Commodity report - Expansion of exports of forest products from developing countries - Part 1

FAO SECRETARIAT

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations put before the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development a paper (UNCTAD/FAO, 1964) which explored the prospects for expanding exports of forest products from developing countries. The paper drew attention to the fact that the prospects for this trade are unusually favorable. Features of the wood resources in developing countries, of some of the industries that process wood, and of the markets for wood products in the developed countries together lend themselves to a far faster, and larger, expansion of trade than face most of the principal product groups of developing countries. The paper examined the problems that impede, or could impede, this expansion, and the policies and actions that would permit rapid achievement of this potential.

In the period that has elapsed since the study was undertaken, exports of some forest products from developing countries have risen at a very rapid rate indeed. The present paper, prepared by J.E.M. Arnold for the second United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (1968), reviews the developments which have contributed to this major trade expansion, and in the light of present knowledge re-examines the longer term trends, and the prospects for further rapid expansion of the developing counties forest products trade - and also the policies and actions needed to achieve the development of this trade.

For reasons of space the review is kept quite brief. To this end it is confined to selected products and flows, excluding trade in those products which do not figure prominently in developing countries' aggregate exports of forest products. For a more comprehensive discussion of the world trade in forest products, and of their production and consumption, readers are referred to the FAO study Wood: world trends and prospects, and for detail at a regional or product level to the studies listed in the bibliography at the end of this paper. It should also be noted that the paper does not deal with the manufactures of wood and paper, nor with the nonwood products of the forest such as cork, resins, oils, etc.

Developments from 1959-61 to 1963-65

World trade in forest products

The value of world trade in the main primary forest products,¹ at f.o.b. export prices, grew from $5,330 million in 1959-61 to $7,180 million in 1963-65 - a substantially faster growth than was recorded over the previous six years (Table 1). In 1963-65² these products accounted for 4.2 percent of export trade of all commodities for the world as a whole, 4.9 percept for the developed countries, 3.6 percent for the centrally-planned countries, and 2.3 percent for the developing countries. However, the developing countries' export trade in these products continued to grow considerably faster than world trade, and very much faster than their trade in all commodities. By 1963-65 the developing countries accounted for 11 percent of the world forest products trade - which compares with 8.3 percent in 1959-61 and 6.5 percent in 1953-55.

¹ Excludes manufactures of wood, paper and cork, and some primary products which do not figure prominently in trade. See Table 4 for the product coverage.

² At the time when the trade flows on which this analysis has been based were compiled, comprehensive export data were available only up to 1965. For data including 1966 obtained subsequently for most principal exporting developing countries, see the appendix to this report.

Most of the world trade in forest products (70 percent) continued to take place among developed countries - but the dominance of this flow in the total is slowly diminishing (Table 2). Trade from developing to developed countries grew by an average of 16.7 percent annually over the period 1959-61 to 1963-65, to overtake the reverse flow as the second largest forest products trade movement between or among the three country groupings distinguished in Table 1. The net adverse balance of $179 million in the developing countries' aggregate forest products trade with the developed countries became over this period a positive balance of $56 million.³ There was also a strong growth in the large trade from centrally-planned to developed countries (15.5 percent annually), in the much smaller flows among developing countries (9.2 percent annually) and among centrally-planned countries (9.6 percent annually), and in the even smaller trade from the latter to the former (10.1 percent annually). There continued to be virtually no forest products trade from developing to centrally-planned countries.

³ Measured in f.o.b. export prices. There was still a small net adverse balance between the actual values of exports (f.o.b.) from, and imports (c.i.f.) into, the developing countries as a whole.

TABLE 1.- VALUE OF EXPORTS OF MAIN FOREST PRODUCTS¹ AND OF ALL COMMODITIES, 1953-55, 1959-61 AND 1963-65

	Main forest products¹					All commodities
	Average annual value			Average annual increase		Average annual value			Average annual increase
	1953-55	1959-61	1963-65	1954-60	1960-64	1953-55	1959-61	1963-65	1954-60	1960-64
	U.S. $1,000 million f.o.b			Percent		U.S. $1,000 million f.o.b			Percent
World	4.32	5.33	7.18	3.6	7.7	87.5	125.9	170.8	6.2	7.9
Developed countries	3.75	4.45	5.68	2.8	6.3	56.6	84.0	116.5	6.8	8.5
Developed countries	0.28	0.44	0.77	7.8	15.0	22.3	26.9	34.1	3.2	6.1
Centrally-planned economies	0.29	0.44	0.73	7.1	13.5	8.6	15.0	20.2	9.7	7.8

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics on tropical timber (annual). - United Nations. Yearbook of international trade statistics. - Annual national trade publications.

¹ See Table 4 for product coverage.

In 1963-65, nearly two fifths of world trade in forest products (by value) was in processed products, nearly one half in semiprocessed forms, and a little more than one tenth as wood raw material. The share of the trade as raw material actually grew slightly over the period 1959-61, most of the additional quantities being supplied by the developing countries whose forest products exports, in marked contrast to the exports of the other two country groups, continue to be primarily in this form.

Forest products trade of the developing countries

In 1963-65, roundwood in fact accounted for more than half (by value) of the exports of forest products from developing countries. Sawnwood accounted for one quarter, and veneer and plywood together for one seventh. There was little export of pulp and paper or of boards (particle and fibreboard). With a few important exceptions, the greater part of developing countries' forest products exports in fact is still confined to a limited number of hardwoods from the tropical rain forests - woods with sought-after aesthetic, machining or use characteristics of kinds which it is increasingly difficult to supply in large quantities from the indigenous forests of the temperate zones. The trade is therefore shared by only a limited number of countries, but the number of developing countries exporting forest products in significant quantities is growing. Nevertheless, outside the tropical rain forest zones of west central Africa and southeast Asia most developing countries still have an adverse net balance in trade in forest products, and in many the net import bill is increasing (FAO/UNCTAD, 1966).

TABLE 2. - RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF TRADE FLOWS IN MAIN FOREST PRODUCTS,¹ 1953-55, 1959-61 AND 1963-65

Direction of trade flow	1953-55		1959-61		1963-65
	Average annual value U.S. $ million f.o.b.	Percentage of all trade	Average annual value U.S. $ million f.o.b.	Percentage of all trade	Average annual value U.S. $ million f.o.b.	Percentage of all trade
Between developed countries	3246	76	3813	71	4990	70
Between developing countries	92	2	111	2	158	2
Between centrally planned countries	131	3	131	3	189	3
From developed to centrally-planned countries	87	2	134	3	136	2
From centrally planned to developed countries	138	3	256	5	456	6
From developed to developing countries	412	9	505	9	550	8
From centrally planned to developing countries	25	1	53	1	78	1
From developing to developed countries	184	4	326	6	605	8
From developing to centrally-planned countries	1	-	4	-	4	-
TOTAL	4316	100	5333	100	7166	100

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics on tropical timber (annual). - Annual national trade publications.

¹ See Table 4 for product coverage.

In 1963-65, more than three quarters of the total exports of forest products from developing countries went to developed countries, and this trade between the two groups of countries grew by nearly $280 million in the four-year period from 1959 to 1961. No less than 37 percent of this additional trade from developing to developed countries flowed from Asia to Japan and 30 percent from Africa to western Europe (Table 3). A further 18 percent went from Asia to North America. Asia's exports of forest products to developed countries showed the largest and faster rise over the four years, more than doubling in value. Africa's exports rose by nearly two thirds, but Latin America's grew hardly at all, in aggregate.

TABLE 3. - EXPORTS OF MAIN FOREST PRODUCTS I FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, 1953-55

Developing countries	Total developed countries	United States, Canada	Western Europe	Australia New Zealand South Africa	Japan
1953-55
Latin America	40	21	18	1	-
Near East	1	-	1	-	-
Asia	68	9	22	7	30
Africa	75	6	67	2	-
TOTAL	184	36	108	10	30
1959-61
Latin America	39	20	18	1	-
Near East	3	1	2	-	-
Asia	138	22	25	15	76
Africa	146	6	132	8	-
TOTAL	326	49	177	24	76
1963-65
Latin America	44.5	19	25	0.5	-
Near East	6.3	0.3	6	-	-
Asia	310	72	37	22	179
Africa	247	9	216	21	1
TOTAL	605	99	283	43	180

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics on tropical timber (annual). - Annual national trade publications.

¹ See Table 4 for product coverage.

In 1963-65 roundwood accounted for about 60 percent of the forest products exported from developing to developed countries and between 1959-61 and 1963-65 roundwood exports grew by about 80 percent (Table 4). But the concurrent exports of processed forest products from developing to developed countries in aggregate grew as rapidly - in contrast to the 1950s, when the rate of growth in exports of the latter lagged badly behind trade in logs. In order to examine more closely this important upsurge in the developing countries' wood exports in processed form in recent years, it will be pertinent to look in more detail at what has happened to the individual products and producers.

HARDWOOD LOGS

Though there was an acceleration in the growth in exports of processed forest products from developing countries, there was no slowing down in aggregate in their exports of roundwood. Total exports of hardwood logs from developing countries grew by two thirds, and by $192 million, between 1959-61 and 1963-65; with $158 million of this going to developed countries (Annex table 1). Asia's exports to Japan rose by $97 million and Africa's to Europe by $59 million. Though the trade, and the growth in trade, was virtually confined to these two flows (largely because freight costs add so rapidly to the landed cost of roundwood), the expansion in exports was spread more widely among the producing countries, in west central Africa and southeast Asia, than hitherto. Output tended to expand more slowly from some of the earlier leaders in the trade (Annex table 2); partly because of tightening supplies, at least of sought-after woods, and partly because of a steady build-up in domestic industries to process the woods before export. Processing industries have also expanded rapidly during the 1960s in a number of countries in east Asia and the Near East which are outside the tropical rain forest areas but well placed both to import tropical hardwood logs and to export processed hardwood products to markets in the developed countries. In the past few years a large flow of hardwood logs has built up from southeast Asia to other countries in Asia where the more important of these in transit industries have been established.

SAWN HARDWOOD

Exports by developing countries of sawn hardwood (most of it of tropical species) grew over the period 1959-61 to 1963-65 by more than 30 percent, and by $32 million (Annex table 3), not so fast a rate of growth as the export of hardwood logs, but considerably faster than the growth in total world trade in sawn hardwood (+ 22 percent), and faster than growth in world consumption. Sawn hardwood from developing countries therefore continued to gain ground, and by 1963-65 these countries were supplying 43 percent of all sawn hardwood entering international trade.

Of the $32 million increase in developing countries' exports, $29 million went to developed countries. Asia's exports to developed countries grew by $15.8 million with substantial market gains in western Europe (+ $8.2 million), South Africa and Australia (together, and with New Zealand, + $5.8 million) and in North America (+ $1.4 million). The greater part of this expansion in exports was achieved by Malaysia and Singapore (Annex table 4) where modern and efficient industries have been built up. Africa also increased its exports, mainly to Europe (+ $12 million).⁴ There was very little increase in Latin America's aggregate exports to developed countries in this period, but in the last few years trade in sawn hardwood from parts of Latin America to North America has begun to expand, with Brazil and Colombia as the principal exporters to date. There was also some expansion (+ $3 million) in trade in sawn hardwood between developing countries.

⁴ In contrast to most of the rest of the trade, there has apparently been a sharp rise between 1969-61 and 1963-65 in the average unit value of sawn hardwood exported from Africa. In terms of volume, Asia supplied 70 percent of the additional sawn hardwood exported to developed countries by developing countries during this period Africa 26 percent and Latin America 4 percent.

TABLE 4. - DEVELOPING COUNTRIES EXPORTS TO DEVELOPED COUNTRIES BY PRODUCT CATEGORY, 1953-55, 1959-61 AND 1963-65 (Average annual value in U.S. $ million f.o.b.)

	1963-55	1959-61	1963-65
Roundwood	90.2	197.2	359.8
Pulpwood	-	2.5	3.7
Pitprops	0.6	-	0.6
Coniferous logs	-	1.4	4.4
Broadleaved logs	89.6	193.3	351.1
Sawnwood, veneer and plywood	91.6	120.1	¹220.5
Coniferous sawnwood	25.5	19.6	25.0
Broadleaved sawnwood	58.0	74.2	103.1
Plywood	8.1	26.3	72.1
Veneer	..	..	20.3
Pulp and paper	2.0	8.7	24.8
Wood pulp	-	3.5	18.4
Paper and paperboard	2.0	5.2	6.4
TOTAL	184	326	²605

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics on tropical timber (annual). - Annual national trade publications.

¹ Excluding trade in veneer, which was not recorded for the earlier periods, this figure would be in the region Of U.S. $200.2 million.

² Excluding trade in veneer, this figure would be in the region of U.S. $585 million.

SAWN SOFTWOOD

The trade in sawn softwood from developing countries (Annex table 5) is largely confined to the large exports from Brazil and to exports from Central America - the only two areas in the developing world with large indigenous coniferous resources - to other parts of Latin America, to Europe and to North America. Most other exporters (Annex table 6) export plantation-grown wood. In aggregate the developing countries' exports of sawn softwood rose during the period 1959-61 to 1963-65 by only 12 percent, and by $6.4 million. Of this $5.3 million was due to increased exports to developed countries - principally a growth in exports from Latin America to Europe. China (Mainland) also built up an export of sawn softwood to Japan.

PLYWOOD

The fastest, and in many ways the most important, growth among forest products exports of developing countries has been in plywood and veneer, nearly all of it of tropical hardwoods. Exports of plywood from developing countries (Annex table 7) grew by more than 150 percent between 1959-61 and 1963-65 and by $51 million, of which $46 million was due to increased exports to developed countries. By 1963-65 developing countries accounted for more than one quarter of all plywood entering international trade, which compares with one sixth in 1959-61 and one tenth in 1953-55.

The greater part of the increase was in Asia's exports to North America (+ $38 million), and most of this came from in-transit industries in log-importing countries (Annex table 8), whose exports have grown at a spectacular rate.

Exports from in-transit industries which import tropical hardwood logs have fast become a major element of the world's hardwood plywood trade. The pioneer was Japan in the- 1950s, shipping to the United States market. In 1960 Japan exported 274,500 cubic meters of tropical hardwood plywood. As is shown in Annex table 8, in the period since 1960 both China (Taiwan) and the Republic of Korea have each rapidly built up exports to about this level (while Japan's exports have fallen off). These two countries now rank fourth and fifth among the world's exporters of plywood. Most of the growth in this in-transit processing has been in east Asia, to supply the United States market, but there has also been a similar but smaller development in the Near East, to supply European markets. Some western European countries also export plywood made from imported tropical hardwood logs. In 1964 in transit producers from this raw material were in total supplying nearly three quarters of all the tropical hardwood plywood entering world trade, and developed countries among these producers more than one quarter.

At the same time, some primary producing countries in the tropics also expanded their exports over the period; the principal ones being the Philippines (+ 103 percent), exporting mainly to the United States, and some countries in west Africa exporting mainly to western Europe.

VENEERS

Exports of veneer from developing countries, again virtually all of tropical hardwoods, apparently nearly trebled,⁵ rising between 1959-61 and 1963-65 by about $14 million; virtually all of it to developed countries. Three types of veneer are involved: decorative face veneer, packaging veneer and core veneer for manufacture into plywood in the importing countries. It is the latter which is growing fastest. Manufacture of veneer is a much simpler process to establish and operate than plywood manufacture, but achieves the desirable weight and volume savings before shipping. Its simplicity has permitted its successful introduction into a wider range of tropical hardwood producing countries than has been the case with plywood (Annex table 9). The increases in exports were principally from Asia, mainly to North America, and from Africa to North America and western Europe.

⁵ It is probable that where the trade is small veneers are not always recorded separately in trade statistics. Coverage in this section may therefore be incomplete.

PULP AND PAPER

Both relatively and in absolute terms exports of pulp and paper from developing countries remain small, and their exports to developed countries are smaller still. Of a growth of $16 million in the exports of wood pulp and paper from developing to developed countries (Annex table 10), $11.5 million represent the flow from a new export mill in Swaziland, most of it to neighboring South Africa and to Europe. The other flows - from Algeria, Angola and Morocco to Europe - are much smaller and have not grown appreciably (Annex table 11). Intraregional trade between developing countries, on the other hand, did grow; in particular in Latin America where Chile has become an important supplier of wood-pulp and newsprint. China (Taiwan) has recently been exporting growing quantities of paper and paperboard to other Asian countries.

In summary, during the period 1959-61 to 1963-65 there was a very substantial expansion in developing countries' exports of forest products to developed countries. It was still overwhelmingly in tropical hardwoods, and still three fifths of it was as logs, but the trade in processed form has grown as rapidly as the trade in logs. Over the decade to 1963-65 there has in fact been a major expansion in exports of processed forest products, and in the last few years the share of the wood outflow exported in processed form appears to have been rising. This growth has in large part been due to the emergence of large modern processing industries in a small number of developing countries, but a considerably larger and growing number have shared in it in a smaller way. Asia accounted for most of the growth in exports of processed forest products, and also the greater part of the expansion in exports of roundwood. Africa accounted for most of the rest of the increase. Latin America is only now beginning to show signs of sharing in this expansion in trade to developed countries.

Western Europe was the principal market, taking more than two fifths of the increase in developing countries' forest products exports during this period. Japan took one third; North America one sixth and Australia and New Zealand and South Africa together rather less than one tenth. Japan's imports of forest products from developing countries continued to be nearly all in roundwood, and the markets for the processed among the products were, in order of importance: North America, two fifths; western Europe, nearly two fifths; and Australia and New Zealand and South Africa, one fifth. There was no increase in the very small imports of tropical hardwoods by the centrally-planned countries, in aggregate.

J.E.M.A.

Note on data sources

The primary source used was the data reported annually to FAO by countries for the Yearbook of forest products statistics. This distinguishes for each country total quantity and value of imports and exports of each forest product reported upon in this paper, and shows, again for each country, quantities of imports and exports of each of these products by country of origin and destination. These reported data were supplemented where necessary from the annual Statistics on tropical timber of OECD and from national trade publications.

The trade flow matrices for 1963-65 were based on the data on quantity of exports, using three-year averages. Average annual f.o.b. export prices were arrived at, region by region, for each product for the same period, and applied to the quantitative figures to give the value matrices. The matrices for 1953-55 and 1959-61 were taken from the earlier study Prospects for expanding forest products from developing countries (UNCTAD/FAO, 1964). However, the value matrices for 1959-61 were revised for inclusion in the present paper to incorporate improved calculations of average annual export prices for that period.

The present paper deals only with exports of forest products from developing countries. The corresponding trade flow matrices for total annual world trade in these forest products in 1963-65 are to be found in the FAO Yearbook of forest products statistics 1967, and those for 1959-61 and 1953-55 in the FAO Commodity review 1964: especial supplement. Trade in agricultural commodities in the United Nations Development Decade.

References

FAO. 1964, Prospects for expanding forest products exports from developing countries. Document, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva. E/CONF.46/70.

FAO. 1966, The export of processed forest products from developing to developed countries. Document, UNCTAD, Trade and Development Board, Committee on Manufactures, Joint UNCTAD/FAO Working Party on Forest and Timber Products, Geneva. TD/B/C.2/AC.2/10.

FAO. 1975, Agricultural commodities: projections for and 1967-1985. Rome.

FAO. 1967, Wood: world trends and prospects. Rome. FFHC Basic Study No. 16. (Also in Unasylva, Vol. 20, Nos. 1-2, Rome, FAO, 1966.)

APPENDIX

ANNEX TABLE 1. - EXPORTS OF HARDWOOD LOGS FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, BY DESTINATION 1953-55, 1959-61 AND 1963-65 (Average annual values in U.S. $ million f.o.b)

NOTE:. Detail may not add to totals due to rounding and to unallocable exports.

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics on tropical timber (annual). - Annual national trade publications.

ANNEX TABLE 2. - PRINCIPAL DEVELOPING COUNTRY EXPORTERS OF HARDWOOD LOGS: TOTAL EXPORTS 1960-66 (Thousand cubic meters)

	1960	1961	1962	1963	1964	1965	1966
Philippines	4260.0	4580.0	4790.0	6520.0	¹6210.0	¹6795.0	¹8070.0
Malaysia: Malaya	²24.5	²4.1	²1.5	²60.6	²49.9	²28.4	1402.5
Sabah	1772.9	2257.3	2468.8	3000.8	3384.0	3796.5	4855.5
Sarawak	349.4	492.9	688.4	874.7	866.3	1205.8	1931.8
Ivory Coast	848.0	1019.0	1179.0	1445.0	1858.9	1904.0	1852.3
Gabon	1199.7	1224.0	1064.0	1157.4	1339.0	1225.4	-
Nigeria.	801.3	732.6	584.9	666.4	772.8	585.2	560.3
Ghana.	1042.2	774.9	576.3	670.5	688.6	559.8	476.6
Congo (Brazzaville)	335.0	321.3	360.2	425.0	536.9	526.0	-
Paraguay	147.2	171.4	121.8	96.0	236.0	301.0	-
Cameroon	144.4	164.7	156.8	206.6	228.3	190.7	264.5
Burma	103.3	73.4	97.5	195.0	110.0	-	-
Indonesia	115.3	105.2	77.7	¹31.7	¹88.7	¹129.1	¹165.4
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the	97.0	79.8	75.9	88.8	82.8	-	-
Cambodia	87.4	127.0	82.8	75.2	66.7	66.9	-
Colombia	40.2	52.6	84.9	92.6	60.3	79.8	-

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics on topical timber (annual). Annual national trade publications.

¹ Derived from statistics of importing countries. -² Exports from Malaya - including Singapore - therefore figure does not Show trade between the two.

ANNEX TABLE 3. - EXPORTS OF SAWN HARDWOOD FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, BY DESTINATION, 1953-55, 1959-61 AND 1963-65 (Average annual values in U.S. $ million f.o.b.)

NOTE. Detail may not add to totals due to rounding and to unallocable exports.

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics on tropical timber (annual). - Annual national trade publications.

ANNEX TABLE 4. - THE PRINCIPAL DEVELOPING COUNTRY EXPORTERS OF SAWN HARDWOOD, TOTAL EXPORTS, 1960-66 (Thousand cubic meters)

	1960	1961	1962	1963	964	1965	1966
Singapore	412.2	346.1	388.7	487.9	652.0	734.0	440.0
Malaysia: Malaya	412.2	346.1	388.7	487.9	652.0	734.0	376.0
Sarawak	234.6	194.2	182.6	207.6	260.8	270.9	221.8
Ghana	236.2	246.4	264.0	236.9	252.1	229.8	205.0
Ivory Coast	33.0	39.0	48.0	56.2	95.7	158.0	182.8
Philippines	180.3	191.0	122.7	115.4	135.0	79.0	112.0
Burma	54.7	79.9	99.0	120.0	130.0	-	-
Mozambique	82.9	73.8	65.2	71.9	106.0	-	-
Thailand	183.0	122.8	93.7	96.0	108.6	89.5	-
Nigeria	59.4	62.3	66.2	77.4	86.7	81.8	74.3
Brazil	17.9	16.3	20.1	29.6	43.6	65.1	71.2
Colombia	45.9	38.4	32.7	49.2	82.6	44.4	47.2
Congo, Dem. Rep. of	56.7	36.6	35.1	35.1	40.8	-	-
China (Taiwan)	16.5	0.2	39.7	39.4	43.7	42.2	47.2

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics on tropical timber (annual). - Annual national trade publications.

ANNEX TABLE 5. - EXPORTS OF SAWN SOFTWOOD FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, BY DESTINATION, 1953-55, 1959-61 AND 1963-65 (Average annual values in U.S. $ million f.o.b.)

ANNEX TABLES 6. - PRINCIPAL DEVELOPING COUNTY EXPORTERS OF SAWN SOFTWOOD, TOTAL EXPORTS, 1960-66 (Thousand cubic meters)

	1960	1961	1962	1963	1964	1965	1966
Brazil	924.5	1091.1	815.7	793.8	1052.5	1125.1	1193.2
Honduras	221.8	173.3	153.8	183.3	227.9	241.4	-
Chile	11.2	31.9	24.0	27.6	55.7	78.2	42.8
China (Taiwan)	-	1.5	15.3	32.9	43.5	48.5	48.3
Kenya	11.3	8.7	10.5	10.4	13.6	18.3	16.6
Swaziland	18.3	20.7	47.0	17.1	10.2	10.2	-
Mexico	25.1	29.4	23.4	17.3	11.7	14.8	8.9

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics on tropical timber (annual). - Annual national trade publications.

ANNEX TABLE 7. - EXPORTS OF PLYWOOD FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, BY DESTINATION, 1953-55, 1959-61 AND 1963-65 (Average annual values in U.S. $ million f.o.b.)

NOTE. Detail may not add to totals due to rounding and to unallocable exports.

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics on tropical timber (annual). - Annual national trade publications.

ANNEX TABLE 8. - PRINCIPAL DEVELOPING COUNTRY EXPORTERS OF HARDWOOD PLYWOOD, TOTAL EXPORTS, 1960-66 (Thousand cubic meters)

	1960	1961	1962	1963	1964	1965	1966
Korea, Rep. of¹	2.3	11.7	17.8	54.1	102.7	176.8	272.8
China (Taiwan)¹	19.7	51.8	72.5	133.4	208.4	222.2	260.8
Philippines	50.8	72.6	84.2	119.1	169.4	148.9	175.5
Gabon	50.4	53.9	58.3	59.4	55.7	51.2	-
Israel¹,	23.3	20.7	25.5	38.3	43.7	48.1	44.4
Nigeria	19.1	18.0	23.0	21.0	22.0	34.0	30.0
Singapore¹	²4.9	²2.4	²2.7	²2.3	²4.9	²10.9	28.3
Malaysia	²4.9	²2.4	²2.7	²2.3	²4.9	²10.9	17.9
Surinam	12.1	13.7	13.7	16.3	15.1	13.3	11.6
Ghana	4.3	4.1	12.3	13.8	14.2	11.7	13.6
Ryukyu Islands	-	-	-	11.7	12.4	14.6	12.0
Subtotals:
Primary producers	²141.6	²164.7	²194.2	²231.9	²281.3	²270.0	248.6
In-transit producers	45.3	84.2	115.8	237.5	367.2	461.7	618.3

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics on tropical timber (annual). - Annual national trade publications.

¹ In-transit producers based on imported tropical hardwood logs. -²Includes exports from Singapore.

ANNEX TABLE 9. - PRINCIPAL DEVELOPING COUNTRY EXPORTERS OF HARDWOOD VENEER, TOTAL EXPORTS, 1960-66 (Thousand cubic meters)

	1960	1961	1962	1963	1964	1965	1966
Philippines	36.0	36.7	55.2	93.3	139.8	100.6	109.7
Congo (Brazzaville)	8.9	9.0	8.6	9.3	17.3	37.7	..
Congo, Dem. Rep.. of the	22.8	30.7	30.3	26.2	34.9	..	..
Gabon	13.4	15.8	15.3	19.9	24.4	19.9	..
Malaysia: Sabah	2.3	-	3.0	6.9	9.1	9.9	9.0
Sarawak	1.7	4.3	10.2	13.5	4.5	12.1	9.4
Costa Rica	2.1	2.9	6.0	4.2	5.6	7.1	6.3

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics on tropical timber (annual). - Annual national trade publications.

ANNEX TABLE 10. - EXPORTS OF WOOD PULP AND PAPER FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (Average annual values in U.S. $ million f.o.b.)

NOTE. Detail may not add to totals due to rounding and to unallocable exports

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics on tropical timber (annual). - Annual national trade Publications.

ANNEX TABLE E 11. - PRINCIPAL DEVELOPING COUNTRY EXPORTERS OF WOOD PUT P. PAPER AND PAPERBOARD TOTAL: EXPORTS 1960-66 (Thousand metric tons)

	1960	1961	1962	1963	1964	1965	1966
Chile
Wood pulp	13.7	34.0	24.0	15.5	11.5	18.2	59.4
Paper and paperboard	28.9	33.7	24.9	30.5	39.1	61.4	64.7
Swaziland
Wood pulp	-	-	2.1	70.8	90.3	...	104.3
Morocco
Wood pulp	15.4	18.1	18.9	29.0	27.9	...	...
Paper and paperboard	17.3	15.2	14.4	14.2	10.7	...	...
China (Taiwan)
Wood pulp	1.9	0.9	0.3	2.1	-	-	...
Paper and paperboard	11.9	11.0	21.5	17.1	16.8	25.9	51.5
Brazil
Wood pulp	0.3	3.3	8.8	3.0	13.9	46.0	23.4
Paper and paperboard	-	-	0.1	-	0.1	0.2	0.3
Angola
Wood pulp	-	-	10.0	19.6	18.1	22.7	...
Algeria
Paper and paperboard	18.7	...	...	...	18.0	...	...

SOURCES: FAO. Yearbook of forest products statistics. - OECD. Statistics or' tropical timber (annual). - Annual national trade publications.

NINTH COMMONWEALTH FORESTRY CONFERENCE Some 180 delegates from 16 member countries of the Commonwealth and several international agencies met in New Delhi, India, in January 1968 for the Ninth Commonwealth Forestry Conference. The last such conference was held in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1962. Elected Chairman was Shri Hari Singh, Inspector-General of Forests, India. Attending on behalf of FAO were Jack C. Westoby and J.E.M. Arnold from headquarters at Rome, and E.G. Freden and I. Sjostedt, project managers of the two forestry United Nations Development Program (Special Fund) projects in operation in India. The conference divided into six technical committees - forest policy; silviculture, management and economics; harvesting, utilization and marketing; forest protection; recreation and amenity; forest products.