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ArticleJournal articleCase study of national timber legality systems as global efforts to prevent illegal logging
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Global society has been putting efforts together to prevent forests from rampant deforestation and illegal logging worldwide since sustainability is a common goal for the Earth. At the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) called Rio+10, global efforts of timber importing countries and private sectors to restrain illegal logging were discussed in 2002. As a market instrument to eradicate illegal logging, timber legality systems in consumer countries have been implemented, starting with the United States since 2008, the European Union (EU) since 2013, Indonesia since 2016, Australia since 2017, Japan since 2018, and the Republic of Korea since 2019. In the implementation stage of the timber legality, the due diligence system plays a role in reducing the risk of illegally logged timber in a supply chain. This study investigated the due diligence system of Australian timber legality as a good practice and analyzed it according to the standard of risk management of International Standard Organization (ISO) consisting of 1) risk identification, 2) risk analysis, 3) risk assessment, 4) risk treatment, and 5) monitoring and review. As a result, the due diligence system of Australia was compatible with the risk management criteria of ISO. The timber legality in Australia was established based on relevant laws and regulations. Its system stepwise was composed of risk assessment and mitigation as well as risk identification and analysis of illegal logging possibility in accordance with origins and species. Eventually, this study clarified the structure of due diligence systems and evaluated the crucial points of these systems based on standards of ISO risk management. Results of this study will contribute to our understanding of timber legality towards sustainable development. Keywords: International Standard Organization (ISO), Timber Legality System, Due Diligence, Risk Management ID: 3623617 -
DocumentOther documentEconomic analysis of adaptation options toward drought-induced risk in forest: financial balance and/or carbon balance
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Forests provide ecosystem services that contribute to human well-being and reduce social vulnerability. Nowadays, the pace of changes induced by climate change is being too fast for a natural and spontaneous forest adaptation.
Drought is a natural phenomenon affecting forest productivity and health especially when its intensity is extreme. In Europe, trees are suffering from severe water shortage occurring particularly in early summer. While drought is considered as one of the main damaging abiotic risks, its induced impacts on forest health have been underestimated for a very long time due to inconspicuous damage at first sight.
In this context, forests need adaptation to reduce vulnerability to drought-induced dieback and to anticipate and cope with this increasing risk.
Different adaptation strategies were tested and combined through forest-management-based and market-based adaptations using original methods.
This thesis provided the following main results for the considered case studies and under some assumptions. First, the results proved that adaptation is relevant to face drought-induced risk of dieback: Adaptation, both forest-management-based and market-based, provides always the best scenario as opposed to the baseline or the “do-nothing” scenario from an economic perspective. Second, combining forest-management-based adaptation strategies appeared as a relevant way to adapt forests in view of a drought-induced risk of forest dieback. The combination of different strategies was therefore more beneficial for the forest owner than each strategy separately (synergy vs. additionality). However, not all adaptation options appear relevant (i.e. maladaptation). In the same vein, while forest insurance against drought-induced risk can be an option, the low gain of current contracts cannot provide enough incentive for forest owners to adopt these insurance contracts. Keywords: Adaptive and integrated management, Climate change, Research, Sustainable forest management ID: 3482552 -
DocumentOther documentEconomic analysis of forestry market by introducing positive list system (A case study of walnut market 2019)
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.The Korean Government has been introduced and implementing the PLS system for all forestry products, agricultural products, and marine products from January 2019, including all of imported foods. This shall be used within a certain standard only for pesticides registered for each crop, and the uniform standard (0.01 ppm) shall be applied to pesticide MRLs in Foods. In other words, the food safety of people will be improved by strictly managing pesticides whose risks have not been verified from the stage of crop production and import. Replacing pesticides currently used in with registered pesticides or prohibiting them can have an negative effect of production. In terms of supply with the price and cost relationship, PLS is likely to increase pesticide prices, and then increase of production costs, and then finally, overall increase in market prices; and with respect to the imported food market PLS will possibly increase prices for the imported products to meet PLS standards. Forestry trade of 2020 is relatively decreased about –5.2%($8.43 billion) by $8.89 billion in 19 years. Looking at the walnut market (producer, consumer) welfare analysis results from the implementation of PLS as of 2018, the supply increase benefit from the fall in the nonconformity rate of PLS system implementation was estimated at KRW 22,655,000. Keywords: Research, Food systems, Research, Agriculture, Biodiversity conservation ID: 3603188
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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookGlobal Forest Resources Assessment 2020
Main report
2020FAO completed its first assessment of the world’s forest resources in 1948. At that time, its major objective was to collect information on available timber supply to satisfy post-war reconstruction demand. Since then, the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) has evolved into a comprehensive evaluation of forest resources and their condition, management and uses, covering all the thematic elements of sustainable forest management. This, the latest of these assessments, examines the status of, and trends in, forest resources over the period 1990–2020, drawing on the efforts of hundreds of experts worldwide. The production of FRA 2020 also involved collaboration among many partner organizations, thereby reducing the reporting burden on countries, increasing synergies among reporting processes, and improving data consistency. The results of FRA 2020 are available in several formats, including this report and an online database containing the original inputs of countries and territories as well as desk studies and regional and global analyses prepared by FAO. I invite you to use these materials to support our common journey towards a more sustainable future with forests. -
BookletCorporate general interestStandard operating procedure for soil available phosphorus - Bray I and Bray II method 2021
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No results found.P-Bray 1 and P-Bray 2 methods are normally limited to acid soils with water pH values less than 6.8. The P-Bray 1 Method removes a fraction of the “adsorbed” phosphorus (Al-P, Fe-P, Mn-P and Ca-P but less efficient) while the P-Bray 2 Method is best suited to acid soils where rock phosphate has been the primary P fertilizer source and/or the major portion of P exists in the soil in various forms of calcium phosphate. Bray extractants should not be used on alkaline soils because the acid tends to be neutralized and/or excessive calcium phosphates may be extracted, giving a false high test for available P. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookGlobal Forest Resources Assessment 2025 2025FAO completed its first assessment of the world’s forest resources in 1948. Since then, the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) has evolved into a comprehensive evaluation of forest resources and their condition, management and uses, covering all the thematic elements of sustainable forest management. This, the latest of these assessments, examines the status of, and trends in, forest resources over the period 1990–2025, drawing on the efforts of hundreds of experts worldwide. The results of FRA 2025 are available in several formats, including this report, an interactive story on key findings and an online database at https://fra-data.fao.org.