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Economic analysis for progressive control of foot-and-mouth disease and other transboundary animal diseases














McLaws, M., Knight-Jones, T., Compston, P., Bartels, C., Limon, G., Arshed, M.J. & Dhingra, M. 2025. Economic analysis for progressive control of foot-and-mouth disease and other transboundary animal diseases. FAO Animal Production and Health Handbooks, No. 2. Rome, FAO.




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    Practical surveillance guidelines for the progressive control of foot-and-mouth disease and other transboundary animal diseases 2024
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    Progressive control pathways provide a stepwise, measurable approach to disease control and, potentially, eradication. Surveillance systems must be capable of providing useful information to document programme progress, assessing intervention efforts, and the achievement of interim outcomes. This document demonstrates a practical surveillance approach that progressesfrom measuring broad disease epidemiology and risk factors to specifically evaluating intervention options and documenting low disease prevalence. The process focusses on aligning practical surveillance components with disease programme outcomes while focusing on foot-and-mouth disease as an example.
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    Review of the Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases
    Review brief
    2025
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    Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), peste des petits ruminants (PPR), highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and African swine fever (ASF) remain a major threat to global food security, public health and rural livelihoods. Their crossborder nature requires coordinated international and regional responses. Since 2004, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, previously known as OIE) have jointly established the Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases to strengthen collaboration, mobilize expertise and harmonize strategies. The FAO Office of Evaluation is now launching a review, in close collaboration with WOAH and the FAO Animal Health and Production Division, to take stock of progress, assess the status of implementation of recommendations from past evaluations, and identify the contribution of GF-TADs governance structures to the success (or shortcomings) of interventions. The findings and recommendations of this review will also inform the development of the next GF-TAD strategy.
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    Book (series)
    Evaluation report
    Final evaluation of the project for Building Resilience and Self-reliance of Livestock Keepers by Improving Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease and other Transboundary Animal Diseases in Afghanistan
    OSRO/AFG/402/JPN
    2019
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    Livestock play an important role in Afghanistan, boosting nutrition and providing livelihoods. Outbreaks of animal diseases such as Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) are a constant threat to improving nutrition and farmer incomes. The Project ‘Building resilience and self-reliance of livestock keepers by improving control of FMD and other Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs)’ aimed at providing assistance at central, province, and community level, in strengthening food security through an improved on-farm livestock healthcare system. The evaluation found there was good progress in improving animal health and disease control. The Project exceeded original vaccination targets, owing to a close collaboration with the private sector and non-governmental organizations. Epidemiology skills were improved in the country but remain limited while analytical skills remain a critical need and there is a continuing need for better capture of outbreak and disease surveillance data. The major weakness of the Project was the lack of sustainability with no clear exit plan. The evaluation recommends that there be an immediate follow-up project.

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