Annex. Summary of the strength of evidence for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, dental disease and osteoporosis^a

Obesity

Type 2 diabetes

CVD

Cancer Dental disease

Osteoporosis

Energy and fats

High intake of energy-dense foods

C

Saturated fatty acids

P

C^b

Trans fatty acids

C

Dietary cholesterol

P

Myristic and palmitic acid

C

Linoleic acid

C¯

Fish and fish oils (EPA and DHA)

C¯

Plant sterols and stanols

P¯

a-Linolenic acid

P¯

Oleic acid

P¯

Stearic acid

P-NR

Nuts (unsalted)

P¯

Carbohydrate

High intake of NSP(dietary fibre)

C¯

P¯

P¯

Free sugars (frequency and amount)

C^c

Sugar-free chewing gum

P¯^c

Starch^d

C-NR

Wholegrain cereals

P¯

Vitamins

Vitamin C deficiency

C^e

Vitamin D

C¯^f

C¯^g

Vitamin E supplements

C-NR

Folate

P¯

Minerals

High sodium intake

C

Salt-preserved foods and salt

P^h

Potassium

C¯

Calcium

C¯^g

Fluoride, local

C¯^c

Fluoride, systemic

C¯^c

P-NR^g

Fluoride, excess

C^f

Hypocalcaemia

P^f

Meat and fish

Preserved meat

Pⁱ

Chinese-style salted fish

C^j

Fruits (including berries) and vegetables

Fruits (including berries) and vegetables

C¯^k

P¯^k

C¯

P¯^l

Whole fresh fruits

P-NR^c

Beverages, non-alcoholic

Sugars-sweetened soft drinks and fruit juices

P

P^m

Very hot (thermally) drinks (and food)

Pⁿ

Unfiltered boiled coffee

P

Beverages, alcoholic

High alcohol intake

C^o

C^p

C^g

Low to moderate alcohol intake

C¯^q

Other food-borne

Aflatoxins

C^r

Weight and physical activity

Abdominal obesity

C

Overweight and obesity

C

C

C^s

Voluntary weight loss in overweight and obese people

C¯

Low body weight

C^g

Physical activity, regular

C¯

C¯

C¯

C¯ⁱ

P¯^t

C¯^g

Physical inactivity/sedentary lifestyle

C

C

Other factors

Exclusive breastfeeding

P¯

Maternal diabetes

C

Intrauterine growth retardation

P

Good oral hygiene/absence of plaque

C¯^e

Hard cheese

P¯^c

Environmental variables

Home and school environments that support healthy food choices for children

P¯

Heavy marketing of energy-dense foods, and fast-food outlets

P

Adverse socioeconomic conditions

P