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Book (stand-alone)Technical studyThe impact of trade openness on the cost and affordability of a healthy diet
Background paper for The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO) 2024
2025Also available in:
No results found.This study examines how trade openness affects the cost and affordability of healthy diets using cross-country data on food prices linked to nutritional composition. Using retail price data collected from 175 countries in the context of the 2017 cycle of the World Bank’s International Comparison Program, the research investigates whether trade openness correlates with lower food prices and if this effect varies for healthier products. The analysis confirms that lower trade barriers are associated with reduced food prices, consistent with standard international trade theory. This finding holds across different measures of trade openness and levels of analysis. Importantly, results show no evidence that international trade disproportionately affects processed food prices or makes healthy options relatively more expensive. -
Brochure, flyer, fact-sheetBrochureTrade and nutrition: Policy coherence for healthy diets 2025
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No results found.This e-learning course explores the complex relationship between food trade and nutrition, highlighting how trade can influence nutrition outcomes by addressing both its benefits and challenges. The course content is based on "The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets 2024," a biennial FAO flagship report that analyzes agricultural trade patterns and dynamics within the current policy environment, offering a comprehensive understanding of trade's impact on nutrition. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical reportEvolution of global agrifood trade and trade policy and implications for nutrition 2025
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No results found.While international agrifood trade is critically relevant for the availability and supply of food across many countries, import tariffs are a policy instrument with relatively modest potential to steer consumers towards purchasing more nutritious food. Employing a number of newly developed datasets, this research project examines patterns and developments in the links between agrifood trade and nutrition and assesses how trade policy shapes food prices. The analysis is undertaken at a global level with a focus on the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region, a set of countries which is particularly dependent on agrifood imports. The results show that agrifood imports are a critical source of calories, macro-nutrients as well as vitamins and minerals for most countries in the world. On the supply side, a small number of countries account for the bulk of globally traded calories and nutrients. These findings show that calorie and nutrient availabilities are shaped significantly by global trade. With regard to how import tariffs affect the relative prices of foods with different nutritional characteristics, econometric estimations suggest that on average import tariffs have only a relatively modest effect on the relative prices of different foods. The concentration patterns of caloric and nutrient supply in a small number of supplying countries reinforce calls to diversify global food markets and trade. As for trade policy options, the modest effects of tariffs suggest that exploring other domestic and trade policy options would be necessary to significantly improve nutritional outcomes.
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BookletCorporate general interestFAOSTYLE: English 2024The objective of having a house style is to ensure clarity and consistency across all FAO publications. Now available in HTML, this updated edition of FAOSTYLE: English covers matters such as punctuation, units, spelling and references. All FAO staff, consultants and contractors involved in writing, reviewing, editing, translating or proofreading FAO texts and information products in English should use FAOSTYLE, together with the practical guidance on processes and layout questions provided in Publishing at FAO – strategy and guidance.