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DocumentOther documentCombining Sustainable Agricultural Practices Pays Off: Evidence on Welfare Effects from Northern Ghana 2016
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No results found.Sustainable Agricultural Practices (SAPs) are believed to play a vital role in addressing adverse effects of climate change and improving households’ welfare. While literature provides robust evidence on their welfare impacts in isolation, there is limited evidence on how combinations of SAPs contribute to households’ welfare. Due to complementarity and substitution effects and cost involved in adopting SAPs, combinations may have impacts that are higher or lower than individual effects. To shed light on this question, we investigate the adoption and impacts of SAPs on net crop income per acre and consumption expenditure per capita using a cross-sectional survey of 421 household and 1229 plots from northern Ghana. We employed a maximum simulated likelihood estimation of a Multinomial Endogenous Treatment Effect Model to account for observable and unobservable heterogeneity that influences SAPs adoption decisions and the outcome variables. As a departure from existing studies, our paper incorporated the effects of individual risk preferences, quantified using an experimental game with real payoffs, on the adoption and impacts of SAPs. Our results reveal that adoption decisions are affected by household and plot level characteristics including risk preferences of households. We find that adoption of SAPs significantly increase net crop income and consumption expenditure except when soil & water conservation is adopted in isolation. -
Brochure, flyer, fact-sheetBrochureMeasuring the role of forests and trees in household welfare and livelihoods
E-learning fact sheet
2020Also available in:
No results found.This fact sheet describes the course that aims to provide guidance on the use of forestry modules to collect data on the socioeconomic contributions of forests and non-forests environments to household welfare and livelihoods. This course introduces the definitions related to forest and wild products and describes the various methods and issues relevant to the forestry modules. -
DocumentOther documentPolicy Impacts on Inequality: Welfare Based Measures of Inequality - The Atkinson Index 2005
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No results found.This tool illustrates one of the most popular welfare-based measures of inequality, the Atkinson Index. In particular, it discusses the foundations of this Index, in terms of social welfare specifications, and the concept of equally distributed equivalent income on which the measure is based. The use of this measure is then exemplified in a step-by step procedure and in a numerical example.
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -
Book (stand-alone)High-profileState of knowledge of soil biodiversity - Status, challenges and potentialities
Report 2020
2020Also available in:
No results found.There is increasing attention to the importance of biodiversity for food security and nutrition, especially above-ground biodiversity such as plants and animals. However, less attention is being paid to the biodiversity beneath our feet, soil biodiversity, which drives many processes that produce food or purify soil and water. This report is the result of an inclusive process involving more than 300 scientists from around the world under the auspices of the FAO’s Global Soil Partnership and its Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative, and the European Commission. It presents concisely the state of knowledge on soil biodiversity, the threats to it, and the solutions that soil biodiversity can provide to problems in different fields. It also represents a valuable contribution to raising awareness of the importance of soil biodiversity and highlighting its role in finding solutions to today's global threats. -
Book (stand-alone)High-profileStatus of the World's Soil Resources: Main Report 2015
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No results found.The SWSR is a reference document on the status of global soil resources that provides regional assessments of soil change. The information is based on peer-reviewed scientific literature, complemented with expert knowledge and project outputs. It provides a description and a ranking of ten major soil threats that endanger ecosystem functions, goods and services globally and in each region separately. Additionally, it describes direct and indirect pressures on soils and ways and means to combat s oil degradation. The report contains a Synthesis report for policy makers that summarizes its findings, conclusions and recommendations.The full report has been divided into sections and individual chapters for ease of downloading: