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Managing risk in farming







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    Book (stand-alone)
    Secondary Guidelines for Development of National Farm Animal Genetic Resources Management Plans - Management of small populations at risk 1998
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    In recognition of the importance of animal genetic resources (AnGR), and of the sizeable portion that is currently at risk of loss, and in keeping with FAO’s mandate and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) a special action programme for the Global Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources was launched by FAO in 1992. One of the objectives of this Programme is the development of Guidelines for country use. The Primary Guideline Document (FAO, 1996), mainly targeted towards policy ma kers, is designed to help countries get started to identify the main elements and objectives of an animal genetic resources management plan, and to outline the strategic policy directions required to fulfil these objectives. The Primary document is complemented and supported by four secondary documents targeted mainly at those that implement policy, administratively and technically, covering the following issues: characterization, livestock production systems description, active breed use and de velopment, and managing populations at risk to provide guidance for the management of areas identified in the primary document. These Guidelines looks at the specific aspects, options and techniques for the management of populations at risk.
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    Book (stand-alone)
    Managing risk farming
    Farm management extension guide 2
    2008
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    Farmers in developing countries are frequently exposed to the uncertainties of weather, prices and disease. Many farmers live on the edge of extreme uncertainty, sometimes falling just below, and sometimes rising just above the threshold of survival. Farmers do not know whether rainfall will be good or bad over a season; they do not know the prices they will receive for produce sold; and they do not know whether their crops will be infected by disease. These risks are not under the control of farmers but some farmers have developed ways of coping and managing them.
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    Article
    Risk Factors Associated with Avian Influenza Subtype H9 Outbreaks in Poultry Farms of Central Lowland Nepal 2022
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    Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) of subtype H9 outbreaks have been frequently occurring in major commercial hubs of Nepal including Chitwan, a central lowland area, causing substantial economic losses to the farmers. However, the risk factors associated with these outbreaks have been poorly understood, and hence, this case-control study was conducted in Chitwan, Nawalpur, and Makawanpur districts of Nepal from October 2019 to March 2020. A total of 102 farms were selected in which 51 were case farms, and 51 were controls. Case farms were avian influenza (AI)-subtype-H9-confirmed farms through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays on poultry samples. Control farms included farms that were AI-negative in the antigen test brought to the National Avian Disease Investigation Laboratory, Chitwan, for diagnosis during the study period. Each farm was visited to collect information using a semi- structured questionnaire. A total of 25 variables representing farm characteristics and biosecurity measures were considered as potential risk factors. The final multivariable model showed that distance of less than 0.5 km from the main road (OR = 4.04, 95% CI = 1.20–13.56, p = 0.023), distance of less than 1 km from a nearest infected farm (OR = 76.42, 95% CI = 7.17–814.06, p = 0.0003), and wild birds coming around the farm (OR = 6.12, 95% CI = 1.99–18.79, p = 0.0015) were risk factors for avian influenza type H9, whereas using apron or separate cloth inside the shed (OR = 0.109, 95% CI = 0.020–0.577, p = 0.0092) was shown to reduce the risk of farms being positive for AI subtype H9. These findings suggest that due consideration should be given to site selection while establishing the farms and the importance of implementing appropriate biosecurity measures, such as using separate cloth inside the shed and preventing the entry of wild birds inside the farm to reduce the potential risk of introduction of avian influenza type H9 to their poultry farms.

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