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Resilient food systems – A proposed analytical strategy for empirical applications

Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2021. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper 21-10














Constas, M.A., d’Errico, M., Hoddinott, J.F. and Pietrelli, R. 2021. Resilient food systems  A proposed analytical strategy for empirical applications. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper 21-10. Rome, FAO.




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    Towards a Resilient and Inclusive Agro-Food System through Enhanced Analytics, Targeting and Partnerships - TCP/ZIM/3802 2025
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    Agriculture is a vital source of income and food access for many people in Africa, including those in Zimbabwe. However, most farmers, fishers, pastoralists, forest dwellers, and indigenous communities in rural areas are disproportionately poor, undernourished, and highly vulnerable to conflicts and weather-related challenges. Their low productivity and limited knowledge often leave them unable to access sufficient diets or escape the cycle of poverty. The drought crisis in Southern Africa, coupled with the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, has significantly hampered agricultural production and trade. According to the World Bank, Zimbabwe's gross domestic product (GDP) was expected to contract by 10 percent in 2020 due to the pandemic. The various challenging situations and macroeconomic imbalances have prompted the Government of Zimbabwe to request the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in joining the Hand-in-Hand (HIH) Initiative to enhance its capacity in addressing poverty.
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    Transport infrastructure and logistics, not least domestic food transport networks, are an integral part of agrifood systems, and play a fundamental role in ensuring physical access to food. However, the resilience of these networks has rarely been studied. This study fills this gap and analyses the structure of food transport networks for a total of 90 countries, as well as their resilience through a set of indicators. Findings show that where food is transported more locally and where the network is denser, systematic disturbances have a much lower impact. This is mostly the case for high-income countries, as well as for densely populated countries like China, India, Nigeria and Pakistan. Conversely, low-income countries have much lower levels of transport network resilience, although some exceptions exist. The study further simulates the effect of potential disruptions – namely floods – to food transport networks in three countries. The simulation illustrates the loss of network connectivity that results when links become impassable, potentially affecting millions of people. Overall, this study provides a first geospatial framework to represent and model national food transport network resilience at a global scale considering not only local production and consumption, but also international trade. It has established a new toolkit for measuring resilience, which promises further use and applications beyond this study.
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    The aim of this report is to define the strategy for the Science and Policy Interface under Component 1 of the Resilient Food Systems Programme (RFS) Hub. Under this component, FAO and UN-Environment Programme, in partnership with RFS country projects and a range of other actors and platforms and institutions in sub-Saharan Africa, aim to address institutional and policy barriers to inclusion of ecosystem services-aware approaches into policies and investments for improved and sustainable smallholder agriculture and natural resources. The focus of this component is the facilitation of dialogue, models, policies, and institutions that bridge the agricultural and environmental agendas and constituencies, at various scales.

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