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Pesticide risk mitigation for pollinators options and constraints








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    Book (stand-alone)
    Options for addressing the risk of non-permanence for land-based mitigation in carbon crediting programmes 2024
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    To mitigate climate change, global efforts must focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and removing atmospheric CO2. Carbon crediting programmes offer incentives by issuing tradable credits for each tonne of CO2 equivalent reduced or removed. However, these credits often face a challenge called "non-permanence" or reversal risk, where carbon stored in reservoirs like forests and soils may be rereleased due to natural or human-induced events.Reversal risks arise from various factors, including susceptibility to depletion, underlying drivers of depletion, and reservoir size. Carbon crediting programmes address this through monitoring, temporary crediting, and issuance deductions to account for future reversals. Some programmes also propose “tonne-year” crediting, where credits are issued for each year carbon remains stored.Host countries bear the responsibility for reversals within their borders, which complicates their ability to meet nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. This potential imbalance necessitates improved greenhouse gas inventory systems, fair sharing of mitigation benefits, and prioritizing low-risk projects. Effective reversal risk management requires a long-term approach to minimize risks, recognizing the inherent non-permanence in land-based mitigation activities.This paper was produced by FAO under its AIM4Forests programme thanks to finance from the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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    WTO domestic support disciplines: options for alleviating constraints to stockholding in developing countries in the follow-up to Bali 2014
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    the paper provides first a succinct description of existing WTO provisions on domestic support applicable in general and the special treatment of developing countries including provisions for stockholding operations. This is followed by an assessment of difficulties these provisions pose for developing countries, considering their expressed needs for certain types of interventions necessary to meet food security objectives which may be constrained by their AoA commitments.
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    Methodological note for the project ‘Expanding social insurance for agricultural workers in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries: identifying key constraints and discussing policy options' 2022
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    This note provides details on the methodological approach of the series of Research Reports developed under the project ‘Expanding social insurance for agricultural workers in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries: identifying key constraints and discussing policy options’. This is a joint project between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa (NENA) Region (FAO RNE), the International Labour Organization Regional Office for Arab States (ILO ROAS) and the International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG).

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