

III/E-6   Experiments with supplemental feeds for channel catfish, by O.W. Tiemeier, C.W. Deyoe and S. Wearden

1   INTRODUCTION

2   METHODS AND EXPERIMENTS

3   RESULTS

3.1   Fingerlings

3.2   Age class II fish

3.3   Fry

4   DISCUSSION

5   REFERENCES

III/E-7   The effect of cobalt, vitamins, tissue preparations and antibiotics on carp production, by F.M. Sukhoverkhov

1   INTRODUCTION

2   THE EFFECT OF COBALT ON CARP PRODUCTION

3   THE EFFECT OF VITAMINS ON CARP PRODUCTION

4   THE EFFECT OF TISSUE PREPARATIONS ON CARP PRODUCTION

5   THE EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS ON CARP PRODUCTION

6   REFERENCES

III/E-8   The utilization of food by Tilapia melanopleura, Dum., by Hans Mann

1   INTRODUCTION

2   MATERIALS AND METHODS

3   RESULTS

4   REFERENCES

III/E-9   Relationship between rate of feeding, rate of growth and rate of conversion in feeding trials with two species of tilapia, Tilapia mossambica Peters and Tilapia nilotica Linnaeus, by E.W. Shell

1   INTRODUCTION

2   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

3   RESULTS OF FEEDING TRIALS WITH JAVA TILAPIA

4   RESULTS OF FEEDING TRIALS WITH NILE TILAPIA

5   CONCLUSIONS

III/E-10   Estimation of standing crops and rates of feeding fish in ponds, by H.S. Swingle

1   SOURCES OF ERRORS IN COMPUTATION OF STANDING CROPS AND RATES OF FEEDING

2   USE OF AMOUNT OF FEED SUPPLIED FOR ESTIMATES OF STANDING CROPS

2.1   Calculation of pond conversion value “S”

2.2   Sizes of tilapia and efficient rates of feeding

2.3   Sizes of catfish and efficient rates of feeding

2.4   Equation for estimation of standing crop from feed supplied

2.5   Equations relating to expected weight of fish

3   REFERENCES