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DocumentOther documentSubmission in relation to the dialogue on the relationship between land and climate change adaptation related matters (decision 1/CP.25) 2020
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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookBorder and related measures in the context of adaptation and mitigation to climate change
The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO): Background paper
2018Also available in:
No results found.Although international trade is not specifically mentioned in the Paris Climate Agreement, trade can play a facilitating role in achieving the mitigation and adaptation objectives of signatories to the Agreement. Trade policies can also undermine those objectives. The focus of this paper is on examining how the facilitating role of trade can be achieved. One of the challenges created by the ‘bottom-up’ approach of self-declared national mitigation targets adopted in the Agreement is that if the economic costs of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are internalized in production and consumption, the implicit price of carbon will differ across countries. This creates the potential for trade distortions. Domestic mitigation policies in importers will almost inevitably result in some carbon leakage, i.e. offsets to reductions in domestic emissions through additional emissions generated in supplying imports. But an important distinction needs to be made between carbon reallocation and carbon misallocation resulting from changes in trade volumes. In the reallocation case, trade leads to a shift in production to lower-emitting producers thereby contributing to global mitigation. In the misallocation case, the opposite occurs. This paper analyses how various border measures, including border tax adjustments (BTAs) might be used to reduce potential carbon misallocation. The conclusion is that technical and legal constraints on the effective application of border measures for food and agricultural products to prevent carbon misallocation are extremely challenging and their use could open the door to protectionism. The use of carbon standards and labelling offers an alternative approach to reducing misallocation and promoting reallocation. It poses fewer technical difficulties and reduces the potential for legal challenges. An added advantage of labelling is that it can help to promote changes in consumption that will be needed to reduce the carbon footprint of food and agriculture. The use of the approach could be facilitated through the adoption of international standards for carbon measurement and labelling, such as those being developed through the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Labelling is not a panacea and may have limited effectiveness when consumers base their consumption decisions primarily on the basis of price. For this reason, the use of domestic policy measures that increase carbon efficiency in agriculture (reduce emissions per unit of output) and limit changes in land use that contribute to emissions will also be important for achieving mitigation aims under the Paris Agreement. An increasing number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) have incorporated environmental provisions, with the most common types of provisions focusing on environmental cooperation. Recent agreements recognise the importance of mutually supportive trade and environmental policies, and national commitments to multinational environmental agreements. RTAs could play a supporting role to the Paris Climate Agreement, by fostering international cooperation on climate mitigation measures in the context of freer trade. -
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BookletTechnical briefThe Status of Youth in Agrifood Systems
Overview
2025Young people stand at the heart of a rapidly changing world. They have the vision, energy and entrepreneurial spirit to find new and innovative ways to cultivate, create, package and transport the food we all need. If adequately nourished, educated, equipped with resources and involved in decision-making, young people can drive economic transformation and global prosperity. This brief presents the key messages and findings from the FAO report The Status of Youth in Agrifood Systems – the most comprehensive evidence-based analysis of youth engagement in agrifood systems to date. It highlights both the opportunities available to young people and the structural barriers they face, offering actionable recommendations for policymakers and development actors. The aim is to support more equitable and sustainable agrifood systems, where rural youth are not only beneficiaries but also drivers of change. -
Book (series)Technical studyMeasuring and assessing capacity in fisheries. 2. Issues and methods 2003
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No results found.This Fisheries Technical Paper provides guidance for the measurement and assessment of fishing capacity, with the aim of facilitating the implementation of the International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity. It provides a discussion and overview of the various concepts of capacity and capacity utilization and potential methods for estimating capacity discussed at the FAO Technical Consultation on the Measurement of Fishing Capacity held in Mexico City from 29 Novembe r to 3 December 1999. The paper also introduces some more recent methodologies for examining capacity in fisheries. Its specific objective is to provide the information necessary for developing a widely accepted definition of capacity for fisheries as well as sufficient detail about various methods for estimating capacity to permit an empirical assessment of fishing capacity conditional on the types of data typically available for fisheries. The document initially discusses concepts an d issues necessary for understanding capacity and capacity utilization in fisheries, followed by the primary methods often used to estimate capacity. It also gives empirical examples of how the various approaches can be used to estimate and assess capacity. Finally, a potential framework for assessing overcapacity is presented and discussed. -
Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025
Addressing high food price inflation for food security and nutrition
2025While some progress and recovery have been made in recent years, the world is still above pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels and far from eradicating hunger and food insecurity by 2030 (SDG Target 2.1). Similarly, despite some progress in the global nutrition targets, the world is not on track to achieve SDG Target 2.2. Among other factors, persistent food price inflation has slowed this momentum.The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025 highlights how elevated inflation in many countries has undermined purchasing power and, especially among low-income populations, access to healthy diets. The report documents how high food price inflation is associated with increases in food insecurity and child malnutrition. Vulnerable groups, including low-income households, women, and rural communities, can be particularly affected by food price inflation, risking setbacks in the fight against hunger and malnutrition.In response to these challenges and to prevent future price shocks, the report examines policy measures adopted by countries, and outlines what is necessary going forwards. It stresses the importance of coherent implementation of fiscal and monetary policies to stabilize markets, promote open and resilient trade, and protect vulnerable populations. Additionally, it calls for better data systems and sustained investment in resilient agrifood systems to build long-term food security and nutrition. These coordinated actions are vital to reignite progress towards ending hunger and malnutrition by 2030.