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粮食及农业状况 2008年

生物能源:前景、风险和机遇











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    畜牧部门正在快速地转变,以适应全球经济的 变化和不断演变的社会预期。人们希望畜牧部门为不 断增长的城市人口提供安全充足的食物和纤维,为十 亿多贫困生产者和销售者提供生计,并且提供有关粮 食安全、环境可持续性和动物源性疾病的全球公共产 品。然而,畜牧部门转变速度之快导致其增长失衡。 这一点反映在畜牧部门内部在生产规模、强度和效率 方面出现了日益扩大的两级分化,还反映在无法预料 的社会、营养、动物卫生和环境方面的影响。畜牧部 门的转变及其转变速度给生计、人类和动物卫生以及 环境造成了系统性风险。为了应对二十一世纪的挑战 和制约,畜牧部门需要适当的制度、研究、发展干预 和治理,这些均应反映出该部门内的多样性及其所承 载的多重需求。
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    粮食及农业状况 2010-2011年
    农业中的女性 : 填性别鸿沟 促农业发展
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    在所有发展中国家地区,妇女对农村经济做出重大贡献。妇女的这一作用因地区而异,然而,妇女获取提高生产力所需资源和机会的手段总是比男人的少。增加妇女获取土地、牲畜、教育、金融服务、推广、技术和农村就业的手段,将提高妇女的生产力,促进农业增产、粮食安全、经济增长和社会福利。仅在农业投入品方面缩小性别差距这一项,就能使一亿到一点五亿人摆脱贫困。缩小性别差距没有现成蓝图,但有些基本原则普遍适用:政府、国际社会和民间社会应携手努力,按法律规定消除歧视,促进资源获取手段和机会的平等,确保农业政策和计划考虑性别问题,聆听妇女作为可持续发展平等伙伴的声音。农业方面实现男女平等,赋予妇女权能,不仅应该做到,而且对农业发展和粮食安全至关重要。
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    In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms.
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    The FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 was endorsed by FAO Council in June 2022. This new strategy replaces the previous strategy from 2017 to better FAO's climate action with the Strategic Framework 2022-2031, and other FAO strategies that have been developed since then. The Strategy was elaborated following an inclusive process of consultation with FAO Members, FAO staff from headquarters and decentralized offices, as well as external partners. It articulates FAO's vision for agrifood systems by 2050, around three main pillars of action: at global and regional level, at country level, and at local level. The Strategy also encourages key guiding principles for action, such as science and innovation, inclusiveness, partnerships, and access to finance.
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    The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018.