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Book (stand-alone)Manual / guideEpidemiology, Surveillance and Risk Assesment for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies - Course Manual
Capacit y Building for Surveillance and Prevention of BSE and Other Zoonotic Diseases
2007Also available in:
No results found.To support countries with economies in transition and developing countries in the control and prevention of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the project Capacity Building for Surveillance and Prevention of BSE and Other Zoonotic Diseases, is the result of collaboration between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Safe Food Solutions Inc. (SAFOSO, Switzerland) and national veterinary offices in partner countries, and funded by the Government of Switz erland. The aim of the project is to build capacity, establish preventive measures and analyse risks for BSE. Partner countries are thus enabled to decrease their BSE risk to an acceptable level or demonstrate that their BSE risk is negligible, and thereby facilitate regional and international trade under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). A brief project summary is included as an appendix to this course manual. -
No Thumbnail AvailableBook (series)Manual / guideManual on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy 1998
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No results found.Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was first recognized and defined as a pathological entity in the United Kingdom in November 1986 (Wells et al., 1996). Initial epidemiological investigations and examination of archived brains indicated that the first cases occurred around April 1985. Subsequently, the largest freeborn epidemic of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) occurred which has had severe economic effects and has caused concern for public health. The initial clinical signs of this fatal neurological disease are non-specific, typically involving behavioural changes. As the clinical phase progresses the disease is typified by alterations in mental state and of sensation and ataxia. The majority of affected animals reach the advanced stages within two to three months from the onset, when slaughter on welfare grounds becomes necessary (Wilesmith et al., 1988). The disease affects adult animals, with a peak age at onset of four to five years of age. Both se xes and all breeds are equally susceptible. BSE can only be confirmed post-mortem by pathological examination of brain tissue. Histological examination of the hind brain has been the primary method for the statutory diagnosis in the United Kingdom (Wells et al., 1989). The histological changes are typical of the TSEs. Microscopic lesions in the central nervous system consist of bilaterally symmetrical, non inflammatory vacuolation of neuronal perikarya and grey matter neuropil. BSE is transmissible by parenteral inoculation of inbred strains of mice (Fraser et al., 1988) and cattle (Dawson, Wells and Parker, 1990). In cattle the incubation period is approximately 18 months using brain homogenates from natural terminal cases. -
Book (stand-alone)Manual / guideDiagnostic Techniques Fortransmissible Spongiform - Course Manualencephalopathies
Capacity Building for Surveillance and Prevention of BSE and Other Zoonotic Diseases
2007Also available in:
No results found.To support countries with economies in transition and developing countries in the control and prevention of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the project Capacity Building for Surveillance and Prevention of BSE and Other Zoonotic Diseases, is the result of collaboration between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Safe Food Solutions Inc. (SAFOSO, Switzerland) and national veterinary offices in partner countries, and funded by the Government of Switz erland. The aim of the project is to build capacity, establish preventive measures and analyse risks for BSE. Partner countries are thus enabled to decrease their BSE risk to an acceptable level or demonstrate that their BSE risk is negligible, and thereby facilitate regional and international trade under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). A brief project summary is included as an appendix to this course manual.
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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookFood safety aspects of cell-based food 2023
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Cell-based food production, which is the field of growing animal agricultural products directly from cell cultures, has been explored as an alleged sustainable alternative to the conventional livestock agricultural system. As commercial cell-based food production continues to expand, the urgency increases to address one of the most important questions of consumers, the question of food safety. Thus, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), has developed the present document to engage with respective Members and relevant stakeholders by proactively sharing the current knowledge to identify concrete ways to inform consumers and all other stakeholders about the food safety considerations for cell-based food products. This document includes a literature synthesis of relevant terminology issues, principles of cell-based food production processes and the global landscape of regulatory frameworks for cell-based food production. Case studies from Israel, Qatar and Singapore have been included to highlight different scopes, structures and contexts surrounding their regulatory frameworks for cell-based food. The results of the FAO-led Expert Consultation, where comprehensive food safety hazard identification was conducted, form the core of the document and the identified hazards are summarized with causal-chain examples. The way forward will consist of continuing to invest in research and development in order to understand whether the alleged benefits in increased sustainability can be realized. In this regard, it will be important to closely observe as to what extent, if any, cell-based foods result in differences from conventionally produced foods. -
BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookRisk profile - Group B Streptococcus (GBS) – Streptococcus agalactiae sequence type (ST) 283 in freshwater fish 2021
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In Singapore during 2015, Group B Streptococcus (GBS) sequence type 283 (ST283) caused the only reported foodborne outbreak of invasive GBS disease. Over 20 percent of cases were healthy adults without comorbidities, which is unusual for GBS. The outbreak was linked to the consumption of raw freshwater fish. Subsequent investigations found that ST283 GBS has been common among GBS causing disease in humans and in tilapia across Southeast Asia for at least 20 years, whereas it was almost non-existent outside this region. Given the novelty of the outbreak, this risk profile consolidates the current knowledge to identify data gaps about GBS ST283 along the freshwater fish supply chain in Southeast Asia. Although GBS fish infection can present with few clinical signs of disease, outbreaks of GBS in high intensity tilapia aquaculture can result in severe infection with mortalities of up to 80 percent. These outbreaks are largely undocumented but likely have a wide effect on aquaculture, given its economic and social importance across Southeast Asia. There is also a lack of data on patterns of fish consumption, including frequency, amount, preparation and consumer demographics. Nevertheless, consumption of non-heat-treated freshwater fish is common in Southeast Asia. Given the multitude of data gaps, the risk posed by GBS ST283 from consumption of freshwater fish remains highly uncertain. Potential risk management options start with the application of good aquaculture practices and good food safety measures throughout the supply chain.