APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Edapho-climatic classification of cassava production for Africa, Asia and Latin-America and Caribbean.

Edafo-climatic Zone	Mean temperature (^°C)	No. of months dry season¹⁾	Daily temp. range (^°C)	Soil pH
1. Lowland humid	>22	0-3	<10
2. Acid sub-humid	>22	4-6	<10	<5.3
3. Non-acid sub-humid	>22	4-6	<10	>5.3
4. Lowland semi-arid	>22	7-9	<10
5. Tropical highlands	18<t<22		<10
6. Subtropical lowlands	>22		>10
7. Subtropical highlands	18<t<22		>10
8. Arid or too cold	<18	10-12

¹⁾ Dry month: Rainfall <50% Evapotranspiration
Source: P.G. Jones (personal communication).

EDAPHO-CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF CASSAVA PRODUCTION FOR AFRICA

Edapho-Climatic classification of Cassava production for Asia

EDAPHO-CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF CASSAVA PRODUCTION FOR LATIN-AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

Appendix 2. Results of erosion experiments conducted with various crops and cropping systems in four Experiment Stations in Sao Paulo, Brazil from 1993 to 1999.

Table 1. Average annual soil loss by erosion and runoff during 16 years of growing various crops on sandy soil with 12% slope in the Experiment Station of Pindorama, Sao Paulo, Brazil from 1943 to 1959

	Soil loss (t/ha)	Runoff¹⁾ (mm)
Common beans	42.8	139
Cassava	31.7	102
Cotton in rotation	30.1	96
Upland rice	28.2	126
Maize with residues burned	25.5	89
Soybean in rotation	25.5	82
Maize in rotation	24.1	91
Cotton continuous	21.8	88
Maize continuous	21.8	77
Maize + beans	18.4	70
Maize + Canavalia mulched	10.6	39
Sweetpotato	9.0	50
Maize + Canavalia incorporated	8.5	37
Maize + cow manure	4.5	23
Gordura grass	1.2	17

¹⁾Average rainfall during 16 years was 1,104 mm (range 489-1,452 mm)
Source: Quintiliano et al., 1961

Table 2. Average annual soil loss by erosion and runoff during five years of growing various crops on mixed red soil with 12.8% slope in the Experiment Station of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil from 1954 to 1959.

	Soil loss (t/ha)	Runoff (mm)
Bare fallow	51.6	66
Common beans	33.3	66
Irish potato	10.9	38
Cassava	10.7	22
Castor beans	8.2	23
Maize + beans	1.0	5
Upland rice	0.5	16
Sugarcane (2 crops/5 years)	0.1	2

¹⁾Average rainfall during five years was 1,237 mm (range 984-1,607 mm)
Source: Quintiliano et al., 1961

Table 3. Average annual soil loss by erosion and runoff during 14 years of growing various crops on massape soil with 9.4% slope at the Experiment Station of Mococa, Sao Paulo, Brazil from 1945 to 1959.

	Soil loss	Runoff¹⁾
	(t/ha)	(mm)
Cassava	53.1	254
Cotton in rotation	38.1	250
Soybeans continuous	34.7	208
Cotton continuous	32.7	228
Soybeans in rotation	26.1	146
Sugarcane	23.3	108
Maize in rotation	18.9	151
Maize + common beans	13.6	128
Maize continuous	12.2	67
Maize + Mucuna incorporated	10.3	100
Maize + manure	6.6	97
Maize + Mucuna mulched	3.0	42
Gordura grass	2.6	46

¹⁾Average rainfall over 14 years was 1,347 mm (range 943-1,791 mm)
Source: Quintiliano et al., 1961

Table 4. Average annual soil loss by erosion and runoff during 12 years of growing various crops on red soil with 8.5% slope at the Experiment Station of Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil from 1947 to 1959.

	Soil loss	Runoff¹⁾
	(t/ha)	(mm)
Castor beans	56.1	199
Common beans	54.3	180
Rami	54.2	196
Cotton	51.4	183
Cassava	42.6	170
Upland rice	36.6	143
Maize with residues incorporated	30.9	144
Peanut	30.6	134
Maize with residues burned	29.0	131
Maize+Mucuna incorporated	28.2	133
Sugarcane	21.0	88
Maize+lime	19.1	96
Maize+manure	8.9	62
Tephrosia candida	8.4	37
Jaragua grass	5.5	45

¹⁾Average annual rainfall over 12 years was 1,286 mm (range 1,110-1,663 mm)
Source: Quintiliano et al., 1961

Appendix 3. Water quality standards.

Paramaters	Drinking water quality standards										Effluent standards				WHO¹
	Unit	ISI	ICMR	WHO standard¹		Indian standard²					TNPCB tolerance limits for discharge of trade effluents				WHO¹
	Unit	ISI	ICMR	Permissible	Excessive	Acceptable	Tolerable	USPH	WHO standard	European standard	Inland surface water	Public sewers	Marine coastal areas	On land for irrigation	raw water standards
pH		6.5-8.5	6.5-9.2	7.0-8.5	<6.5 >9.2	7.0-8.5	6.5-9.2	6.0-8.5	6.5-9.2	6.5-8.5	5.5-9.0	5.5-9.0	5.5-9.0	5.5-9.0
BOD	mg/l							5	6		30	350	100	100	6
COD	mg/l							4	10	5	250	-	250	-	10
TSS	mg/l							5			100	600	100	200
TDS	mg/l	500	1500	500	1500	500	1500	500	500		2100	2100	-	2100	1500
Sulfates	mg/l	150	400	200	400	200	400	250			1000	1000	1000	1000
Chlorides	mg/l	250	1000	200	600	200	1000	250	500	25	1000	1000	-	600
Oil & Grease	mg/l										10	20	20	10	1
Electral Conductivity	mmhos/cm							300		400
Cyanides	mg/l	0.05	0.05		0.2	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05		0.2	2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ammonical Nitrogen	mg/l							0.5	0.5		50	50	50
Phosphates	mg/l							0.1			5
Nitrate Nitrogen	mg/l			45	45	45	45	<10	<45	<45					45
Iron as Fe	mg/l	0.3	1	0.3	1	0.1	1	0.3		1					50
Pesticides	mg/l							0.005		0.005	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent
Free Ammonia (as NH₃)	mg/l							0.5	0.5		5		5		0.5

ISI = Bureau of Indian Standards
ICMR = Indian Council of Applied Research
WHO = World Health Organisation
USPH = United States Public Health Drinking Water Standards
¹ WHO Standard 1963
² Burea of Indian Standards