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Rural income generating activities in developing countries: re-assessing the evidence








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    Rural Income Generating Activities: A Cross Country Comparison 2007
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    This paper uses a newly constructed cross country database composed of comparable variables and aggregates from household surveys to examine the full range of income generating activities carried out by rural households in order to determine: 1) the relative importance of the gamut of income generating activities in general and across wealth categories; 2), the relative importance of diversification versus specialization at the household level; 3) the relationship between key household assets an d the participation in and income earned from these activities; and 4) the influence of rural income generating activities on poverty and inequality. Analysis of the RIGA cross country dataset paints a clear picture of multiple activities across rural space and diversification across rural households. This is true across countries in all four continents, though less so in the African countries included in the dataset. For most countries the largest share of income stems from off farm activities, and the largest share of households have diversified sources of income. Diversification, not specialization, is the norm, although most countries show significant levels of household specialization in non-agricultural activities as well. Nevertheless, agricultural based sources of income remain critically important for rural livelihoods in all countries, both in terms of the overall share of agriculture in rural incomes as well as the large share of households that still specialize in agricultu ral sources of income.
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    A Cross Country Comparison of Rural Income Generating Activities 2008
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    This paper uses a newly constructed cross country database composed of comparable income aggregates to examine the full range of income generating activities carried out by rural households. Analysis paints a clear picture of multiple activities across rural space in countries on all four continents, though less so in the included African countries. For most countries the largest share of income stems from off farm activities, and the largest share of households have diversified sources of incom e. Diversification, not specialization, is the norm. Nevertheless, agricultural based sources of income remain critically important for rural livelihoods in all countries.
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    Rural Income Generating Activities Study: Methodological note on the construction of income aggregates 2007
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    A major component of the Rural Income Generating Activities (RIGA) study was to construct comparable income measures from selected multi-purpose household surveys (see table in Annex I). The aim of the exercise was to provide annualized benchmark aggregates spanning four continents which, despite pervasive differences in the quality and level of information available in each survey, would be suitable for cross-country analysis. The objective of this document is to describe the methodol ogy used in constructing the household income aggregates and their components included in the RIGA database.

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    CROPS, BROWSE AND POLLINATORS IN AFRICA - An Initial Stock-taking 2007
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    When the Fifth Conference of the Parties to the Convention Biological Diversity established an International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Pollinators (also known as the International Pollinators Initiative-IPI) in 2000 (COP decision V/5, section II), FAO was requested to facilitate and co-ordinate the Initiative in close co-operation with other relevant organisations. A Plan of Action for the IPI was adopted at COP 6 (decision VI/5), providing an overall structu re to the initiative, with four elements of assessment, adaptive management, capacity building and mainstreaming. FAO, through the FAO/Netherlands Partnership Programme, supported the initial establishment of a regional African Pollinator Initiative, the development and publication of its Plan of Action in 2003, and an initial stocktaking of pollinator-dependent crops and browse plants in Africa. The stocktaking document has only been available in electronic form; support from the Gove rnment of Norway has permitted its publication in 2007.
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    Asia-Pacific accounts for more than 90% of the world aquaculture output (FAO, 2016) and the region will have to responsible for sustaining the supply of food fish to increasing population. Feed input in aquaculture represents the major production cost and the most important factor affecting farming profitability and ecological efficiency. Issues and challenges have been rising with the questionable use of fish meal and fish oil, mounting pressure on and competition for ingredient supply, increasing feed costs, variation of feed quality and availability, and feed ingredient related food safety concerns. The region needs to adjust the development strategies and devote more efforts in research, development and capacity building for sustainable production and use of aquaculture feeds. A
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    Report of the Symposium on Impacts on Fishing on the Environment - ICES-FAO Working Group on Fishing Technology and Fish Behaviour. Bangkok, Thailand 6-10 May 2013 2015
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    This document contains the report of the Symposium on Impacts of Fishing on the Environment arranged by the ICES-FAO Working Group on Fishing Technology and Fish Behaviour (WGFTFB) held in Bangkok, Thailand, from 6 to 10 May 2013. The Symposium was attended by more than 130 fisheries experts from 25 countries, and it provided an opportunity for fishing technologists and others from ICES member countries to exchange knowledge and ideas with contemporaries from around the world, especially Asia. T he symposium comprised three one-day sessions: (i) low-impact and fuel-efficient fishing gear (LIFE); (ii) use of artificial light as a stimulus on fish behaviour in fish capture (LIGHT); and (iii) selectivity of trawls in multispecies/crustacean fisheries (SHRIMP). This report summarizes the presentations of the Symposium and concludes the main discussions. This report also summarizes presentations from the open session of the annual WGFTFB meeting.