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The broad range of impacts of the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme in Ghana

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    Local Economy-wide Impact Evaluation (LEWIE) of Ghana’s Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme 2014
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    The Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme provides cash and health insurance to extremely poor households with the goal of alleviating short-term poverty and encouraging long-term human capital development. The LEAP provides a significant infusion of cash into Ghana’s rural economy. When beneficiaries spend the cash transfer they transmit the impact to others inside and outside the local economy, more often to households not eligible for the cash transfer who tend to own most o f the local businesses. The impact on the local economy was simulated using a LEWIE (Local Economy Wide Impact Evaluation) model, focusing on the communities in seven districts included in the LEAP impact evaluation. The LEWIE model for the LEAP programme found that the transfers could lead to relatively large income multipliers of GHS 2.50. That is, every cedi transferred to poor households had the potential to raise local income by GHS 2.50. Eligible households receive the direct benefit of th e transfer while ineligible households the bulk of the indirect benefit. However, if labour, capital and land markets do not function well, upward pressure on prices could result. This would raise consumption costs for all households and lead to a real income multiplier as low as GHS 1.50. Complementary programmes that increase the supply response (such as access to credit to invest in capital) could increase the real-income and production impacts of the programme.
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    The broad range of impacts of the Social Cash Transfer Pilot Programme in Ethiopia 2016
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    This brief describes the broad array of impacts arising from a cash transfer programme that was piloted in the Tigray region of Ethiopia from 2011 to 2014. About 80 percent of Tigray’s population of 4.3 million live in rural areas and depend on rain-fed subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods. Farm families in Tigray tend to have small land holdings and limited productive inputs such as labour, oxen, seeds and fertilizers. Severe drought has repeatedly struck the northern Tigray region and has had a major effect on agricultural productivity. In 2011, BOLSA launched the Social Cash Transfer Pilot Programme (SCTPP) in Tigray with support from UNICEF. The programme particularly aimed to improve the lives of orphans and vulnerable children, the elderly and disabled people.
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    The broad range of impacts of the Child Grant Programme in Lesotho 2014
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    The Lesotho Child Grants Programme (CGP) is an unconditional social cash transfer targeted to poor and vulnerable households. The objective of the CGP is to improve the living standards of Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) so as to reduce malnutrition, improve health status, and increase school enrolment among OVC. Households are selected through a combination of proxy means testing and community validation and registered in the National Information System for Social Assistance (NISS A). The programme is run by the Ministry of Social Development, with financial support from the European Commission and technical support from UNIC EF-Lesotho. As of March 2014, the CGP reached 19 800 households and provided benefits for approximately 65 000 children across 10 districts in Lesotho. Since 2009 the nature of the CGP has been transformed. From an exclusively donor-supported pilot, the CGP has developed institutional and operational systems for roll-out at a national scale. Funding has bee n taken over by the government, which is now considering nationwide expansion of the CGP and the NISS A, with the latter serving as a platform for better harmonizing social protection interventions in the country.

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    The 2011 FAO assessment of global food losses and waste estimated that each year, one-third of all food produced in the world for human consumption never reached the consumer’s table. This not only means a missed opportunity for the economy and food security, but also a waste of all the natural resources used for growing, processing, packaging, transporting and marketing food. Through an extensive literature search, the 2011 assessment of food wastage volumes gathered weight ratios of food losse s and waste for different regions of the world, different commodity groups and different steps of the supply chain. These ratios were applied to regional food mass flows of FAO’s Food Balance Sheets for the year 2007. Food wastage arises at all stages of the food supply chains for a variety of reasons that are very much dependent on the local conditions within each country. At a global level, a pattern is clearly visible; in high income regions, volumes of wasted food are higher in the processin g, distribution and consumption stages, whereas in low-income countries, food losses occur in the production and postharvesting phases.
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    Sustainable food systems: Concept and framework 2018
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    The brief will be uploaded in the Sustainable Food Value Chain Knowledge Platform website http://www.fao.org/sustainable-food-value-chains/home/en/ and it will be distributed internally through ES Updates, the Sustainable Food Value Chain Technical Network and upcoming Sustainable Food Value Chain trainings in Suriname, Namibia, HQ and Egypt.
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    The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture - 2016 (SOFIA)
    Contributing to food security and nutrition for all
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    This issue of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture aims to provide objective, reliable and up-to-date data and information to a wide range of readers – policy-makers, managers, scientists, stakeholders and indeed all those interested in the fisheries and aquaculture sector. As always, the scope is global and the topics many and varied. This edition uses the latest official statistics on fisheries and aquaculture to present a global analysis of trends in fish stocks, production, p rocessing, utilization, trade and consumption. It also reports on the status of the world’s fishing fleets and analyses the make-up of human engagement in the sector.

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