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DocumentTechnical reportContract Farming as an Institution for Integrating Rural Smallholders in Markets for Livestock Products in Developing Countries: (I) Framework and Applications
Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative: A Living from Livestock
2008Also available in:
No results found.This report provides an overview of the theoretical underpinnings of the emergence of contract arrangements versus reliance on spot markets. Transaction costs economics is the dominant school of thought in the literature on contracts, particularly with respect to the rationale of firms to vertically integrate instead of engaging in direct exchange in the open market. Vertical integration and other forms of exchange organisation are traced to the objective of economic agents to reduce transaction costs in an environment where market imperfections predominate and economic agents behave opportunistically. -
DocumentTechnical reportContract Farming as an Institution for Integrating Rural Smallholders in Markets for Livestock Products in Developing Countries: (II) Results in Case Countries
Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative: A Living from Livestock
2009Also available in:
No results found.This report provides an assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of contract farming as an institution for integrating rural smallholders in markets for livestock products, using detailed reviews of particular case studies on contract farming in India, Thailand, the Philippines and Viet Nam, and in which the principal author participated. Two forms of contracts engaged in by producers and market intermediaries existed: formal and informal contracts. In general, formal contracts were writte n contracts between an integrator company and a farmer, where the rights and obligations of each party were strictly defined. Informal contracts were unwritten but nevertheless binding agreements between a farmer and his market intermediary, which could either be a trader for inputs or outputs, or with a cooperative which he is a member of, on the provision of inputs or the marketing of output, or both. -
No Thumbnail AvailableBook (stand-alone)Technical bookProject on Livestock Industrialization, Trade and Social-Health-Environment Impacts in Developing Countries
Policy, Technical, and Environmental Determinants and Implications of the Scaling-Up of Livestock Production in Four Fast-Growing Developing Countries: A Synthesis
2003Also available in:
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BookletHigh-profileFAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 2022The FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 was endorsed by FAO Council in June 2022. This new strategy replaces the previous strategy from 2017 to better FAO's climate action with the Strategic Framework 2022-2031, and other FAO strategies that have been developed since then. The Strategy was elaborated following an inclusive process of consultation with FAO Members, FAO staff from headquarters and decentralized offices, as well as external partners. It articulates FAO's vision for agrifood systems by 2050, around three main pillars of action: at global and regional level, at country level, and at local level. The Strategy also encourages key guiding principles for action, such as science and innovation, inclusiveness, partnerships, and access to finance.
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BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018. -
DocumentFlagshipGhana Case Study: Prepared for FAO as part of the State of the World’s Forests 2016 (SOFO) 2016
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No results found.Agriculture, including forestry, is the backbone of the Ghanaian economy. As at 2014, it provided 22% of the Gross Domestic Product, 50% of export earnings and 45.5% and 50.9% of total employment in agricultural production and processing respectively. The export of timber and other forest products accounted for 11%of Ghana’s export earnings and 6% of the GDP in 2000. The formal sector is responsible for providing livelihood to around 100,000 people, but many more earn some form of income from th e forests. In the recent years timber export has fallen, with 2010 seeing a fall of 5.4%. However, while there was a decline in the export, the country still saw an increase in revenue for the same period. In 2010, Ghana earned 137.9 million Euros through timber export, when compared to 128.2 million Euros in 2009. Forest value added to GDP in 2011 was recorded at $929,400 (GhC 1,549,000) and $650,513 (GhC 2,537,000) in 2014.Read the full report of the State of the World’s Forests (SOFO) 2016.
Read the Brochure of the State of the World’s Forests (SOFO) 2016
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Visit the Sofo 2016 webpage
Read the other six country case s tudies: