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Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003











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    Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Prepared by the 56th meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Food and Nutrition Paper 74 2004
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    The monographs contained in this volume were prepared at the fifty-sixth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), which met at WHO Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, 6-15 February 2001. These monographs summarize the data on selected mycotoxins reviewed by the Committee. The fifty-sixth report of JECFA will be published by the World Health Organization in the WHO Technical Report Series. Reports and other documents resulting from previous meetings of JECFA are l isted in Annex 1. Abbreviations used in the monographs are listed in Annex 2. The participants in the meeting are listed in Annex 3 of the present publication.
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    Book (stand-alone)
    Réglementations relatives aux mycotoxines dans les produits d'alimentation humaine et animale, à l'échelle mondiale en2003 2004
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    Depuis la découverte des aflatoxines dans les années 60, de nombreux pays se sont dotés de réglementations pour protéger les consommateurs des effets nocifs des mycotoxines qui peuvent contaminer les aliments, ainsi que pour assurer des pratiques loyales dans le commerce des produits alimentaires. Différents facteurs jouent un rôle dans les processus de décision concernant l’établissement de limites pour les mycotoxines. Il s'agit notamment des facteurs scientifiques d'évaluation du ri sque (tels que la disponibilité de données toxicologiques), des données relatives à la consommation alimentaire, des connaissances de la concentration et de la répartition des mycotoxines dans les produits et des méthodes d’analyse. Des facteurs économiques tels que les intérêts commerciaux et les questions de sécurité alimentaire entrent également en jeu. La pondération des divers facteurs qui jouent un rôle dans la prise des décisions relatives à l'établissement de valeurs limites to lérables pour les mycotoxines est donc cruciale.
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    Article
    Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods 2019
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    In the framework of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study (SSA-TDS), 2328 commonly consumed foods were purchased, prepared as consumed and pooled into 194 composite samples of cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, nuts and seeds, dairy, oils, beverages and miscellaneous. Those core foods were tested for mycotoxins and other fungal, bacterial and plant secondary metabolites by liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The highest aflatoxin concentrations were quantified in peanuts, peanut oil and maize. The mean concentration of the sum of aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 (AFtot) in peanut samples (56.4 µg/kg) exceeded EU (4 µg/kg) and Codex (15 µg/kg) standards. The AFtot concentration (max: 246.0 µg/kg) was associated with seasonal and geographic patterns and comprised, on average, 80% AFB1, the most potent aflatoxin. Although ochratoxin A concentrations rarely exceeded existing Codex standards, it was detected in unregulated foods. One palm oil composite sample contained 98 different metabolites, including 35.4 µg/kg of ochratoxin A. In total, 164 different metabolites were detected, with unspecific metabolites like asperglaucide, cyclo(L-pro-L-val), cyclo (L-pro-L-tyr), flavoglaucin, emodin and tryptophol occurring in more than 50% of composite samples. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), sterigmatocystin (STC), ochratoxin A (OTA), citrinin (CIT) and many other secondary fungal metabolites are frequent co-contaminants in staple foods, such as maize and sorghum. Populations from North Cameroon and from Benin may, therefore, suffer chronic and simultaneous exposure to AFB1, FB1, STC, OTA and CIT, which are prevalent in their diet.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Book (stand-alone)
    Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Prepared by the 56th meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Food and Nutrition Paper 74 2004
    Also available in:
    No results found.

    The monographs contained in this volume were prepared at the fifty-sixth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), which met at WHO Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, 6-15 February 2001. These monographs summarize the data on selected mycotoxins reviewed by the Committee. The fifty-sixth report of JECFA will be published by the World Health Organization in the WHO Technical Report Series. Reports and other documents resulting from previous meetings of JECFA are l isted in Annex 1. Abbreviations used in the monographs are listed in Annex 2. The participants in the meeting are listed in Annex 3 of the present publication.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Book (stand-alone)
    Réglementations relatives aux mycotoxines dans les produits d'alimentation humaine et animale, à l'échelle mondiale en2003 2004
    Also available in:

    Depuis la découverte des aflatoxines dans les années 60, de nombreux pays se sont dotés de réglementations pour protéger les consommateurs des effets nocifs des mycotoxines qui peuvent contaminer les aliments, ainsi que pour assurer des pratiques loyales dans le commerce des produits alimentaires. Différents facteurs jouent un rôle dans les processus de décision concernant l’établissement de limites pour les mycotoxines. Il s'agit notamment des facteurs scientifiques d'évaluation du ri sque (tels que la disponibilité de données toxicologiques), des données relatives à la consommation alimentaire, des connaissances de la concentration et de la répartition des mycotoxines dans les produits et des méthodes d’analyse. Des facteurs économiques tels que les intérêts commerciaux et les questions de sécurité alimentaire entrent également en jeu. La pondération des divers facteurs qui jouent un rôle dans la prise des décisions relatives à l'établissement de valeurs limites to lérables pour les mycotoxines est donc cruciale.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Article
    Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods 2019
    Also available in:
    No results found.

    In the framework of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study (SSA-TDS), 2328 commonly consumed foods were purchased, prepared as consumed and pooled into 194 composite samples of cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, nuts and seeds, dairy, oils, beverages and miscellaneous. Those core foods were tested for mycotoxins and other fungal, bacterial and plant secondary metabolites by liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The highest aflatoxin concentrations were quantified in peanuts, peanut oil and maize. The mean concentration of the sum of aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 (AFtot) in peanut samples (56.4 µg/kg) exceeded EU (4 µg/kg) and Codex (15 µg/kg) standards. The AFtot concentration (max: 246.0 µg/kg) was associated with seasonal and geographic patterns and comprised, on average, 80% AFB1, the most potent aflatoxin. Although ochratoxin A concentrations rarely exceeded existing Codex standards, it was detected in unregulated foods. One palm oil composite sample contained 98 different metabolites, including 35.4 µg/kg of ochratoxin A. In total, 164 different metabolites were detected, with unspecific metabolites like asperglaucide, cyclo(L-pro-L-val), cyclo (L-pro-L-tyr), flavoglaucin, emodin and tryptophol occurring in more than 50% of composite samples. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), sterigmatocystin (STC), ochratoxin A (OTA), citrinin (CIT) and many other secondary fungal metabolites are frequent co-contaminants in staple foods, such as maize and sorghum. Populations from North Cameroon and from Benin may, therefore, suffer chronic and simultaneous exposure to AFB1, FB1, STC, OTA and CIT, which are prevalent in their diet.

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