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DocumentMoving Forward in the Implementation of the Non-Legally Binding Instrument on all types of forests located in Liberia, Nicaragua, and Philippine Islands: A contribution to reducing forest deforestation and degradation 2013
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No results found.The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in collaboration with the Forestry Development Authority (FDA) held a two-day national stakeholder workshop on the implementation of the Non-legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests (NLBI, also known as the Forest Instrument)on September 27 and 28, 2011. The Forest Instrument is a voluntary agreement of member states of the United Nations Forum on Forests to enhance sustainable forest management and reduce deforestation and forest degradation. More than 80 participants from various institutions including government ministries and agencies, non-governmental organizations, private institutions, civil society organizations, the universities and youth groups , traditional authorities and the media were in attendance. The participants were presented the context and origin of the Forest Instrument, its purpose, and the policies and measures that countries need to implement. They were also presented the results of c onsultations held in the fifteen counties. Participants worked in three groups to determine Liberia’s situations relative to the implementation of the policies and measures of the Instrument. They identified several policies and measures of the NLBI that are currently not adequately addressed. Through a prioritization process, participants agreed on five (5) policies and measures that Liberia needs to pay a lot more attention to, if the country is to move forward towards sustainable forest manag ement. -
DocumentWage Inequality in International Perspective: Effects of Location, Sector, and Gender 2009
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No results found.This paper uses the well-known Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique to understand the determinants of wage-gaps between men and women, between urban and rural workers, and between those employed in the rural agricultural versus the rural non-agricultural sectors, for the 14 developing and transition economies in the RIGA-L dataset. The unexplained male-female wage gaps (i.e. the gaps that remain after controlling for a host of observable characteristics of the job and the worker) provide esti mates of labor market discrimination against women that are consistent with prior estimates from other countries, and are generally similar in rural and urban areas. We argue that countries with large unexplained urban-rural gaps, such Tajikistan and Malawi, are those in which rural to urban migration is likely to persist even in face of high urban unemployment rates. Furthermore, we find that large unexplained wage gaps in favor of non-farm employment, versus paid labor in farming, exist in T ajikistan (53%), Ecuador (44%), Nepal (36%), Nicaragua (32%), and Nigeria (30%); these would then appear to be the countries for which a shift of existing workers, with their current attributes, from the farm to the non-farm sector would have the largest impact on rural incomes. -
DocumentEffects of group size on rate of learning food locations by cattle 1998
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No results found.The rate at which grazing animals learn the location of preferred food patches is important from two standpoints. First, animals that learn fast are more efficient foragers as individuals. Second, they may impose more uneven grazing distributions with potential reductions in grazing capacity. However, when food is scarce, e.g. arid and semiarid environment, grazing efficiency becomes the ability to revisit preferred food locations. As a result, the energy spent searching for food would be minimi zed. We tested if animals trained in groups learn food locations faster than those trained as individuals. Steers were trained to find 10 trays with food in a grid of 64 trays. The steers were trained in groups or as individuals in three 8-minute sessions on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of the experiment. All steers were tested individually on days 2, 4, 6, and 8. We recorded the search path and the trays visited. No significant differences were found between treatments in any of the variables measured. This suggested that social interactions did not have a net effect on the ability of animals to find and learn location of food patches. Steers in both treatments (individual and group training) learned the locations of food over time. Covariance analysis showed that there was no significant interaction between days of experience and treatment. In other words, steers in both treatments did perform similarly over time. Steers in group treatment, however, did better than expected by chance after 5 days and those in solitary treatment after 7 days. This may suggest that individuals within a group of animals rely on the information available from other members, hence a decrease in energy spent for feed searching. In drought and when food is scarce, cattle may increase their efficiency by minimizing energy expenditure.
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