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Book (series)Technical studyTransición hacia un enfoque ecosistémico de la pesca
Lecciones aprendidas de pesquerías de América del Sur
2020Also available in:
No results found.La FAO ha promovido el enfoque ecosistémico de la pesca (EEP) como una aproximación holística dirigida a mejorar la situación crítica de la pesca a nivel mundial. A pesar de la amplia aceptación del EEP, se desconoce el grado en que la adopción de dicho marco condujo, en la práctica, a cambios reales en los sistemas de gestión. Esta publicación analiza siete pesquerías de América del Sur que intentaron desarrollar sistemas de manejo de acuerdo con principios básicos de un EEP: la vieira Zygochlamys patagonica y la anchoíta Engraulis anchoita en Argentina; el camarón siete barbas Xiphopenaeus kroyeri en Suriname; la almeja amarilla Mesodesma mactroides en Uruguay; el loco Concholepas concholepas en Chile; el pepino de mar Isostichopus fuscus en Ecuador; y la anchoveta Engraulis ringens en Perú. El análisis comparativo de estas pesquerías permitió identificar condiciones contextuales preexistentes propicias para el logro de pesquerías exitosas, incluyendo: (1) la presencia de límites del sistema pesquero bien definidos, con una clara correspondencia entre las escalas ecológica (recurso), de operación (pesca) y gestión (unidad de manejo); (2) fuerte cohesión interna, liderazgo y tradiciones en las comunidades pesqueras; (3) un marco legal adecuado para la implementación del EEP; y (4) condiciones institucionales propicias, tales como reglas de acceso bien definidas y gobernanza colaborativa entre los usuarios y los gobiernos centrales en el largo plazo. Los factores que desencadenaron cambios en el enfoque de gobernanza y que llevaron a sistemas de manejo más holísticos estuvieron relacionados, en la mayoría de los casos, a crisis pesqueras, aunque en otros casos el incentivo o factor disparador fuede naturaleza económica (e.g., certificación pesquera). Fue posible identificar logros relevantes como resultado de dichos cambios, que se vieron reflejados en los cuatro pilares de la sostenibilidad, i.e., ecológicos, sociales, económicos e institucionales. Se observaron efectos importantes de forzantes externos afectando a los sistemas pesqueros a diferentes escalas de espacio y tiempo, tales como el clima, los mercados, la acuicultura y la inestabilidad y fragilidad en los sistemas de gobernanza. Se describen estrategias de adaptación y mitigación para contender con estos impactos en diferentes etapas del ciclo de manejo, así como para aumentar la resiliencia de los sistemas pesqueros en el largo plazo.
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020
Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets
2020Updates for many countries have made it possible to estimate hunger in the world with greater accuracy this year. In particular, newly accessible data enabled the revision of the entire series of undernourishment estimates for China back to 2000, resulting in a substantial downward shift of the series of the number of undernourished in the world. Nevertheless, the revision confirms the trend reported in past editions: the number of people affected by hunger globally has been slowly on the rise since 2014. The report also shows that the burden of malnutrition in all its forms continues to be a challenge. There has been some progress for child stunting, low birthweight and exclusive breastfeeding, but at a pace that is still too slow. Childhood overweight is not improving and adult obesity is on the rise in all regions.The report complements the usual assessment of food security and nutrition with projections of what the world may look like in 2030, if trends of the last decade continue. Projections show that the world is not on track to achieve Zero Hunger by 2030 and, despite some progress, most indicators are also not on track to meet global nutrition targets. The food security and nutritional status of the most vulnerable population groups is likely to deteriorate further due to the health and socio economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.The report puts a spotlight on diet quality as a critical link between food security and nutrition. Meeting SDG 2 targets will only be possible if people have enough food to eat and if what they are eating is nutritious and affordable. The report also introduces new analysis of the cost and affordability of healthy diets around the world, by region and in different development contexts. It presents valuations of the health and climate-change costs associated with current food consumption patterns, as well as the potential cost savings if food consumption patterns were to shift towards healthy diets that include sustainability considerations. The report then concludes with a discussion of the policies and strategies to transform food systems to ensure affordable healthy diets, as part of the required efforts to end both hunger and all forms of malnutrition. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookThe future of food and agriculture - Trends and challenges 2017
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No results found.What will be needed to realize the vision of a world free from hunger and malnutrition? After shedding light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century, the study provides insights into what is at stake and what needs to be done. “Business as usual” is not an option. Major transformations in agricultural systems, rural economies, and natural resources management are necessary. The present study was undertaken for the quadrennial review of FAO’s strategic framework and for the preparation of the Organization Medium-Term plan 2018-2021. -
Book (stand-alone)High-profileState of knowledge of soil biodiversity - Status, challenges and potentialities
Report 2020
2020Also available in:
No results found.There is increasing attention to the importance of biodiversity for food security and nutrition, especially above-ground biodiversity such as plants and animals. However, less attention is being paid to the biodiversity beneath our feet, soil biodiversity, which drives many processes that produce food or purify soil and water. This report is the result of an inclusive process involving more than 300 scientists from around the world under the auspices of the FAO’s Global Soil Partnership and its Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative, and the European Commission. It presents concisely the state of knowledge on soil biodiversity, the threats to it, and the solutions that soil biodiversity can provide to problems in different fields. It also represents a valuable contribution to raising awareness of the importance of soil biodiversity and highlighting its role in finding solutions to today's global threats.