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Book (series)BulletinThe continental atlas of the distribution of tsetse flies in Africa 2024
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No results found.Tsetse flies (Genus: Glossina) occur in sub-Saharan Africa, where they transmit trypanosomosis, a group of parasitic diseases that affect both animals and humans. Tsetse and trypanosomosis are a constant drain on the resources of poor African livestock keepers and they also impose a public health burden. Comprehensive data on the geographic distribution of tsetse flies is crucial to design evidence-based and cost-effective strategies against animal trypanosomoses, and it is also important in eliminating the human form of the disease. Despite this, the latest maps of tsetse distribution in Africa were published several decades ago. The present publication provides an update on the geographical distribution of tsetse flies in Africa. A total of 669 scientific publications spanning a period of 31 years (1990–2020) provided the input data, and almost 7 400 distinct geographical locations were mapped. Tsetse flies were recorded from a maximum latitude of 15° North in Senegal, to a minimum of 28.5° South in South Africa. Data coverage is uneven, and no eligible publication was found for Burundi, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone or Somalia. A dearth of information also affects a few other countries, such as Angola, the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan. At the level of tsetse species, relatively abundant data were identified for the species of major veterinary and public health importance, especially of the riverine (palpalis) and savannah (morsitans) groups. By contrast, limited information is available on many species of the forest (fusca) group. The continental atlas of tsetse flies, in combination with the upcoming component on animal trypanosomosis, can be used by policy makers, practitioners and scientists engaged in the control and elimination of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis in Africa. It also provides a blueprint for national authorities to develop country-level information systems (i.e. "national atlases") to assist planning and monitoring of control activities at the national and local levels. -
ArticleJournal articleThe continental Atlas of tsetse and African animal trypanosomosis in Nigeria 2020
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No results found.Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis remains a major animal health problem in Nigeria, in a context where changes in land cover, climate and control interventions are modifying its epidemiological patterns. Evidence-based decision making for the progressive control of the disease requires spatially-explicit information on its occurrence and prevalence, as well as on the distribution and abundance of the tsetse vector. The future development of a national Atlas of tsetse and AAT, relying on both published and unpublished information, could improve on the present review and provide further epidemiological evidence for decision making. -
ArticleJournal articleA national atlas of tsetse and African animal trypanosomosis in Mali 2019
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No results found.Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis is a deadly, neglected tropical disease and a major challenge for mixed crop-livestock agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by several species of the genus Trypanosoma. Information on the occurrence of tsetse fies and African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is available for diferent areas of Mali. However, these data have never been harmonized and centralized, which prevents the development of comprehensive epidemiological maps and constrains an evidence-based planning of control actions. To address this challenge, we created a dynamic geo-spatial database of tsetse and AAT distribution in Mali.
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MeetingMeeting documentBrief review of Japanese longline fishery and its albacore catch in the Indian Ocean. 2013
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Book (series)Technical studyA third assessment of global marine fisheries discards 2019
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No results found.This third update of FAO’s global discard estimate adopted the ‘fishery-by-fishery’ approach employed in the second discards assessment published in 2005. The update included publicly available discard data in the last 20 years to establish a baseline of a time series of global marine fisheries discards. This is essential for monitoring the status and trends of discard management, which is the first step of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management cycle. In addition, the study developed a new fisheries data table incorporating landings data from the FAO Global Capture Production dataset (FishStat J) from 2010 to 2014, which allocated the landings to over 2 000 fisheries worldwide. The current study estimated that the annual discards from global marine capture fisheries between 2010 and 2014 was 9.1 million tonnes (95% CI: 6.7 – 16.1 million tonnes). About 46 percent (4.2 million tonnes) of total annual discards were from bottom trawls that included otter trawls, shrimp trawls, pair bottom trawls, twin otter trawls and beam trawls. The study included a synthesis of estimates of bycatch and discards of endangered, threatened and protected (ETP) species. Substantial advances have been made in quantifying fisheries interactions with such species so as to make informed decisions on their protection. However, many challenges remain, especially for small-scale fisheries. The development of standardized data collection techniques, risk-based sampling and sharing of data across agencies and regions will help to identify management priorities and allow implementation and enforcement of mitigation measures. A review of previous research showed that discard practices were often related to a wide range of factors, so it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of fishery management actions on the amount and practice of discards. Many regulations are inconsistently enforced, and their implementation is often less strict than intended. Piecemeal approaches in many bycatch and discards management measures can result in unintended cross-taxa conflicts, where regulations designed to reduce bycatch and/or discards of one species or species group may increase bycatch and/or discards of another. Examination of approaches to accounting for and mitigating against pre-catch, post-capture and ghost fishing mortalities demonstrates that an understanding of the relative importance of factors affecting indirect fishing mortality is necessary for estimating total fishing-induced mortality and for designing and implementing mitigation measures. -
Book (series)Technical studyAssessment and management of biotoxin risks in bivalve molluscs 2011
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No results found.Biotoxins produced by certain algal species can be accumulated by bivalve molluscs. This constitutes one of the major public health risks that need to be managed during shellfish production. With a view to aiding risk assessment, monitoring and surveillance programmes, this paper provides a range of information about the various biotoxins globally recorded in shellfish: levels detected, toxicological data, methods of analysis for detection and quantification of toxins, and the risk assessment ap proach for public health management. The complex chemical nature of the toxins, along with several analogues, hampers the development and validation of methods for their detection, for the evaluation of their toxicity and for the development of limits for shellfish safety management. This paper also illustrates the approach taken by the Codex Alimentarius Commission in developing guidelines for bivalve shellfish safety management and for establishing Codex standards for live and raw bivalve moll uscs.