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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookGlobal forest land-use change from 1990 to 2010: an update to a global remote sensing survey of forests 2017
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No results found.Monitoring the Earth’s global forest resources is important. This note presents the latest results for the extent of forest-land and changes in forest land use for the time period 1990 to 2010. The work is the result of a partnership between FAO, its member countries and the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC). -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookSurvey versus remotely sensed data
An evaluation of crop yields in the Comoros
2024Also available in:
No results found.The Comoros, a small island developing state (SIDS) ranking among the poorest nations in Africa, is facing numerous challenges that make it particularly vulnerable to food insecurity: as a remotely located, net-food importing country with a small landmass, limited agricultural land and high exposure to natural catastrophes, the Comoros’ food security is particularly vulnerable to external shocks. While being a net-food importer, agriculture is an essential sector and livelihood source, contributing 30 percent to gross domestic product in 2015. This makes the Comoros a rare exemption across small island developing states. Investing in the Comoros’ agrifood systems and increasing their efficiency is essential to increase food security. So far, a lack of data in the Comoros’ agrifood systems has limited the scope of analyses. The use of remotely sensed data for crop yield models presents a cost-effective opportunity for the Comoros to continuously monitor its agricultural sector, and reduce its data gap and the high cost associated with surveys. Based on two different sensors, MODIS-TERRA and Sentinel-2, and a unique FAO survey conducted in 2021 which georeferenced farm plots, we derive a method to calibrate vegetation indices (NDVI) as a proxy for crop yield in the Comoros. Our results suggest that the MODIS sensor is not well adapted to estimate yields in the Comoros. Plots are on average less than 1 ha, while the MODIS spatial resolution is 250 m by 250 m which leads to less consistency and less variation within a plot. Sentinel 2 images seem more consistent with survey-based crop yield estimates. We finally managed to proxy manioc yields by putting restrictions on the highest yields producers. The coefficient of determination is up to 0.28 when dealing with farmers producing at least 40 percent of manioc. -
Brochure, flyer, fact-sheetHigh-profileUsing Remote Sensing in support of solutions to reduce agricultural water productivity gaps 2019
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Improving water productivity in agriculture is key to manage water demand. The use of remote sensing can help monitor agricultural water productivity. Indeed, systematic monitoring helps evaluate water productivity gaps and identify appropriate solutions for closing these gaps. The flyer describes WaPOR, FAO’s portal to monitor Water Productivity through Open-access of Remotely sensed derived data.
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BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018. -
BookletCorporate general interestFAOSTYLE: English 2024The objective of having a house style is to ensure clarity and consistency across all FAO publications. Now available in HTML, this updated edition of FAOSTYLE: English covers matters such as punctuation, units, spelling and references. All FAO staff, consultants and contractors involved in writing, reviewing, editing, translating or proofreading FAO texts and information products in English should use FAOSTYLE, together with the practical guidance on processes and layout questions provided in Publishing at FAO – strategy and guidance.
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms.