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Book (series)Technical studyReview of the current state of world aquaculture insurance 2006
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Due to the rapidly changing production processes in aquaculture worldwide (e.g. submergible cages, sea ranching, intensification, aquaponics and recirculation systems), which sometimes increase vulnerability to disease outbreaks and which generally require large investments from aquaculturists, over the last decades the demand for insurance to share and cover the risks involved has increased significantly within the aquaculture sector. Risk management is increasingly gaining attention within the aquaculture sector, which is reflected in the development and increasing implementation of Better Management Practices (BMPs), Codes of Conduct and Codes of Good Practice, Standard Operational Procedures, certification and traceability. Aquaculture insurance is one of the tools used in aquaculture risk management, but there is considerable ignorance within the aquaculture industry about its availability, the process of obtaining insurance cover, especially on aquaculture stock mortality, and th e constraints to insurers providing its services. A review study was carried out in early 2005 and covered the main aquaculture-producing countries worldwide. Seven syntheses (China, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania) were prepared, discussing the specificities of their situation with regard to aquaculture insurance. A summary of the syntheses was made, together with conclusions and clear recommendations at various levels to increase the contribution of aquaculture insurance to the sustainable management and development of the aquaculture sector. Some of the main conclusions of the review study are the following: the demand for aquaculture insurance has never been as high as it is now; there is a widening gap between the demand for and supply of aquaculture insurance in the world; the number of aquaculture insurance policies in force is estimated at around 8 000 worldwide; some regions (sub-Saharan Africa, South America and large parts of Asia) are barely covered by aquaculture insurance services; aquaculture insurance policies in force in Asia are generally of the “named perils” type, while those in other regions are often of the “all risks” type; while the range of species and culture systems covered under aquaculture policies worldwide is diverse, many insurers only focus on a small number of traditional aquaculture species and are reluctant to include “new” species and culture systems; reinsurance possibilities are important both for introducing aquaculture insurance activities in a country and for developing and disseminating the service; the underwriting experiences of aquaculture insurance companies largely differ among companies and regions and from year to year; since the start of the new millennium it seems that experiences are improving and that aquaculture insurance activity is becoming profitable; mutual insurance schemes in aquaculture are still insignificant; the lack of enabling policies and regulatory framew orks for aquaculture and fisheries insurance is negatively affecting the development of insurance services and the sustainable development of the aquaculture sector; and asymmetric information, moral hazard and adverse selection remain among the major constraints to undertake aquaculture insurance activities for international and national insurance companies, which negatively influence the results of new entrants in the aquaculture insurance sector during the first few years of business. -
Book (series)Technical studyWorld review of capture fisheries and aquaculture insurance 2022 2022
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No results found.This world review of capture fisheries and aquaculture insurance presents the findings of five regional and four national reports conducted in 2020. An estimated 450 000 fishing vessels worldwide are covered by marine hull insurance. Nearly all of the estimated 67 800 large-scale industrial fishing vessels are covered by marine hull insurance, as well as 50–60 percent of the estimated 430 000 semi-industrial fishing vessels. However, over 95 percent of the 2.3 million motorized small-scale fishing vessels operate uninsured. Most small-scale fishers do not have access to adequate insurance services. Between 2009 and 2019, underwriting experiences in fishing vessel insurance were generally reported as “Good”. What is more, access to accident, life and health insurance services for crew on fishing vessels and small-scale fishers in developing countries has improved in recent years. In 2020, the number of aquaculture insurance policies in force was estimated at over 40 000 worldwide, with China and Indonesia the largest markets for this type of insurance. While large-scale aquaculture producers are well served by the insurance industry, the provision of insurance is inadequate for mediumand small-scale farmers, particularly in Asia. Underwriting experiences for aquaculture stock mortality insurance were reported as “Good” to “Very good” (40 percent), or “Neutral” (36 percent). The insurance industry has consolidated the market and increased profitability in aquaculture insurance. This world review contains information on the capture fisheries and aquaculture insurance market, the prevailing underwriting practices, perils covered, policies in force, risk management and claim handling procedures. Finally, it offers a series of recommendations for increasing insurance service provision to the fisheries and aquaculture industries. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical studyA Review of the current state of Bioenergy development in G8 +5 countries 2008
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No results found.Bioenergy sits at the intersection of three of the worlds great challenges - energy security, climate change, and poverty reduction - and has received an enormous amount of attention in the past few years. Joint work on these issues is vital considering that together, the G8 +5 Countries account for about 55 percent of the worlds population, 70+ percent of global GDP, and about 72 percent of world energy-related and industry CO2 emissions (excluding deforestation). Bioenergy statisti cs, while highly imperfect, are essential to understand the dynamics of bioenergy systems; evaluating the role played by different types of biofuels in the energy sector and supply sources; assessing the share of biomass used (directly and indirectly) for energy purposes; assessing the role of biofuel in GHG inventories; and formulating sound policies. According to the best data available, bioenergy provides about 10 percent of the worlds total primary energy supply (47.2 EJ of bioener gy out of a total of 479 EJ in 2005, i.e. 9.85 percent). Most of this is for use in the residential sector (for heating and cooking) and is produced locally. In 2005 bioenergy represented 78 percent of all global renewable energy produced. Accelerating bioenergy innovation and tackling its main challenges will require strong cooperation, and the Global Bioenergy Partnership aims to play an important role. This overview of current bioenergy developments in G8 +5 Countries should he lp identify where there is common ground in policy priorities and opportunities for international cooperation, as well as provide guidance on what still needs to be done for a sustainable development of bioenergy.
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Book (stand-alone)Technical reportThe performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing programmes relevant to aquaculture and aquacultural products 2019
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No results found.This Circular addresses best practice guidelines for the performance of these susceptibility tests. Section 1 discusses the relevance of this document to The FAO Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2016-2020. Section 2 provides a general background to the principles of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Section 3 discusses the current status of the standard protocols that can be recommended for use in antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria isolated from aquatic animals. Following a consideration of 44 species of bacteria that represent those most frequently isolated from aquatic animals, it demonstrates that the currently available standardized protocols are adequate for the determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility of 37 of them (84 percent). Section 4 discusses the importance of the design of programmes aimed at monitoring or surveillance of antimicrobial resistance associated with the use of antimicrobial agents in the rearing of aquatic animals. In this paper four designs are outlined, each of which will provide data for programmes aimed at answering different questions. Section 5 provides some conclusions, while Section 6 gives a list of references. The Circular is supported by four annexes that provide: (i) a listing of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) documents cited in the paper; (ii) a list of the antimicrobial agents most commonly used in aquaculture; (iii) notes on the selection of test protocols for selected Gram-positive cocci; and (iv) guidance on the possible use of epidemiological cut-off values in a clinical context. -
Book (series)GuidelineAquaculture development. 4. Ecosystem approach to aquaculture 2010The main objective of the guidelines is to assist countries, institutions and policy-makers in the development and implementation of a strategy to ensure the sustainability of the aquaculture sector, integration of aquaculture with other sectors and its contributions to social and economic development. "An ecosystem appproach to aquaculture is a strategy for the integration of the activity within the wider ecosystem such that it promotes sustainable development, equity and resilience of interl inked social-ecological systems." Being a strategy, the ecosystem approach to aquaculture (EAA)is not what is done, but rather how it is done. The participation of stakeholders is at the base of the strategy. The EAA requires an appropriate policy framework under which the strategy develops through several steps: (i) the scoping and definition of ecosystem boundaries and stakeholder identification; (ii) identification of the main issues; (iii) prioritization of the issues; (iv) definition of operational objectives; (v) elaboration of an implementation plan; (vi) the corresponding implementation process, which includes reinforcing, monitoring and evaluation; and (vii) a long-term policy review. All these are steps informed by the best available knowledge.
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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookWheat Landraces in Farmers’ Fields in Uzbekistan
National Survey, Collection, and Conservation, 2010-2015
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Using valuable genetic resources of local origin for improving wheat is essential for current breeding projects of Uzbekistan. Thus, the main objective of the current project was to identify the areas of Tajikistan where wheat landraces and old varieties are still grown and make collections of them. With this purpose, a survey was carried out in mountainous districts of Uzbekistan during 2013-2014. The farmers who still maintain these landraces were interviewed with the goal of understanding soc io-economic issues of growing landraces. Collections of the landraces and old varieties were made from the farms identified by the survey.