The list of straddling stocks in FAO (1994) was taken as a starting point for this review. Enquiries were sent to Regional Fisheries Bodies soliciting regional knowledge to refine the lists. Information was received for the Northeast and the Southeast Atlantic. For the northwest and Southwest Atlantic, and the Northeast, eastern central and Southeast Pacific, staff of the FAO Fisheries Department or its consultants applied their own informed judgements. For the western and eastern central Atlantic, the Southwest Pacific and for the Indian Oceans, catches by country (within statistical areas) were examined to determine which species were being reported by non-coastal States which were presumed to be fishing on the high seas. This information was tempered by knowledge of situations where distant-water fishing countries have access agreements to EEZs, particularly when the species in the reported catch were not known to be in commercial abundance on the high seas. Using this approach, a refined list of species (by FAO statistical area) likely to be fished as straddling stock and high seas fish stocks was prepared. This included 129 species/stocks and a brief description of the main, straddling stocks by major area as given below, and in Section 5 the same is done for the high seas fish stocks.
An examination of the continental shelves, defined for the purpose of this review by the 200-m depth contour, and the 200 nm contour from the coastline which generally corresponds to EEZs (Figure 45), suggests that there are several areas where stocks of neritic fishes and in particular of demersal fishes associated with the continental shelves could be straddling: a small area north of Russia and the United States of America in the North Pacific, a small area off Argentina in the Southeast Atlantic, the nose and tail of the Newfoundland Grand Bank off Canada in the northwest Atlantic, an area between Norway and Russia in the Northeast Atlantic (the so-called Loop Hole), an area off Mauritius and the Seychelles in the western Indian Ocean, and another area off the Russian EEZ in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Other known areas of straddling stocks are the "Donut Hole" in the middle of the Bering Sea in the Northeast Pacific, the "Peanut Hole" in the Sea of Hokhotsk in the northwest Pacific, the Challenger Plateau west of New Zealand and the South Tasmanian Rise in the eastern Indian Ocean. This implies that the United States of America, Russia, Argentina, Canada, Norway, Australia and New Zealand are the coastal States most likely affected or potentially affected by demersal straddling stocks problems. Meltzer (2005) comes to a similar conclusion about areas with the potential of straddling stocks, highlighting in addition the eastern central Atlantic (FAO area 34) off West Africa, the Southwest Atlantic (FAO area 41) and off almost the entire east coast of South America.
FIGURE 45 Continental shelf areas within and beyond the 200 nautical mile limit off the coast
The main species that constitute straddling stocks are generally well studied (e.g. cod, pollock, flounders) compared to several highly migratory species, particularly the non-tunas. Such information is readily available from various published sources of information or reports or web pages from Regional Fishery Bodies (RFB). Therefore, this document does not review the biology, and life history and migratory behaviour of these species. As indicated before, there is no global database distinguishing between catches taken from (entirely) EEZ stocks from those taken from straddling stocks, or to distinguish catches of straddling stocks within and outside EEZs. Therefore, the catch data presented later in this section is only provided as an indication of the relative importance of the species, with no indication of what portion of it comes from straddling stock(s), or from areas within or beyond the EEZ. The only graphs of catches presented in this section are for the Southern Ocean, where we report on all of the species fished in the CCAMLR convention area as if they were straddling stocks.
Straddling stocks in the northwest Pacific include Alaska (Walleye) pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), flying squid (Ommastrephes bartrami), Boreal clubhook squid (Onychoteuthys borealjaponica), Boreopacific armhook squid (Gonatopsis borealis), Pacific Ocean perch (Sebastes alutus), armourhead (Pseudopentaceros spp.) and the alfonsino (Beryx splendens). Based on FAO (2005a), the pollock is considered fully exploited while the squids vary from moderately to fully exploited, and in some cases recovering. Based on reported landings, the Pacific Ocean perch is considered depleted, while the state of armourhead and alfonsinos is not known.
Straddling stocks in the Northeast Pacific include jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus symmetricus) and Alaska (Walleye) pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). The jack mackerel is moderately exploited and the Alaska pollock is fully exploited.
There is no information on straddling stocks in the western central Pacific.
According to FAO (2005a) the straddling stocks of jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) are moderately to fully exploited in the eastern central Pacific, horse mackerel (Trachurus spp.) is underexploited, and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) is moderately exploited.
There exist two types of straddling fish stocks in the Southwest Pacific. Stocks belonging to the more common type are associated with continental shelves while stocks belonging to the less common type are associated with small islands with limited shelves whose fishery depend on oceanic resources found both within and outside their EEZs. Species with straddling stocks associated with continental shelves include orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), oreo dories (Allocyttus verrucosus, A. niger, Neocyttus rhomboidalis, Pseudocyttus maculatus) and hoki (Macruronus novaezealandiae). Straddling oceanic resources include the narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson), oceanic squids, and flying fish.
Based on FAO (2005a), orange roughy, oreo dories and hoki are fully exploited to overexploited. The Spanish mackerel are moderately exploited, oceanic squid are moderately exploited and flying fish are fully exploited.
Straddling stocks in the Southeast Pacific include jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) and Chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus murphyi). Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) is also found beyond the EEZ but the catches are small. The Chilean jack mackerel is fully or overexploited while the jumbo flying squid is moderately exploited based on FAO (2005a). Chub mackerel is reported as moderately to fully exploited.
Straddling stocks in the northwest Atlantic include cod (Gadus morhua), American plaice (Hypoglossoides platessoides), redfish (Sebastes marinus), witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), black halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), yellowtail flounder (Pleuronectes ferruginaeus), grenadiers (Macrouridae), capelin (Mallotus villosus) and shrimp (Pandalus borealis).
Based on assessments by the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) where stocks are not assessed every year (a convenient summary is found at http://www.nafo.ca/science/advice/nafo-stocks.html), cod, American plaice, redfish, witch flounder, and Atlantic halibut are depleted; black halibut are overexploited; yellowtail flounder and shrimp are fully exploited; capelin are underexploited, and the status of grenadiers is unknown. It is noted that stocks of some of the species on the Flemish Cap (NAFO Division 3M), such as cod and redfish, may be separate from EEZ stocks, and as such, may be high seas fish stocks, rather than straddling stocks.
The main "traditional" straddling stocks in the Northeast Atlantic are: blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou), oceanic redfish (Sebastes mentella), cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), black halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus), mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus).
In addition to these, the Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC, http://www.neafc.org) advises in its reply to FAO's request for input, that most deepwater species for which fisheries have recently developed should also be considered as being straddling. These species are: Baird's smoothhead (Alepocehalus bairdii), Risso's smoothhead (Alepocephalus rostratus), blue antimora or blue hake (Antimora rostrata), black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo), Iceland catshark (Apristuris spp.), greater silver smelt (Argentina silus), alfonsinos (Beryx spp.), tusk (Brosme brosme), gulper shark (Centrophorus granulosus), leafscale gulper shark (Centrophorus squamosus), black dogfish (Centroscyllium fabricii), Portuguese dogfish (Centroscymnus coelolepis), longnose velvet dogfish (Centroscymnus crepidater), deep-water red crab (Chacon (Geyron) affinis), rabbit fish (Rattail) (Chimaera monstrosa), frilled shark (Chlamydoselachus anguineus), conger eel (Conger conger), roundnose grenadier (Coryphaenoides rupestris), kitefin shark (Dalatias licha), birdbeak dogfish (Deania calceus), black (deep water) cardinal fish (Epigonus telescopus), greater lanternshark (Etmopterus princes), velvet belly (Etmopterus spinax), blackmouth dogfish (Galeus melastomus), mouse catshark (Galeus murinus), bluemouth (blue mouth redfish) (Helicolenus dactylopterus), blondnose six-gilled shark (Hexanchus griseus), orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), Mediterranean slimehead (Hoplostethus mediterraneus), large-eyed rabbit fish (ratfish) (Hydrolagus mirabilis), silver scabbard fish (cutless fish) (Lepidopus caudatus), greater eelpout (Lycodes esmarkii), roughhead grenadier (rough rattail) (Marcrourus berglax), blue ling (Molva dypterigia), ling (Molva molva), common mora (Mora moro), sailfin roughshark (sharpback shark) (Oxynotus paradoxus), red (blackspot) seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo), forkbeards (Phycis spp.), wreckfish (Polyprion americanus), round skate (Raja fyllae), Arctic skate (Raja hyperborea), Norwegian skate (Raja nidarosiensus), straightnose rabbitfish (Rhinochimaera atlantica), knifetooth dogfish (Scymnodon ringens), small redfish (Norway haddock) (Sebastes viviparous), Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus), spiny (deep sea) Atlantic thornyhead (Trachyscorpia cristulata).
Fisheries for deep-water species have developed rapidly since 1990 in the Northeast Atlantic as a result of management limitations and reduced resource availability of traditional species. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES,2005) has recently provided advice for the management of these fisheries. Although the state of exploitation of most species/stocks cannot be assessed with respect to standard criteria, the overall evaluation provided by ICES is that those fisheries are currently not sustainable. Based on ICES advice in 2005, none of the traditional straddling stocks are under or moderately exploited, herring and oceanic redfish are fully exploited, blue whiting, cod, haddock, black halibut and mackerel are overexploited, while the state of horse mackerel is uncertain.
The analysis of catches by non-coastal States described in the introduction to the chapter on straddling stocks identified catches of common cuttlefish, marine fishes nei, Octopuses etc. nei, red porgy, West African goatfish, common sole, cuttlefish, bobtail squids nei, European hake, Natantian decapods nei, croakers, drums nei, tonguefish, chub mackerel, European pilchard, jack and horse mackerel nei, alfonsinos, flatfishes nei and Senegalese hake from countries that have fishing agreements with coastal States. All of these species are distributed within EEZs and, as generally understood among the CECAF working groups, it is concluded that there are no significant fisheries for straddling stocks outside of EEZs at present in the eastern central Atlantic.
The analysis of catches by non-coastal States was also performed for the western central Atlantic. It identified catches of a mixture of coastal and oceanic species in general categories such as: sharks, rays, skates, etc. nei; croakers, drums nei; hairtails, scabbardfishes nei; marine fishes nei, and Natantian decapods nei, which suggest that these catches were probably made within EEZs under fishing agreements with coastal States. As for the eastern central Atlantic, it was concluded that there are no significant fisheries for straddling stocks outside EEZs at present in the western central Atlantic.
Straddling stocks in the in the Southwest Atlantic include short-fin squid (Illex argentinus), common squid (Loligo spp.), seven star flying squid (Martialia hyadesi), the Argentine hake (Merluccius hubbsi) and southern hake (M. polylepis), the southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis), the pink cusk eel (Genypterus blacodes), the Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides), the tadpole mora (Salilota australis), the Patagonian grenadier (Macruronus magellanicus), the grenadier (Macrourus whitsoni), the Antarctic cod (Notothenia rossii), rockcods (Notothenia spp.) and various species of sharks and rays.
Based on FAO (2005a) the state of exploitation of the stocks of short-fin squid and common squid is fully exploited, while the state of the seven star flying squid will be unknown. However, given its life history pattern, relatively wide distribution and low and occasional nature of the catches, it is unlikely that it will be fully or overexploited. The state of Argentine hake (mostly found and caught within the EEZs) are reported as overexploited or depleted, while the southern hake is considered fully exploited. The southern blue whiting is fully to overexploited, and the pink cust eel and the Patagonian toothfish are moderately to fully exploited, although FAO (2005a) notes that "there is a general perception that Patagonian toothfish is in a much critical situation due to high non-reported catches in international waters". The Patagonian grenadier is moderately exploited while the state of the tadpole mora, rockcods and the shark and rays are not known.
In reply to FAO's request to RFB's, the Southeast Atlantic Fisheries Organization (SEAFO, http://www.seafo.org/) identified the following species as straddling: alfonsinos (family Bercycidae), orange roughy, horse mackerel (Trachurus spp.), lanternfish (family Myctophidae), mackerel (Scomber spp.), skates (family Rajidae), sharks (Order Selachomorpha), armourhead (Pseudopentaceros spp.), cardinal fish (Epigonus spp.), deep-sea red crab (Chaceon maritae), octopus (family Octopodidae), squids (family Loliginidae), and wreckfish (Polyprion americanus). The state of exploitation is unknown for all of the species except for horse mackerel which are classified as fully exploited.
The narrow continental margins around the Indian Ocean result in few straddling stocks. The transboundary and straddling stocks that do exist (e.g. deep-water snapper, deep-water shrimp) are minor and are not fished to any extent: there are no high seas fisheries for these resources. The topography of the Mascarene Ridge makes this area suitable for straddling stocks as its shallow waters extends beyond the EEZ onto the high seas. Here, an important example is the Saya de Malha Bank where stocks of dame berri (Lethrinus mahsena) and capitaine (L. nebulosa) are fished within, but mainly beyond the Mauritian EEZ.
The Southern Ocean is considered to be delimited by the Antarctic Convergence where cold Antarctic waters meet warmer waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans to the north. The location of the Antarctic Convergence varies over time, but it is in the vicinity of 60 °S. The Antarctic convergence is generally considered to form the boundary of the Southern Ocean ecosystem, with relatively few species passing through it (the great whales are a notable exception).
There is a unique legal situation for the Southern Ocean (FAO statistical areas 48, 58 and 88) which is within the jurisdiction of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR, http://www.ccamlr.org/default.htm). Claims of sovereignty over the Antarctic Continent or its continental shelf have been put aside under provisions of the Antarctic Treaty, which entered into force in 1961 (http://www-old.aad.gov.au/information/treaty/treaty.asp). However, several countries have established EEZs within the Southern Ocean area of CCAMLR off the coasts of their island territories in that area, in addition to the EEZs extending from the tip of South America. Given the unique situation of the Southern Ocean with respect to territorial and jurisdictional claims, this review reports on all of the species fished in the CCAMLR convention area as if they were straddling fish stocks or high seas fish stocks. There are no fisheries for highly migratory species (as defined by Annex 1 of UNCLOS) in the Southern Ocean at present. Cetaceans or whales are listed as highly migratory species in Annex 1 of UNCLOS and, historically, the Southern Ocean was a major area for whaling. However, the International Whaling Commission currently maintains a moratorium on commercial whaling.
Prior to the mid-1960s, only whale catches were reported to FAO from the Southern Ocean. Since then, the fisheries have targeted various species including marbled rockcod, mackerel icefish, humped rockcod, south Georgian icefish, Patagonian and Antarctic toothfish and Antarctic krill. Reported catches exceeded 600 000 tonnes in the early-1980s, but since the early-1990s, they have been relatively stable around 100 000 tonnes per year, albeit with a tendency to increase. During 1990 - 2004 (Figures 46 and 47), the catches have been dominated by Antarctic krill (86 percent), Patagonian toothfish (6 percent), a lanternfish (Electrona carlsbergi), the subantarctic electron (5 percent) and the mackerel icefish at less than 2 percent. More than 50 species are reported in the remaining 1 percent of the total catches. Although Antarctic toothfish does not show up as an important species in the catch statistics, it is a concern within the convention area of CCAMLR because of IUU fishing during the late-1990s and early-2000s.
|
FIGURE 46
|
|
FIGURE 47
|
Information on the state of exploitation of Southern Ocean resources was provided by the CCAMLR Secretariat. Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is considered underexploited in FAO areas 48 and 58, while the lanternfish subantartic electron (Electrona carlsbergi), the sevenstar flying squid (Martialia hyadesi), the red stone crab (Paralomis spinosissima) and the globose king crab (P. formosa) in FAO area 48 are also considered underexploited. Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) is considered overfished in parts of FAO area 58 and fully exploited in area 48 and other parts of area 58. Mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari) is fully exploited in both areas 48 and 58 while the state of marbled rockcod (Notothenia rossii), on which the fishery is closed, is uncertain. No species are considered moderately exploited in the Southern Ocean.
No EEZs have been implemented in the Mediterranean Sea. Therefore, all fish stocks exploited within and beyond the 12 nm of territorial sea will correspond to the definition of a straddling stock. Because of the shelf configuration, fewer bottom resources are likely to be straddling except in the Gulf of Sirte, off Tunisia and Libya. Most pelagic stocks, however, including sardine, jack mackerel and mackerel stocks, are most probably straddling. The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) uses the concept of "shared" stocks to identify those exploited by two or more countries on the high seas and only by the riparian countries in territorial waters. Such stocks in the Mediterranean include hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the Gulf of Lions, deep-sea shrimps, the blue and red shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) and the giant red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea), sardines (Sardina pilchardus) in the Sea of Alboran and Adriatic Sea and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Gulf of Lions and the Adriatic Sea. Based on FAO (2005a), the state of exploitation of giant red shrimp is not known, the rose shrimp is fully exploited and the hake is overexploited. The state of sardines and anchovies ranges from underexploited to overexploited depending on the zone. It should be noted that fishing with towed gears beyond 1 000 m depth is forbidden by GFCM. As the riparian States of the Black Sea have implemented EEZs till the median line, there are no international waters in the Black Sea and, by definition, no straddling stocks.
The state of exploitation of the main species-area combinations that include straddling fish stock is summarized in Table 4. The state of exploitation is not known for 20 percent of the species/stock categories used. Overall, taking those for which information is available, it is found that 4 percent of the straddling stocks are underexploited, 12 percent are moderately exploited, 19 percent are fully exploited, 58 percent are overexploited, 6 percent are depleted and 1 percent are recovering. Based on ICES (2005) advice to NEAFC that fisheries for deep-water species (which NEAFC categorized as straddling stocks), were not sustainable, they have been classified herein as overfished. This may overstate the percentage of stocks that are overexploited, because some stocks might not yet be overexploited and management interventions may prevent them from becoming overexploited. Alternatively, their state might have been classified as unknown, given ICES' reservations about data quality and its ability to assess the state of exploitation, but in light of ICES' concerns about sustainability, it seems prudent to classify these stocks as overexploited, unless demonstrated otherwise.
|
4% of the straddling fish stocks are underexploited, 12% moderately exploited, 19% fully exploited, 58% overexploited, 6% depleted and 1% recovering |
TABLE 4
Summary of the state of exploitation of the main
species-area combinations that may contain straddling fish
stocks1
|
Species/stocks |
Major ocean area |
Catches (tonnes)2 |
State of exploitation3 |
||||
|
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
|||
|
Sharks |
SE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N |
|
Sharks, rays |
SW Atlantic |
17 607 |
14 705 |
13 736 |
14 141 |
12 297 |
N |
|
Frilled shark |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Bluntnose sixgill shark |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Blackmouth dogfish |
NE Atlantic |
45 |
34 |
280 |
218 |
158 |
N-O4 |
|
Mouse catshark |
NE Atlantic |
45 |
34 |
280 |
218 |
158 |
N-O4 |
|
Deep-water catsharks |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Iceland catshark |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N |
|
Greenland shark |
NE Atlantic |
45 |
58 |
56 |
61 |
66 |
N-O4 |
|
Gulper shark |
NE Atlantic |
141 |
248 |
401 |
919 |
672 |
N-O4 |
|
Leafscale gulper shark |
NE Atlantic |
1 937 |
1 895 |
3 042 |
2 947 |
2 556 |
N-O4 |
|
Velvet belly |
NE Atlantic |
|
|
|
5 |
10 |
N-O4 |
|
Great lanternshark |
NE Atlantic |
|
|
|
5 |
10 |
N-O4 |
|
Birdbeak dogfish |
NE Atlantic |
18 |
51 |
102 |
140 |
323 |
N-O4 |
|
Portuguese dogfish |
NE Atlantic |
1 861 |
3 225 |
3 687 |
4 232 |
4 021 |
N-O4 |
|
Longnose velvet dogfish |
NE Atlantic |
1 |
3 |
16 |
509 |
301 |
N-O4 |
|
Knifetooth dogfish |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Kitefin shark |
NE Atlantic |
311 |
189 |
40 |
735 |
603 |
N-O4 |
|
Black dogfish |
NE Atlantic |
271 |
271 |
27 |
53 |
56 |
N-O4 |
|
Sailfin roughshark |
NE Atlantic |
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
N-O4 |
|
Rays and skates nei |
SE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N |
|
Round ray |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Arctic skate |
NE Atlantic |
|
|
|
5 |
|
N-O4 |
|
Norwegian skate |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Rabbit fish [Rattail] |
NE Atlantic |
15 |
122 |
69 |
169 |
617 |
N-O4 |
|
Large-eyed rabbitfish |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Straightnose rabbitfish |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Atlantic Herring, |
NE Atlantic (Atlanto-Scandian) |
2 103 709 |
1 645 085 |
1 614 754 |
1 661 405 |
1 755 260 |
F |
|
Sardines |
Mediterranean |
215 932 |
199 927 |
189 128 |
179 178 |
187 442 |
U-O |
|
European anchovy |
Mediterranean |
391 757 |
438 381 |
481 327 |
400 636 |
455 062 |
U-O |
|
Capelin |
NW Atlantic |
21 374 |
19 751 |
13 646 |
22 455 |
36 477 |
U |
|
Greater argentine |
NE Atlantic |
28 533 |
48 731 |
37 033 |
21 395 |
32 865 |
N-O4 |
|
Baird's slickhead |
NE Atlantic |
12 |
616 |
259 |
9 663 |
7 492 |
N-O4 |
|
Risso's smooth-head |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Lanternfish |
SE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N |
|
Greater eelpout |
NE Atlantic |
28 |
37 |
43 |
30 |
49 |
N-O4 |
|
European conger |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Flying fishes nei |
SW Pacific |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
M |
|
Common mora |
NE Atlantic |
130 |
351 |
109 |
226 |
6 |
N-O4 |
|
Blue hake |
NE Atlantic |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
N-O4 |
|
Tadpole codling |
SW Atlantic |
15 555 |
8 151 |
4 648 |
7 595 |
6 299 |
N |
|
Tusk |
NE Atlantic |
31 246 |
27 019 |
25 815 |
20 760 |
19 039 |
N-O4 |
|
Atlantic cod |
NE Atlantic |
877 150 |
884 785 |
847 874 |
807 870 |
859 919 |
O |
|
Atlantic cod |
NW Atlantic |
63 201 |
60 074 |
55 337 |
41 132 |
39 649 |
D |
|
Ling |
NE Atlantic |
43 320 |
37 341 |
41 552 |
40 410 |
35 380 |
N-O4 |
|
Blue ling |
NE Atlantic |
16 146 |
18 669 |
12 538 |
11 173 |
7 785 |
N-O4 |
|
Forkbeards |
NE Atlantic |
496 |
475 |
463 |
1 081 |
855 |
N-O4 |
|
Haddock |
NE Atlantic |
196 111 |
208 290 |
247 470 |
258 707 |
299 953 |
O |
|
Alaska pollock [walleye] |
NE Pacific |
1 183 482 |
1 443 917 |
1 519 122 |
1 530 299 |
1 522 860 |
F |
|
Alaska pollock [walleye] |
NW Pacific |
1 754 748 |
1 700 548 |
1 135 732 |
1 357 663 |
1 169 079 |
F |
|
Blue whiting |
NE Atlantic |
1 445 788 |
1 793 954 |
1 557 688 |
2 373 128 |
2 418 198 |
O |
|
Southern blue whiting |
SW Atlantic |
84 321 |
78 736 |
58 843 |
60 546 |
76 596 |
F-O |
|
Hakes |
SW Atlantic |
|
354 |
186 |
|
1 434 |
F-O-D |
|
European hake |
Mediterranean |
68 897 |
52 408 |
53 950 |
55 037 |
62 951 |
O |
|
Patagonian grenadier |
SW Atlantic |
142 676 |
136 366 |
126 436 |
122 844 |
145 224 |
M |
|
Hoki |
SW Pacific |
274 615 |
247 841 |
215 302 |
209 414 |
154 532 |
M-F |
|
Grenadiers |
SW Atlantic |
10 503 |
3 209 |
6 052 |
8 253 |
5 265 |
N |
|
Roughhead grenadier |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Roughhead grenadier |
NW Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N |
|
Roundnose grenadier |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Pink cusk-eel |
SW Atlantic |
17 521 |
22 702 |
19 712 |
16 450 |
19 293 |
M-F |
|
Alfonsino |
NW Pacific |
18 |
14 |
12 |
44 |
1 |
N |
|
Alfonsino |
NE Atlantic |
139 |
130 |
272 |
949 |
1 117 |
N-O4 |
|
Alfonsino |
SE Atlantic |
302 |
318 |
236 |
229 |
324 |
N |
|
Mediterranean slimehead (Hoplostethus mediterraneus) |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Orange roughy |
NE Atlantic |
1 467 |
4 672 |
5 438 |
872 |
1 240 |
N-O4 |
|
Orange roughy |
SW Pacific |
18 007 |
14 303 |
18 515 |
18 346 |
18 157 |
F-O4 |
|
Oreodories |
SE Atlantic |
10 |
54 |
335 |
331 |
497 |
N |
|
Oreodories |
SW Pacific |
22 775 |
24 165 |
17 635 |
15 263 |
19 787 |
F-O |
|
Wreckfish |
NE Atlantic |
441 |
414 |
432 |
521 |
358 |
N-O4 |
|
Wreckfish |
SE Atlantic |
8 |
|
2 |
6 |
1 |
N |
|
Jack and horse mackerels nei |
EC Pacific |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
U |
|
Jack and horse mackerels nei |
NE Atlantic |
36 989 |
39 824 |
33 429 |
32 821 |
35 871 |
N |
|
Jack mackerel |
NE Pacific |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
M |
|
Jack and horse mackerels nei |
SE Atlantic |
|
|
|
1 941 |
234 |
F |
|
Chilean jack mackerel |
SE Pacific |
1 540 494 |
2 508 834 |
1 750 078 |
1 736 048 |
1 778 777 |
F-O |
|
Blackspot (=red) seabream |
NE Atlantic |
3 428 |
3 144 |
3 711 |
3 531 |
3 981 |
N-O4 |
|
Pelagic armourhead |
NW Pacific |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N |
|
Armourhead |
SE Atlantic |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
N |
|
Antarctic rockcods, noties neii |
SW Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N |
|
Antarctic toothfish |
Southern Ocean |
751 |
626 |
1 354 |
2 029 |
2 584 |
F-O |
|
Patagonian toothfish |
Southern Ocean |
16 911 |
13 179 |
13 989 |
16 479 |
11 182 |
F-O |
|
Patagonian toothfish |
SW Atlantic |
11 128 |
13 823 |
12 488 |
8 871 |
6 671 |
M-F |
|
Marble rockcod |
Southern Ocean |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
N |
|
Humped rockcod |
Southern Ocean |
1 |
2 |
1 |
|
|
N |
|
Antarctic rockcods |
SW Atlantic |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
N |
|
Mackerel icefish |
Southern Ocean |
4 251 |
2 096 |
3 532 |
4 331 |
2 762 |
F-O |
|
South Georgia icefish |
Southern Ocean |
|
6 |
6 |
5 |
1 |
N |
|
Cardinal fishes nei. |
SE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N |
|
Black cardinal fish |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Mackerel, |
SE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N |
|
Atlantic mackerel |
NE Atlantic |
654 829 |
660 188 |
684 829 |
601 685 |
587 072 |
O |
|
Chub mackerel |
SE Pacific |
254 524 |
627 466 |
393 142 |
699 714 |
691 978 |
M-F |
|
Spanish mackerel |
SW Pacific |
1 601 |
2 079 |
1 327 |
897 |
647 |
M |
|
Atlantic Spanish mackerel |
EC Pacific |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
M |
|
Silver scabbardfish [Cutlass fish] |
NE Atlantic |
104 |
361 |
1 970 |
1 000 |
806 |
N-O4 |
|
Black scabbardfish |
NE Atlantic |
8 184 |
10 821 |
11 377 |
8 215 |
8 092 |
N-O4 |
|
Norway redfish |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Atlantic redfish |
NW Atlantic |
47 160 |
49 629 |
56 566 |
64 643 |
31 905 |
D |
|
Pacific ocean perch |
NW Pacific |
1 475 |
1 461 |
1 948 |
1 451 |
1 378 |
D |
|
Beaked redfish |
NE Atlantic |
75 506 |
98 534 |
92 344 |
9 469 |
83 968 |
F |
|
Blackbelly rosefish |
NE Atlantic |
743 |
624 |
453 |
488 |
504 |
N-O4 |
|
Atlantic thornyhead |
NE Atlantic |
|
|
|
41 |
42 |
N-O4 |
|
Atlantic halibut |
NW Atlantic |
1 372 |
2 367 |
1 893 |
2 244 |
2 056 |
D |
|
Greenland halibut |
NW Atlantic |
64 583 |
61 431 |
64 482 |
71 859 |
56 893 |
O |
|
Greenland halibut |
NE Atlantic |
43 108 |
47 190 |
43 393 |
48 050 |
53 013 |
N-O4 |
|
Greenland halibut |
NW Atlantic |
64 583 |
61 431 |
64 482 |
71 859 |
56 893 |
O |
|
Which flounder |
NW Atlantic |
6 447 |
7 277 |
7 077 |
7 114 |
6 178 |
D |
|
American plaice |
NW Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
D |
|
Yellow flounderl |
NW Atlantic |
20 971 |
24 273 |
18 948 |
21 447 |
20 803 |
F |
|
Antarctic krill |
Southern Ocean |
114 426 |
104 182 |
125 987 |
117 728 |
118 165 |
U |
|
Deepwater rose shrimp |
Mediterranean |
12 323 |
11 100 |
10 133 |
9 489 |
7 968 |
F |
|
Blue and red shrimp |
Mediterranean |
1 904 |
2 209 |
2 011 |
2 063 |
2 083 |
N |
|
Giant red shrimp |
Mediterranean |
4 463 |
1 833 |
1 768 |
2 409 |
1 546 |
N |
|
Northern prawn |
NW Atlantic |
232 028 |
230 757 |
253 691 |
282 692 |
354 907 |
F |
|
West African geryon |
SE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N |
|
Deep-sea red crab |
NE Atlantic |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N-O4 |
|
Patagonian squid |
SW Atlantic |
68 110 |
57 876 |
29 857 |
48 980 |
29 036 |
F |
|
Squids |
SE Atlantic |
7 111 |
4 494 |
9 439 |
10 422 |
11 807 |
N |
|
Neon flying squids |
SW Pacific |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
M |
|
Argentine shortfin squid |
SW Atlantic |
940 054 |
750 203 |
540 357 |
503 624 |
129 279 |
F |
|
Jumbo squid |
SE Pacific |
103 307 |
153 308 |
284 090 |
281 699 |
688 889 |
M |
|
Jumbo flying squid |
EC Pacific |
103 307 |
153 308 |
284 090 |
281 699 |
688 889 |
M-F |
|
Japanese flying squid |
NW Pacific |
570 427 |
528 523 |
504 438 |
487 576 |
447 363 |
M (R) |
|
Sevenstar flying squid |
SW Atlantic |
653 |
115 |
|
37 |
59 |
N |
|
Boreal clubhooksquid |
NW Pacific |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
F |
|
Boreopacific armhook squid |
NW Pacific |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
F |
|
Octopus |
SE Atlantic |
305 |
129 |
291 |
209 |
144 |
N |
1The catch and state of exploitation is that of the species in the given area, with no distinction being made for straddling and not straddling (entirely EEZ) stocks, or for catches within EEZs or in the high seas
2Catch data from FAO FISHSTAT Plus
3Symbols: N = Not known; U = Underexploited; M = Moderately exploited; F = Fully exploited; O = Overexploited; D = Depleted; R = Recovering
4State of exploitation cannot be assessed with regard to standard criteria, considered non-sustainable by ICES (2005)
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