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The economic case for the expansion of social protection programmes











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    Strengthening coherence between agriculture and social protection: Ghana country case study report 2016
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    This study forms part of seven country case studies carried out as part of the FAO project “Strengthening Coherence between Agriculture and Social Protection”. Ghana was selected as one of the countries because of its emerging social protection agenda and the presence of a now well-established National Social Protection Strategy, along with the growing importance at policy level attached to issues of coherence and coordination. The study in Ghana followed a common approach and framework set out as part of the country case studies, and involved looking at the context (including policies and programmes), coordination and outcomes. This was carried out through a combination of an initial desk-based review, which involved reviewing key documents covering development strategy, agricultural and social protection policy and research papers. A two-week in-country data collection exercise was then carried out, involving a number of key informant interviews (KIIs) with various ministry staff and development partners (donors) and focus group discussions with local communities (FGDs).1 At the end of the data collection period, key informants from the national level were invited to a validation workshop held in Accra at the FAO Ghana Office, where the emerging findings were presented and discussed. The study involved looking across both the agricultural and social protection spheres at the national and subnational levels.
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    Booklet
    Corporate general interest
    Leveraging social protection and economic inclusion interventions for agrifood system transformation
    A case study of Peru
    2023
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    Sustainable, inclusive, and resilient food systems are critical to achieving food security and nutrition, promoting adequate livelihoods for farmers, food producers, and their communities, and ensuring environmental sustainability. The imperative to address these intertwined objectives is underscored by the rising attention they have received, as evident in the deliberations of the UN Food Systems Summit. This study reflects on the role of social protection and economic inclusion programmes in food systems transformation. It discusses the country's food systems state and challenges, including poverty, food security, agricultural productivity, and natural resource management. The paper also provides key recommendations on how to accelerate food systems transformation: 1-Developing coherent policies and programmes to maximise synergies between interventions that involve different sectors. 2-Designing and implementing social protection and economic inclusion programmes tailored to rural populations 3- Incorporating a food systems perspective into social protection strategies is vital to proactively address potential trade-offs or unforeseen impacts across social, economic, and environmental dimensions.
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    FAO COVID-19 Response and Recovery Programme - Economic inclusion and social protection to reduce poverty
    Pro-poor COVID-19 responses for an inclusive post-pandemic economic recovery
    2020
    The COVID-19 pandemic is, directly and indirectly, impacting health and well-being around the globe. Illness and containment measures are compounding the social and economic disadvantages of the most vulnerable in society. These social and economic impacts stand to cause devastating setbacks to efforts to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Pervasive inequalities between rural and urban inhabitants, rich and poor, women and men will exacerbate these effects. People in areas impacted by severe climate change, conflict, forced displacement, and migration will be even more vulnerable. Vulnerable groups include rural women, youth and children, indigenous people, the elderly, and people with disabilities. The COVID-19 pandemic has also significantly affected migrants, including refugees and internally displaced people, casual labourers and seasonal migrants, all of whom are exposed to high risk of infection. Economic recovery programmes that do not address these inequalities and place emphasis on pro-poor recovery plans run the risk of reinforcing inequalities in the future. Social protection will be expanded to better reach women, children, informal workers, migrants, and other underserved groups. Integrate rural areas into risk-informed and shock-responsive social-protection components, linked with early warning, conflict-sensitive programming, and climate adaptation.

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    The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
    Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
    2021
    In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms.
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    Corporate general interest
    Emissions due to agriculture
    Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
    2021
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    The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018.
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    Flagship
    The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2023
    Avoiding and reducing losses through investment in resilience
    2023
    Disasters are resulting in unprecedented levels of destruction across the world. These shocks and disruptions affect the functioning and sustainability of agricultural production and threaten the livelihoods of millions of people reliant on agrifood systems.Reducing the impact of disasters in agriculture requires a better understanding of the extent to which these events produce negative impacts in agriculture and necessitates an investigation into the underlying risks that make agriculture vulnerable to the effects of disasters.The FAO flagship report on ‘The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security’ provides a timely and comprehensive overview of how disasters are affecting agriculture and food security around the world.Building on previous work of the FAO on this topic, the report estimates losses caused by disasters on agricultural production over the past three decades and delves into the diverse threats and impacts affecting the crops, livestock, forestry, and fisheries and aquaculture subsectors. It analyzes the complex interplay of underlying risks, such as climate change, pandemics, epidemics and armed conflicts, and how they drive disaster risk in agriculture and agrifood systems at large.The report provides examples of actions and strategies for investing in resilience and proactively addressing risks in agriculture. It demonstrates ways to mainstream disaster risk into agricultural practices and policies and calls for a deeper understanding of the context in which these solutions are implemented.