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HPAI in Europe 2007: Concurrent Outbreaks in Poultry and Wild Birds









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    Book (series)
    H5N8 Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of Clade 2.3.4.4 detected through surveillance of wild migratory birds in Tyva Republic, Russian Federation – potential for international spread 2016
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    H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of Clade 2.3.4.4 has been detected in migratory birds at Lake Ubsu-Nur in Tyva Republic of the Russian Federation, located on the Central Asian Flyway. Detection of HPAI virus in this location in the past has repeatedly been followed several months later by detection of similar virus in other locations especially to the West and South of Tyva Republic. All countries along this flyway and those to the West in the former Soviet Republics, The Mid dle East, Eastern Europe and even Africa (especially West Africa) should be on the alert for incursions of this virus.
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    Bluetongue in Europe 2006
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    Bluetongue (BT) is a potentially devastating midge-borne disease of ruminants that recently spread across Europe from its traditional tropical endemic areas. Historically, bluetongue virus (BTV) made only brief and rare incursions into fringe areas of Europe, with the Afro-Asian biting midge vector - Culicoides imicola being largely responsible for transmission. Since 1998, however, different strains of BTV entered Europe from at least two directions, and spread up to hundreds of kilometres furt her north than previously reported. Interestingly, the northern range limit of the distribution of C. imicola shifted northward, but other Palearctic Culicoides species, not previously described as potential vectors, may also play a major role in the transmission of BT in Europe. This should be specially the case in south-east of Europe, were C. imicola has never been identified. Very recently, outbreaks were recorded in a transboundary area including Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and France , far more northern latitudes than the previous limits of the disease. These outbreaks are related to a new serotype previously not reported in Europe. BTV spread in Europe has resulted in massive disruption of trade in animals and animal products and caused the deaths of over 1.5 million sheep.
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    OUTbreak COSting Tool for Poultry Diseases (OutCosT-Poultry) – Instructions for users
    The cost of poultry diseases
    2025
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    Animal diseases, especially Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs), affect animal productivity, human welfare, and the economy. TAD outbreaks can have significant economic impacts at various levels, with costs borne by governments, industries, and small producers. Understanding these costs helps prioritize resources and evaluate control strategies. The OutCosT tool is designed to assess the direct costs of avian diseases, such as avian influenza and Newcastle disease, though it doesn’t account for indirect costs like global trade or human health. This manual guides users on how to use OutCosT to evaluate epidemic costs and control measures.

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