The brief survey and studies of selected areas reported on in the previous sections clearly indicate the potential for undertaking large-scale fish farming in Zambia. Suitable sites are available for construction of new fish farms and some of the existing fish farms can be expanded to increase production and improve their profitability. The total annual production expected to be obtained from four fish farms proposed by the mission, is presented below in Table 3.
Table 3
Annual Production and Value
| Fish Farms | Fish | Pigs | Ducks | |||
| kg | Value (Zam.K.) | kg | Value (Zam.K.) | kg | Value (Zam.K.) | |
| Shishamba (Kaoma) | 59 750 | 71 640 | 15 000 | 30 000 | 3 250 | 4 875 |
| Mwekera | 33 500 | 40 200 | 15 000 | 30 000 | 1 500 | 2 250 |
| Chipata | 61 000 | 73 200 | 15 000 | 30 000 | 3 000 | 4 500 |
| Lundazi | 48 800 | 58 200 | 15 000 | 30 000 | 4 500 | 6 750 |
| TOTAL | 202 750 | 243 240 | 60 000 | 120 000 | 12 250 | 18 375 |
This increased production can contribute substantially to meet the need for animal proteins in the country. It will reduce the need for import, diversify production and create employment in the rural areas. Besides all these, the farms can be expected to demonstrate the technical and economic viability of large-scale fish farming in Zambia, leading to increased investment in this sector.
No data are available concerning water temperature in the areas visited. Absolute minimum air temperatures for each area are shown in Table 4.
Table 4
Climatic Conditions
| Absolute minimum Air temperatures (°C) | Mean Air temperatures (°C) | Mean Annual rainfall (mm) | |
| Kaoma | -1.6 to 13.3 | 20.4 | 938 |
| Mwekera | - 2.2 to 12.2 | 19.7 | 1 212 |
| Chipata | 2.8 to 13.9 | 21.7 | 1 014 |
| Lundazi | 1.1 to 14.4 | 20.1 | 877 |
Figure 1.
MAP OF ZAMBIA SHOWING THE LOCATION OF FISH FARMS
In regions where the water temperature drops to below 12 or 13°C for extended periods, the low temperature may occasionally cause death to cichlids, such as Tilapia rendalli, T. mossambica, and, perhaps T. andersonii. This seems not to be the case in the areas visited since no mortality due to low temperatures have been reported.
Because of the climatic conditions, spawning of different species of tilapia does not occur in the cold season (during the six-month period from April to September). Thus, fingerlings can only be produced in the warm season. The growing season is about eight months (from September to April), as growth is poor during the cold season (from May to August).
3.1.1 Rainfall and water supply
The mean annual rainfall for each area visited is shown in Table 3. With rainfall between 877 mm (Lundazi) and 1 212 mm (Mwekera) and taking into account the average volume of water in the rivers, evaporation, and seepage, there will be enough water all year round to meet the water requirements of the proposed fish farms.
3.1.2 Physico-chemical conditions of soils and water
On the basis of profiles and according to the soil maps of the country, the soils of the areas investigated were found suitable for fish farming.
The analyses of water samples collected during the mission was performed by the Mount Makulu Agricultural Research Station near Chilanga, through the Department of Fisheries.
Generally speaking, the quality of water from the different areas is suitable for aquaculture. Results of the water analyses are summarized as follows:
pH: Range between 6.9 and 8.1 mg/1, showing neutral or alkaline waters which are very suitable for fish farming.
Alkalinity (CO3): Only traces. Carbonate alkalinity is low compared to other natural water in the region.
Total alkalinity (HCO3): Ranges between 3.10 (Kaoma) and 402.7 mg/1 (Lundazi). Bicarbonate values are very low for Kaoma and Mwekera, but relatively high for Lundazi.
NH4 Nitrogen: Ranges between 0.2 and 3.3 mg/1, showing the presences of dissolved organic matter in the samples.
NO3 Nitrogen: Concentrations range between 1.4 and 2.2 mg/1. The values observed are too low to support high production. Thus, for fish farming, nitrogen fertilizers will have to be used.
Phosphorus: Only traces. Phosphate fertilizer has, therefore, to be applied to the ponds.
Sodium: Ranges between 0.46 mg/1 Na (Kaoma) and 51.5 mg/1 Na (Lundazi). The latter value is relatively high, but not toxic to fishes.
Potassium: Ranges between 1.57 and 17.7 mg/1, and therefore, potassium fertilizers should not be used.
Calcium: Ranges between 3.34 mg/1 (Kaoma and Mwekera) and 18 mg/1 Ca (Lundazi); therefore, liming will not be necessary.
Magnesium: Ranges between 0.81 and 15 mg/1 Mg.
Iron: Only traces.
The Kaoma Fish Farm consists of 14 ponds which vary between 0.02 and 0.16 ha and have an approximate total surface of 0.8 ha. Two of the ponds had been fertilized but supplementary feeding was not practised in any of the ponds. Only Tilapia macrochir and T. andersonii are cultured. Vegetable growing and rearing of ducks is also practised, partly to supplement fish feed and partly to raise government revenue. Production figures were unavailable.
The area near the fish farm allocated for expansion was visited, and eleven soil samples were taken. As only sand was found, the site is considered unsuitable for pond construction.
Following the advice of Mr. Sita, the Fishery Officer at Kaoma, the mission investigated an alternative site, 27 km east of Kaoma in the Shishamba Valley.
3.2.1 Physical features of the proposed site in the Shishamba Valley location
The Shishamba Valley is located about 21 km east of Kaoma along the main road from Kaoma to Lusaka. The elevation of the area is about 1 160 m (3 800 ft) (Fig. 2).
Climate. Data for the 1951–70 period were obtained from the Kaoma Meteorological Station, which is about 22 km west of the site, at approximately the same elevation. The climate of the area is characterized by a wet season, with practically all the rainfall occurring from November through March, followed by a dry winter. The two or three months before the rains is the warmest time of the year.
The diurnal variation of relative humidity is 66 to 81 percent during the high rainfall months, 35 to 66 percent during the dry months.
Temperature. The mean monthly temperature is between 15.5 and 24.5°C with extremes ranging from -1.6 to 37.8°C. The mean annual temperature is 20.4°C. Temperatures for the 1951–70 period are presented below:
| Months | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| Mean temperature (°C) | 21.5 | 21.5 | 21.8 | 21.0 | 18.5 | 15.5 | 15.8 | 18.7 | 22.8 | 24.5 | 22.6 | 21.7 |
| Absolute maximum temperature (°C) | 33.9 | 32.8 | 33.9 | 32.8 | 33.3 | 30.6 | 32.8 | 34.4 | 36.1 | 37.8 | 36.1 | 34.4 |
| Absolute minimum temperature (°C) | 11.7 | 12.8 | 8.9 | 4.4 | 1.7 | -1.6 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 5.6 | 11.1 | 11.7 | 13.3 |
Sunshine and radiation. The mean sunshine is 8.0 h/day, and the mean radiation is 350 Langleys.
Wind. The region is free from cyclones. The monthly wind velocity varies between 3.9 and 7.2 km/h, with an average of 5.2 km/h. Prevailing winds during the dry season are easterly.
Rainfall and evaporation. According to the records for the 1941–70 period, the mean annual rainfall is 938 mm. Of this, 94 percent falls between November and March. Rainfall figures are as follows:
| Months | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| Rainfall (mm) | 219 | 204 | 121 | 26 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 28 | 116 | 220 |
Figure 2
The mean annual evaporation on the basis of the eight-year records, from 1963 to 1970, is approximately 2 160 mm.
Water quality. A sample was taken from the Shishamba River to test the quality of the water. The water sample was analysed by the laboratory of the Department of Fisheries, Chilanga. According to the test results presented below, the water is suitable for fish culture (all figures, except pH, are expressed in ppm).
| pH | Ca | Mg | Na | K | HCO3 | CO3 | NO3-N | NH4-N | Fe | P2O5 |
| 6.9 | 3.34 | 0.81 | 0.46 | 3.10 | 36 | Trace | 1.4 | 0.2 | Trace | Trace |
Topography. A reconnaissance topographic survey of the proposed site was performed and contour maps made for designing the general layout of the Shishamba Fish Farm (Fig. 3). The topographic survey, based on cross-section levelling, was made from a base line starting from the main road to the Shishamba River. The top of a pier on a bridge in the centre of the proposed site was designated as a Temporary Bench Mark (T.B.M.) with a Reduced Level (R.L.) elevation of 20.00 m. The elevation and the reduced levels of the plans discussed below in the General Layout are based on the elevation of the T.B.M.
Soils. According to the soil map of the Republic of Zambia (Republic of Zambia Atlas, sheet No. 12, 1966), the soils of the area were formed by recent deposits from underlying acid igneous or siliceous sedimentary rock. They have been classified as Ferrisols.
A reconnaissance soil survey of the proposed site was made by drilling 38 holes with an auger 33 mm in diameter. The soil profiles are shown in Appendix I. The purpose of this survey was to provide the required information on the surface soils for designing the fish farm.
The surface layer averages about 0.30 m thick and consists of black topsoil interlaced with roots. This layer is underlaid with clay, silt, and sandy loam on the right side of the river. In a few profiles there were sand and gravel to a depth of 1.20 m (Profiles Nos. 2. 3, 4 and 16). On the left side of the river, in the axis of the dam, mainly sand and sandy loam were found (Profile No. D/150–D/180). The colour of the clay and sandy loam ranges from brown to black, and from yellow to grey. The structure varies from weak to moderate fine sub-angular blocks to granular. The consistency of the clay is sticky and it is slightly plastic when wet. The water level in most of the drilling holes occurred from 0.10 m to 1.20 m below the surface. All the soils sampled, except sand and gravel, are suitable for the construction of the fish farm and the dam.
Since the site was found to be suitable for the establishment of a commercial fish farm, a design for it and a proposed schedule of farming were prepared, which are described in the following section.
3.2.2 Design of the Shishamba Fish Farm
3.2.2.1 General layout
The general layout (Fig. 3) includes a reservoir of 14 ha and 23 rectangular ponds of 0.5 ha each.
The proposed dam, located approximately 1 300 m upstream from the main road, would impound water to an elevation of 23.50 m. This will be the Full Supply Level (F.S.L.). Two monks of reinforced concrete are proposed for the dam (Fig. 4). One of the monks having a diameter of 0.6 m is for supplying water to the concrete lined feeder canal. The other, which is 1.10 m in diameter, is the outlet for draining the reservoir. Water would pass by the intake monk through the dam at the floor level of the monk 22.0 m into the concretelined feeder canal carrying water to the ponds. The feeder canal runs along one side of the pond complex. The ponds are laid out in two rows. The row of ponds at the higher level is supplied with water from the feeder canal through a 20-cm diameter pipe. Water for the lower row of ponds is supplied through 40-cm diameter outlet pipes from the first row of ponds. Pond water can be drained through the outlets into the drainage canals, which lead into the Shishamba River. Fig. 5 shows typical cross-sections of the water supply canal and the ponds. All the ponds have a ditch down the middle in which to concentrate fish when water is drained through an outlet at the end of the ditch. A road located between the ponds provides access to them and the dam of the reservoir for light trucks.
The average depth of water in the ponds will be 1.10 m. The height of the dikes will provide 50 cm freeboard above normal pond level. Crest width is 2.0 m for the partition dikes, 2.5 m for the feeder canal embankment, and 4.0 m for the road embankments. The slopes of the dikes are 2:1 in the ponds, and 1:1 in the feeder canal. The slopes of the embankments inside the ponds will be covered with straw at water level for protection against erosion caused by the wave action during the first years after the construction, until natural vegetation provides a sufficient cover.
The intake tower of the monks will have three sets of grooves to hold stopboards for controlling the water level and screens. Fig. 5 shows the longitudinal section of the outlet monk of the reservoir. The pond drainage monk will have sufficient bed protection of stone on the downstream side to prevent undercutting.
The dam will be earthfilled, and have a height of 4.5 m, a crest length of 190 m, and a crest width of 4.0 m (Fig. 4). The slope on the upstream side is 2:1 above RL and 4:1 below RL; that of the downstream side is 2:1. Berms on the upstream side would have a width of 3.0 m and on the downstream side a width of 2.0 m.
A fishing pit, having a length of 30 m and a width of 20 m for harvesting fish in the reservoir quickly, is designed to go in front of the oulet monk.
The emergency spillway will be located on the left side of the valley. Its crest length and the flood peak should be calculated before detailed plans are designed.
The construction work should be carried out during the dry season, from May to November. Most of the construction work consists of levelling the ponds and earthfilling the ponds, dikes, and the dam. Taking the soil conditions of the dam site into consideration, the sandy layer on the left side must be excavated to a depth of 1.5 m. It should be replaced by clay to form an impermeable core. Bulldozers, scrapers and manpower can be used for construction.
Estimated costs. The total cost of the Shishamba Fish Farm is estimated at Zam.K 193 000 (U.S.$ 24 250) as detailed in Appendix II.
3.2.3 Production programme for the Shishamba Fish Farm
When construction is completed, the ponds should be stocked with the following species:
T. nilotica (this species will have to be introduced from another country),
T. rendalli (T. melanopleura),
T. andersonii,
H. mellandi, and
common carp (C. carpio) (this species will have to be introduced).
The growing season is limited by local climatic conditions to the September–April period (8 months). The spawning period for T. nilotica, T. rendalli, and T. andersonii will be 6 months (from October to the end of March).
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
The fingerlings needed for stocking the new Shishamba Fish Farm can be produced at the Kaoma Fish Farm. Fingerlings have to be available as follows:
T. nilotica: 20 000 fingerlings/ha each 6 months, or 40 000 fingerlings/ha/year. Thus, 480 000 fingerlings/year are required to stock the 23 production ponds (12 ha).
C. carpio (common carp): 10 000 fingerlings/ha each 6 months, or 20 000 fingerlings/ha/year. Thus, 240 000 fingerlings/year will be needed for stocking the production ponds.
T. andersonii: 5 000 fingerlings/ha, every 6 months, or 10 000 fingerlings/ha/year. Thus, 120 000 fingerlings are required to stock all the production ponds.
H. mellandi: 1 000 fingerlings/ha, twice a year, or 2 000 fingerlings/ha/year. Thus, 24 000 fingerlings/ha/year are needed to stock the 23 production ponds.
S. robustus: 1 000 fingerlings/ha, every 6 months, or 2 000 fingerlings/ha/year. Thus, 24 000 fingerlings/year are needed for stocking the production ponds.
The total fingerling requirements are shown in Table 5.
Table 5
Fingerling Requirements for the Production Ponds
(Shishamba Fish Farm)
| Species | Stocking density (fingerlings/ha)1 | Fingerlings required per ha/year | Number of fingerlings required per year for stocking the production ponds |
| T. nilotica | 20 000 | 40 000 | 480 000 |
| C. carpio | 10 000 | 20 000 | 240 000 |
| T. andersonii | 5 000 | 10 000 | 120 000 |
| H. mellandi | 1 000 | 2 000 | 24 000 |
| S. robustus | 1 000 | 2 000 | 24 000 |
1 Rearing period will be 6 months. Thus, fingerlings at the given rate will be needed twice a year
Of a total area of 11.5 ha, 3 ha can be run as polyculture in combination with pig farming (100 pigs/ha); 1.5 duck farming (500 ducks/ha), and 7 ha with feeding and fertilizing. Unit cost benefits per ha/year of these culture techniques are given in Appendix III. The proposed production programme may have to be modified according to the availability of feed for pigs and ducks, and according to the market demand (see Appendix IV).
Production targets are as follows: polyculture combined with pig raising, 7 t fish/ha/year plus 5 t pigs/ha/year; polyculture with duck raising, 2.5 t fish plus 1.5 t ducks/ha/year; polyculture with artificial feeding and fertilizing, 5 t fish/ha/year. At the end of the first year, the estimated value of production for the 23 ponds at the Shishamba Fish Farm will be as follows:
| Fish: | 59 750 kg × Zam.K. 1.20/kg | = | Zam.K. | 71 700 |
| Pigs: | 15 000 kg × Zam.K. 2.00/kg | = | Zam.K. | 30 000 |
| Ducks: | 3 250 kg × Zam.K. 1.50/kg | = | Zam.K. | 4 875 |
| Total | Zam.K. | 106 575 |
Twenty labourers are needed to run the farm at an estimated yearly cost of Zam.K 8 400. Cost-benefits for the Shishamba Fish Farm are presented in Appendix IV.
The proposed dam will create an artificial reservoir of 14 ha which can be used to grow fish. For this purpose, the new reservoir has to be cleared and properly stocked with suitable species.
For stocking the reservoir, the following species are recommended at a total stocking rate of 500 fingerlings/ha (see Table 6).
Table 6
Species Recommended for Stocking the Reservoir
(Shishamba Fish Farm)
| Species | Percentage of total | Number of fingerlings required |
| T. nilotica | 50 | 3 500 |
| T. rendalli (T. melanopleura) | 20 | 1 400 |
| T. mossambica or T. andersonii | 20 | 1 400 |
| H. mellandi | 5 | 350 |
| S. robustus | 5 | 350 |
| Total | 100 | 7 000 |
The reservoir can be cropped, using gill nets (stretched mesh of 5 to 6 cm), beach seine nets, and cast nets. The first cropping can start after the rainy season following stocking. Expected production will be 50 kg of fish/ha/year.
It is recommended that cage culture be initiated in the reservoir as soon as enough fingerlings of suitable species are available at the Kaoma Fish Farm.
The present Mwekera Fish Farm consists of 43 ponds varying in size from 0.01 to 0.03 ha, with a total pond area of about 4 ha. For water supply to the ponds there is a lined feeder canal extending from an intake pipe at the existing dam. The ponds may be emptied through the outlet structures into a drainage canal.
The species cultured are the same as in the Kaoma Fish Farm. Ponds are not fertilized, but feed is supplied occasionally. Production figures are not available.
A general study of the farm and its surroundings showed that it will be possible to expand the farm so as to increase production and to improve its profitability. The mission selected an adjacent site for expansion and carried out the necessary investigations to determine its suitability.
3.3.1 Physical features of the proposed site
Location. The area is located about 40 km east of Ndola beside the railway from Kitwe to Ndola. The elevation of the area is about 1 190 m (3 900 feet) above sea level (see Fig. 6).
Climate. The climate in this area is similar to that of Kaoma. The mean monthly temperature varies between 15.6 and 23.6°C with extremes ranging from -2.2° to 35.0°C. The mean annual temperature is 19.7°C. Temperature figures for the period 1944–70 are as follows:
| Months | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| Mean temperature (°C) | 20.5 | 20.4 | 20.5 | 20.0 | 17.6 | 15.6 | 15.8 | 18.3 | 21.6 | 23.6 | 22.2 | 20.7 |
| Absolute temperature (°C) | 31.7 | 30.0 | 30.6 | 31.1 | 30.0 | 28.9 | 28.9 | 32.2 | 33.9 | 35.0 | 34.4 | 32.8 |
| Absolute minimum temperature (°C) | 12.2 | 10.6 | 10.0 | 7.2 | 1.1 | 0.0 | -2.2 | -0.5 | 3.3 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 11.7 |
Diurnal variation of relative humidity is 65–82 percent during the wet season and from 41 to 71 percent in the dry season.
Sunshine and radiation. The mean sunshine is 7.1 h/day and the mean radiation is 520 Langleys.
Wind. The monthly wind ranges from 5.7 to 12.4 km/h with an average of 8.2 km/h.
Rainfall and evaporation. The mean annual rainfall for the 1941–70 period is 1 212 mm. Of this, 93 percent falls between November and March. Rainfall figures are as follows:
| Months | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D | Mean Annual |
| Rainfall (mm) | 307 | 245 | 183 | 39 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 20 | 131 | 280 | 1 212 |
Based on the data for a seven-year period (1964–70) the mean annual evaporation is estimated to be approximately 2 083 mm.
Figure 6.
Water quality. Test of a water sample taken from the existing reservoir showed that the water is suitable for fish culture. Test results, expressed in ppm (except for pH) are as follows:
| pH | Ca | Mg | Na | K | HCO3 | CO3 | NO3-N | NH4-N | Fe | P2O5 |
| 8.1 | 3.34 | 2.83 | 15.63 | 1.57 | - | Trace | - | - | Trace | Trace |
Topography. The area proposed for the construction of additional ponds is located along the left side of the existing ponds. A reconnaissance survey of the proposed site was made to design the general layout of the additional ponds to be constructed at the fish farm (Fig. 7). The survey was conducted by cross-section levelling from a base line. The elevations of the plans are based on the elevation of the T.B.M. (20.00 m), as designated on the crest of the reservoir spillway.
Soils. According to the soils map of the Republic of Zambia, soils of the general area are classified as Ferralitic soils.
A reconnaissance soil survey of the proposed site was performed by drilling 11 sample holes (Fig. 7). The soil profiles are shown in Appendix I.
A 30-cm thickness of sandy loam and clay was found below the 0.60 m layer of topsoil, except for Profile No. 15 where there was sand. The colour of the sandy loam and clay ranged from yellow to grey. The structures varies from weak to moderately fine, sub-angular blocks to granular. The consistence of the clay is sticky and slightly plastic when wet.
The water level in most of the sample holes occurred from 0.10 m to 1.20 m below ground surface.
The soils investigated are suitable for the construction of the fish farm.
3.3.2 Design of additions to the Mwekera Fish Farm
General layout. The layout of ponds, feeder and drainage canals, and road, is shown in Fig. 7.
The proposed addition to the fish farm would consist of five ponds of 0.5 ha each and 6 ponds of 0.6 ha each, with a total surface area of 6.1 ha. Ponds would be constructed to permit water depths of 1.0 m and have a harvesting ditch in the middle. All ponds would have a freeboard of at least 0.5 m. The width of dike crests would be 2.0–2.5 m for the partition dikes and the embankment of the feeder canal, and 4.0 m for that of the road dike. The dikes will have interior slopes of 2:1 and of 3:2 outside the ponds and drainage canals. The lined feeder canal has a 1:1 slope (Fig. 8). All ponds would be provided with inlet and outlet monks of reinforced concrete, similar to those described for the Shishamba Fish Farm.
Water for filling the ponds through the feeder canal would be drawn from an intake monk situated on the left bank of the 36-ha reservoir. The existing full supply level (F.S.L.) being 20 m, would be raised by 1.5 m, as it is now too low to provide the 1.0 m depth required for the ponds.
The construction work can be done with bulldozers, scrapers, and manpower, during the dry season (from May to November).
Estimated cost. The total cost of additions to the Mwekera Fish Farm is estimated at Zam.K. 73 080 (U.S.$ 91 600). Details are given in Appendix II.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
3.3.3 Production programme for the Mwekera Fish Farm
Taking into account the local climatic conditions, the following species are recommended for culture: T. nilotica, T. rendalli, T. macrochir, T. andersonii, C. carpio H. mellandi and S. robustus.
The growing season will be limited by local climatic conditions to the September-April period (8 months). The spawning period will be 5–6 months from October/November to March.
The fingerlings for stocking the Mwekera Fish Farm (6.1 ha of ponds and the restocking of the 36-ha reservoir) will be produced from existing facilities.
Fingerling requirements for the new ponds will be as shown in Table 7.
Table 7
Fingerling Requirements for the New Ponds
(Mwekera Fish Farm)
| Species | Stocking density (fingerlings/ha)1 | Fingerlings required per ha/year | Number of fingerlings required per year for stocking the production ponds |
| T. nilotica | 20 000 | 40 000 | 240 000 |
| C. carpio | 10 000 | 20 000 | 120 000 |
| T. rendalli | 5 000 | 10 000 | 60 000 |
| T. macrochir | 5 000 | 10 000 | 60 000 |
| T. andersonii | 5 000 | 10 000 | 60 000 |
| H. mellandi | 1 000 | 2 000 | 12 000 |
| S. robustus | 1 000 | 2 000 | 12 000 |
Of the total pond area of 6.1 ha, 3.1 ha will be used for pig combined with fish production; 1 ha for duck combined with fish production; and 2 ha for polyculture with feeding and fertilizing.
Since Mwekera is located near the urban centres of Kitwe and Ndola, feed ingredients from food processors should be available on an adequate scale.
Production targets are the following: fish combined with pig raising, 7 t fish per ha/year plus 5 t pigs per ha/year; fish combined with duck production, 2.5 t fish per ha/year plus 1.5 t ducks per ha/year; polyculture of fish with feeding and fertilizing, 5 t fish per ha/year.
At the end of the first year, production at the Mwekera Fish Farm from the new ponds only is expected to be as follows:
| Fish: | 33 500 kg × Zam.K. 1.20/kg | = | Zam.K. | 40 200 |
| Pigs: | 15 000 kg × Zam.K. 2.00/kg | = | Zam.K. | 30 000 |
| Ducks: | 1 500 kg × Zam.K. 1.50/kg | = | Zam.K. | 2 250 |
| Total | Zam.K. | 72 450 |
Ten labourers will be needed to run the farm. The estimated cost of labour is Zam.K. 4 200/year. For approximate cost-benefits, see Appendix IV.
The species that are recommended for restocking the 36-ha reservoir at a total stocking rate of 500 fingerlings/ha are shown in Table 8.
Table 8
Species Recommended for Stocking the 36-ha Reservoir
(Mwekera Fish Farm)
| Species | Percentage of total | Number of fingerlings required |
| T. nilotica | 50 | 9 000 |
| T. rendalli | 20 | 3 600 |
| T. macrochir | 20 | 3 600 |
| H. mellandi | 5 | 900 |
| S. robustus | 5 | 900 |
| Total | 100 | 18 000 |
The reservoir will be cropped, as in the Shishamba Fish Farm, using gill nets, beach seines and cast nets. The first cropping can start after the rainy season following the stocking. Expected production will be 50 kg of fish per ha/year.
The present Chipata Fish Farm has a total area of 0.5 ha downstream from the Masupa Dam. The existing ponds are not fertilized and fish (Tilapia sp.) are fed only with maize bran.
A site survey to determine the feasibility of constructing additional ponds was carried out in the Masupa Valley, downstream of the existing ponds.
3.4.1 Physical Features of the Proposed Site
Location. The area is located about 15 km north-west of Chipata beside the secondary road from Chipata to Jumbe. The elevation of the area is around 960 m (3 150 ft) above sea level (Fig. 9).
Climate. Data for the 1951–70 period was taken from the Chipata Meteorological Station. There are two relatively well defined main seasons in a year: the rainy season from November until May, and the dry season for the remaining months of the year. The diurnal variation of relative humidity is from 58 to 82 percent during the rainy season, and from 42 to 64 percent during the dry months.
Figure 9.
Temperature. The mean monthly temperature is between 17.8 and 25.9°C with extremes ranging from 2.8 to 37.8°C. Mean annual temperature is 21.7°C. Average monthly temperature figures are as follows:
| Months | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| Mean temperature (°C) | 21.7 | 21.6 | 21.8 | 21.3 | 19.7 | 17.9 | 17.8 | 20.4 | 23.3 | 25.9 | 24.5 | 22.3 |
| Absolute maximum temperature (°C) | 31.7 | 31.1 | 31.7 | 31.7 | 31.1 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 32.8 | 35.6 | 37.2 | 37.8 | 35.0 |
| Absolute minimum temperature (°C) | 12.8 | 13.9 | 11.7 | 10.0 | 7.2 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 2.8 | 8.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 |
Sunshine and radiation. The mean sunshine is 7.3 h/day, and the mean radiation is 512 Langleys.
Wind. The monthly wind ranges from 5.4 to 11.9 km/h, with an average of 8.3 km/h.
Rainfall and evaporation. According to the records for the 1941–70 period, the mean annual rainfall is 1 014 mm. Of this, 99 percent falls between November and April. Rainfall figures are as follows:
| Months | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| Rainfall (mm) | 259 | 233 | 155 | 51 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 217 |
The mean annual evaporation on the basis of ten years' records, 1961–70, is approximately 2 733 m.
Topography. The proposed site for expansion of the fish farm is located along the right bank of the Masupe River downstream of the existing ponds. A reconnaissance topographic survey was made by cross-section levelling from a base line so that a general layout could be made (Fig. 10). The elevations of the plans are based on the elevation of T.B.M. being 93.66 m, as shown at point No. 1 on the bottom of the existing furrow in the figure.
Soils. According to the soil map of the Republic of Zambia, the soils of the area are classified as Ferrisols. The soils of the area were formed from the underlying sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, with weathered products being rich in ferramagnesium minerals.
A reconnaissance soil survey of the proposed site was conducted by means of 24 drilled holes (Fig. 10). The soil profiles are shown in Appendix I.
Below the 15–30 cm thick layer of clay topsoil, sandy loam was found. In Profile Nos. 7, 8, 9, 9bis, 20, 46 and 58, stone and gravel were found at a depth of 0.60–1.30 m below the surface. Limestone was found in pits on the site of Profile Nos. 9 and 9bis.
Before designing the master plans, the extent of the stone area should be more definitely determined by a more detailed soil survey. Below the topsoil the colour grades into black, brown, greyish-brown and grey. The structure is strong. The consistency of the sandy loam and clay is extremely hard when dry and very sticky when wet.
Soils investigated, except for stone and gravel, are suitable for the construction of the ponds.
Figure 10.
3.4.2 Design of the Chipata Fish Farm
General layout. The proposed new area would be located on the right bank of the Masupe River downstream of the existing ponds, and would consist of 24 rectangular ponds, totalling 12 ha. The layout of ponds, feeder and drainage canals, and roads, is shown in Fig. 10 while the typical cross sections of the ponds are shown in Fig. 11.
The water supply and drainage system of the ponds, as well as the measurements of the dikes, are similar to those of the proposed fish farm in Mwekera. A new feeder canal with a larger profile and an intake at the dam of the 15-ha reservoir is proposed to replace the existing structures, and is indicated by the marked line.
There is an additional area of about 20 ha suitable for development downstream of the fish ponds proposed for this project. Construction work may be performed during the dry season.
Estimated cost. The total cost of the additions to the Chipata Fish Farm is estimated at Zam.K. 151 000 (U.S.$ 188 750). Details are provided in Appendix II.
3.4.3 Production programme for the Chipata Fish Farm
The new fish pond area will consist of 24 ponds having a total surface of 12 ha. The species best suited for stocking both the ponds and the 15-ha reservoir are the same as for Mwekera.
The growing season will be limited to the eight-month period from September to April. The spawning period will be for six months, from October to the end of March.
Fingerlings needed for stocking the new production ponds and for restocking the Masupa Reservoir will be produced at the existing ponds. Fingerling requirements for the new ponds will be as shown in Table 9.
Table 9
Fingerlings Required for Stocking the New Ponds
(Chipata Fish Farm)
| Species | Stocking density (fingerlings/ha) | Fingerlings required per ha/year | Number of fingerlings required per year for stocking the production ponds |
| T. nilotica | 20 000 | 40 000 | 480 000 |
| T. rendalli | 5 000 | 10 000 | 120 000 |
| T. machrochir | 5 000 | 10 000 | 120 000 |
| T. andersonii | 5 000 | 10 000 | 120 000 |
| C. carpio | 10 000 | 20 000 | 240 000 |
| H. mellandi | 1 000 | 2 000 | 24 000 |
| S. robustus | 1 000 | 2 000 | 24 000 |
Of the total area of 12 ha of new ponds, 3 ha will be for pig combined with fish production, 2 ha will be duck combined with fish production, and 7 ha of fish production with feeding and fertilization.
Figure 11.
As maize is the main crop in the region and cow dung is easily available, 7 ha of ponds may be fertilized with cow dung; maize may be the main foodstuff for the pigs, ducks and fish. Cassava can be grown at the farm for providing supplementary feed.
The production targets for the Chipata Fish Farm are the same as for the Mwekera Fish Farm.
At the end of the first year, estimated yields from the production ponds at the Chipata Fish Farm, will be as shown below:
| Fish: | 61 t × Zam.K. 1 200/t | = | Zam.K. | 73 200 |
| Pigs: | 15 t × Zam.K. 2 000/t | = | Zam.K. | 30 000 |
| Ducks: | 3 t × Zam.K. 1 500/t | = | Zam.K. | 4 500 |
| Total | Zam.K. | 107 700 |
Twenty-two labourers are required to run the fish farm. The estimated cost of the labour is Zam.K. 9 240/year. The approximate cost-benefits are shown in Appendix IV.
The Masupa Reservoir (15 ha) must be restocked with the following species, at a total stocking rate of 500 fingerlings/ha (see Table 10).
Table 10
Species Needed for Restocking the Masupa Reservoir
| Species | Percentage of total | Number of fingerlings required |
| T. nilotica | 50 | 3 750 |
| T. rendalli | 20 | 1 500 |
| T. macrochir | 20 | 1 500 |
| H. mellandi | 5 | 375 |
| S. robustus | 5 | 375 |
| Total | 100 | 7 500 |
Fish grown in the reservoir can be cropped using gill, beach seine, and cast nets. Expected production of the reservoir will be 50 kg fish per ha/year and fishing can start after the rainy season following the stocking.
The area downstream from the Mvuu Dam, originally planned for irrigated agriculture, was taken over by the Department of Fisheries. The mission carried out a survey of both sides of the outlet of the Mvuu Dam to assess the possibility of constructing a large fish production farm and to plan its development. Two ponds of approximately 0.75 ha were already under construction at the time of the survey.
3.5.1 Physical features of the proposed site
Location. The area is located about 10 km southeast of Lundazi, beside the road from the Mwase Dam to Lundazi. The elevation of the area is around 1 130 m (3 700 ft) above sea level (Fig. 12).
Climate. Data for the 1956–70 period is derived from that collected at the Lundazi Meteorological Station, which is about 10 km from the proposed site.
The diurnal variation of relative humidity is from 60 to 81 percent during the rainy season (November-May), and from 46 to 67 percent during the dry months.
Temperature. The mean monthly temperature varies between 15.3 and 24.1°C with extremes of 1.1 to 37.2°C. The mean annual temperature is 20.1°C. Mean monthly temperature figures for the 1956–70 period are as follows:
| Months | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| Mean temperature (°C) | 21.2 | 21.1 | 21.0 | 20.3 | 18.2 | 16.2 | 15.3 | 17.2 | 20.5 | 23.2 | 23.0 | 24.1 |
| Absolute maximum temperature (°C) | 31.7 | 31.1 | 32.2 | 31.7 | 30.6 | 30.0 | 28.9 | 31.7 | 35.0 | 37.2 | 36.7 | 35.0 |
| Absolute minimum temperature (°C) | 13.3 | 14.4 | 10.6 | 8.9 | 3.9 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 5.0 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 12.2 |
Sunshine and radiation. The mean sunshine is 7.4 h/day and the mean radiation is 515 Langleys.
Wind. The monthly wind ranges from 4.1 to 9.6 km/h with a mean of 6.3 km/h.
Rainfall and evaporation. According to the records for the 1944–70 period, the mean annual rainfall is 877 mm. Of this, 98 percent falls between November and April. Rainfall figures are as follows:
| Months | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| Rainfall (mm) | 219 | 197 | 158 | 29 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 66 | 193 |
The mean annual evaporation on the basis of six years' records from 1965 to 1970 is approximately 1 875 mm.
Water quality. A water sample was taken from the existing reservoir for testing the quality of water, and showed that the water is suitable for fish culture. Test results, except for pH, are expressed in ppm and are as follows:
| pH | Ca | Mg | K | Na | Mn | Fe | Cu | Zn | HCO3 | CO3 | P2O5 | NO3-N | NH4-N |
| 7.8 | 18.0 | 15.0 | 11.7 | 51.5 | 0.47 | - | - | 7.0 | 402.7 | - | Trace | 2.2 | 3.3 |
Figure 12.
Topography. The area proposed for the fish farm is located downstream from the Mvuu Dam (35 ha). A reconnaissance topographic survey was made to design the general layout of the Lundazi Fish Farm (Fig. 13). The elevation of the plans is based on the elevation of a T.B.M. 97.85 m, located on the crest in the centre of the existing spillway.
Soils. According to the soils map of the Republic of Zambia, the soils of the area may be classified as Ferralitic. Soils were formed from the underlying acid or siliceous sedimentary rock.
A reconnaissance survey was made by drilling 14 test holes (Fig. 13). The soil profiles are shown in Appendix I.
Below the topsoil, at a depth of from 20 to 30 cm, silt, sandy clay, sandy loam, laterite and clay were found. The colours range from black to red, brown or grey. The structure is strong. The consistency of the sandy loam and clay is extremely hard when dry and very sticky when wet.
In most test holes the water level was encountered from 0.50 m to 1.20 m below the surface.
The soils investigated are very suitable for the construction of the ponds. The design of the proposed fish farm is described below.
3.5.2 Design of the Lundazi Fish Farm
General layout. The layout of ponds, feeder and drainage canals, and roads, is shown in Fig. 13. The proposed fish farm would consist of 18 ponds having a total surface of 10 ha. Downstream of the proposed fish farm there is another area of about 15 ha which is suitable for development.
The typical cross-sections of the ponds are shown in Fig. 14.
The water supply and drainage systems of the ponds, as well as the measurements of the dikes, are similar to those described for the Mwekera Fish Farm.
The construction work should be done in the dry season.
Estimated cost. The total cost of the Lundazi Fish Farm is estimated at Zam.K. 104 500 (U.S.$ 130 625). Details are shown in Appendix II.
3.5.3 Production programme for the Lundazi Fish Farm
The species used for stocking the ponds and the Mvuu Reservoir (35 ha) are the same as for Chipata.
Fingerlings required to stock the new production ponds and for restocking the reservoir will be produced in the two existing ponds (0.75 ha in total) and in some of the new ponds. Fingerling requirements will be as shown in Table 11.
Of the total pond area of 10 ha, 3 ha will be used for pig combined with fish production, 3 ha for duck combined with fish production, and 4 ha for fish production with feeding and fertilizing. Maize and cattle production is comparatively high in the area and no major problems concerning feeding and fertilizing are foreseen.
Although conditions seem to be favourable for expansion of the farm, the mission feels it useful to conduct a detailed survey of the market potential for fish in the region.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Table 11
Fingerlings Required for Stocking the New Ponds
(Lundazi Fish Farm)
| Species | Stocking density (fingerlings/ha) | Fingerlings required per ha/year | Number of fingerlings required per year for stocking the production ponds |
| T. nilotica | 20 000 | 40 000 | 400 000 |
| T. rendalli | 5 000 | 10 000 | 100 000 |
| T. macrochir | 5 000 | 10 000 | 100 000 |
| T. andersonii | 5 000 | 10 000 | 100 000 |
| C. carpio | 10 000 | 20 000 | 200 000 |
| H. mellandi | 1 000 | 2 000 | 20 000 |
| S. robustus | 1 000 | 2 000 | 20 000 |
The production targets for the Lundazi Fish Farm are the same as for the Mwekera Fish Farm. At the end of the first year, the estimated production of the Lundazi Fish Farm will be as follows:
| Fish: | 48.5 t × Zam.K. 1 200 | = | Zam.K. | 58 200 |
| Pigs: | 15 t × Zam.K. 2 000 | = | Zam.K. | 30 000 |
| Ducks: | 4.5 t × Zam.K. 1 500 | = | Zam.K. | 6 750 |
| Total | Zam.K. | 94 950 |
About 17 labourers are required to run the fish farm. The estimated cost of labour for the Lundazi Fish Farm is approximately Zam.K. 7 140 per year.
The estimated cost-benefits for the Lundazi Fish Farm are given in Appendix IV.
It is recommended that the Mvuu reservoir (35 ha) is restocked as follows, at a total stocking rate of 500 fingerlings per ha (see Table 15).
Table 12
Species Needed for Restocking the Mvuu Reservoir
| Species | Percentage of total | Number of fingerlings required |
| T. nilotica | 50 | 8 750 |
| T. rendalli | 20 | 3 500 |
| T. macrochir | 20 | 3 500 |
| H. mellandi | 5 | 875 |
| S. robustus | 5 | 875 |
| Total | 100 | 17 500 |
3.6.1 General
About 60–70 percent of the animal protein intake of the Zambian population is derived from fish. Although Zambia produces a substantial amount of fish from national resources, it has had to import fish to meet domestic demand. Following austerity measures of the Government to improve the balance of payments, fish imports have declined during recent years, causing a sharp decrease in per caput fish consumption (see Table 1). The hardship caused by this is particularly severe for the rural population and the poor urban dwellers due to steep increases in prices. In 1975, minimum wages in agriculture were Zam.K. 609/annum in the public sector and Zam.K 362/annum in the private sector. In the industrial and service sectors minimum annual wages ranged from Zam.K. 939 to 1 2921. The most recent data available on incomes, sources of incomes, income distribution, and expenditure patterns are shown in Tables 13 and 14.
Table 13
Average Incomes and Income Sources (1975)
| RURAL | URBAN | ||
| Source of Income | Income (Zam.K.) per month | Source of Income | Income (Zam.K.) per month |
| Wages/salaries | 12.40 | Wages/salaries | 130.81 |
| Allowances | 1.43 | Allowances | 8.07 |
| Business profits2 | 24.50 | Business profits2 | 19.04 |
| Remittances from urban areas | 1.06 | Other cash income | 12.61 |
| All other income3 | 2.87 | Total cash income | 170.53 |
| Cash income | 42.26 | Own produce consumed | 0.40 |
| Imputed value of own produce consumed | 17.92 | Total income | 170.93 |
| Total income | 60.18 | ||
1 Monthly digest of statistics
2 Including sale of own produce
Table 14
Distribution of Monthly Income and Expenditure Patterns, 1974/75
| Monthly Income group | Percentage distribution of income | Average income | Total expenditure | Food, drink and tobacco | Clothing and footwear | Housing and household equipment | Miscellaneous items |
| 0–30 | 5.5 | 24.50 | 25.18 | 20.17 | 2.40 | 2.06 | 0.55 |
| 30–40 | 8.5 | 34.60 | 32.11 | 24.35 | 1.44 | 3.84 | 2.48 |
| 40–50 | 11.6 | 44.89 | 38.84 | 29.33 | 3.38 | 3.57 | 2.56 |
| 50–60 | 9.2 | 54.04 | 46.70 | 32.75 | 4.26 | 6.28 | 3.41 |
| 60–70 | 10.2 | 64.60 | 50.86 | 35.33 | 5.29 | 6.89 | 3.35 |
| 70–80 | 8.1 | 74.90 | 60.62 | 39.88 | 6.86 | 7.13 | 6.65 |
| 80–90 | 6.9 | 84.60 | 68.33 | 42.41 | 7.42 | 8.35 | 10.15 |
| 90–100 | 6.4 | 95.20 | 79.29 | 45.26 | 9.24 | 11.02 | 13.77 |
| 100–120 | 8.1 | 111.20 | 87.71 | 51.18 | 15.42 | 10.29 | 10.82 |
| 120–140 | 5.1 | 129.40 | 108.56 | 58.02 | 13.99 | 19.15 | 17.40 |
| 140–160 | 3.5 | 146.20 | 127.66 | 62.37 | 21.95 | 22.09 | 21.25 |
| 160–200 | 4.0 | 181.50 | 145.21 | 70.37 | 26.72 | 23.36 | 24.76 |
| 200–250 | 3.4 | 234.00 | 176.29 | 83.59 | 33.63 | 28.19 | 30.88 |
| 250–300 | 1.9 | 275.40 | 205.42 | 89.60 | 28.74 | 38.39 | 48.69 |
| 300–400 | 1.8 | 339.00 | 223.93 | 93.64 | 26.73 | 40.34 | 63.22 |
| 400–500 | 1.1 | 435.70 | 259.95 | 98.52 | 28.11 | 60.40 | 72.92 |
| 500+ | 4.7 | 652.10 | 364.25 | 125.85 | 33.63 | 80.11 | 124.66 |
The above data indicate that in relative terms, 50–80 percent of the cash income is spent on food. In monetary terms, for the 53.1 percent of the incomes (below Zam.K. 80/month) this percentage amounts to a monthly expenditure of about Zam.K. 30 only for food. Compared with prices for alternative protein foods and the market situation discussed in the following section, these figures indicate a significant protein deficiency in the diet.
3.6.2 Prices and market
The scarcity of alternative animal protein food in rural areas and the prices structure of meat and dairy products in the cities indicate the importance of fish. As the maximum retail prices set by the Government do not adequately take into account the high production costs, the Government-run marketing organizations, Cold Storage Board (CSB), Zambia Pork Products (ZAPP) and Dairy Produce Board (DPB) are frequently not able to obtain sufficient produce to supply the market. Consequently, a great part of the retailing is done through an established free market. In this case, supply and demand creates a price level which is well above the financial means of the lower income groups.
The same situation is to be found for the supply of fish, where almost all fish reaching the market is marketed by private merchants or by the fishermen themselves. In 1978 the retail price set by the Government Fish Marketing Board was between Zam.K. 0.50 and 0.70/kg, but the price of fish for sale in the free markets was about Zam.K. 2.50/kg. Even at that price, fish compares well with the ceiling prices for alternative protein food items shown in Table 15.
Table 15
Maximum Retail Prices as Set by the Government (1978)
| Food Item | Price (Zam.K./kg) |
| Beef fillet | 4.63 |
| Rolled beef | 2.81 |
| Topside | 2.69 |
| Minced beef | 1.50 |
| Pig meat, hams and bacon | 4.8 to 6.0 |
| Fresh pork | 1.8 |
| Milk: pasteurized 3% fat | 0.32 |
| Milk: recombined 2% fat | 0.22 |
Source: World Bank, 1978
3.6.3 Marketing of aquaculture production
One of the reasons for the scarcity of fish in the markets is the distant location of most of the capture fishery areas from population centres. This results in high transport costs. Aquaculture production units can be established within short distance of the main markets, enabling inexpensive distribution and marketing. The timing of harvesting can be planned according to market demand. This may give the fish farmers an additional advantage.
3.6.4 Inputs for aquaculture production
Labour. There is a large un- or under-employed labour force in most of rural and urban Zambia and no difficulties in recruiting the necessary work force for fish farm operations is foreseen. Although technical skills and the general educational level are low, adequate on-the-job training and supervision can easily cope with this constraint. An average monthly wage of Zam.K. 35–45 can be considered realistic in the areas where aquaculture production is planned.
Land. The mission had difficulty in finding suitable sites for fish farms in most of the areas surveyed. It would appear that land suitable for aquaculture can be found in most parts of Zambia. No legal or environmental constraints are foreseen at present.
Feed and fertilizer. Poultry and pig production units in the country have reported frequent difficulties in obtaining feed, and any large-scale aquaculture production unit should first determine the availability of planned feed inputs.
Major crop processing industries, which could provide by-products suitable for fish feed, are listed in Table 16. The economic feasibility of using such by-products must be investigated, considering their price, transportation costs, etc.
Table 16
Major Crop Processing Centres and their Products
| Products manufactured | By-products | |
| Refined oil products: Ndola, Copperbelt Province | Cooking oil | Oil cake |
| Refined oil products: Lusaka, Central | Cooking oil | Oil cake |
| Zambia Oil Company: Lusaka, Central Province | Cooking oil | oil cake |
| National Milling Company: Lusaka, Central Province | Meali-meal, baking powder, stock feed | Bran |
| Zambia Breweries Ltd.: Lusaka Central Province | Beer | Brewery wastes |
| Zambia Breweries Ltd.: Ndola, Copperbelt Province | Beer | Brewery wastes |
| Hybrid poultry farms: Lusaka Central Province | Poultry, stock feed | Offal |
| Kawambwu Tea Company: Kawambwu Luapula Province | Tea | Tea cake |
Chemical fertilizers are not easy to obtain in Zambia due to a lack of transportation facilities, but green manure and livestock wastes can be found in large quantities in all areas visited.
According to the findings of the mission there is considerable potential for freshwater aquaculture in many parts of Zambia. No technical or economical constraints were found for large-scale fish culture at the sites investigated. The development of large-scale fish culture as a major means of producing fish for human consumption can therefore be recommended. The first phase of such a development will consist of the establishment of four model commercial farms in different parts of the country and the mission has formulated a project proposal for this purpose. The investment necessary for the implementation of this project is U.S.$ 1 921 129, in addition to a government contribution of Zam.K. 521 400 (in kind). The preliminary estimates of approximate investment costs for construction, unit cost benefits, and approximate cost benefits for each of the four farms are given in Appendixes II, III and IV.
It is hoped that the external financing necessary for the project will become available through an appropriate bank loan. Pending relevant negotiation, it will be useful to undertake pilot yield trials in one of the existing fish farms, in order to obtain further data on production and operational costs. The mission has therefore prepared a project proposal for such trials at the Chilanga Fish Farm of the Department of Fisheries for funding by UNDP. It is hoped that it will be approved for implementation from about the middle of 1980.
