The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025

Acknowledgements

The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025 was jointly prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

The publication was prepared under the overall guidance of Máximo Torero Cullen and the direction of David Laborde and José Rosero Moncayo. Ada Ignaciuk coordinated the work and served as Chief Editor of the publication. They are all from the Economic and Social Development stream at FAO.

The development of the report was guided by a Steering Committee consisting of agency representatives from the five co-publishing partners: Marco V. Sánchez Cantillo (Chair, FAO), Carola Alvarez (IFAD), Joan Matji (UNICEF), Arif Husain (WFP) and Luz Maria De Regil (WHO). Valuable comments and final approval of the report were provided by the executive heads and senior staff of the five co-authoring agencies.

The report was developed by a Writing Team led by Ada Ignaciuk (FAO), and comprising Carlo Cafiero, Giovanni Carrasco Azzini, Valentina Conti, Anne Kepple, Lucia Latino, Olivier Lavagne d’Ortigue, Sravya Mamidanna, Eduardo Nakasone Uechi, Kwame Akoto Osei, Sara Viviani and Trudy Wijnhoven (FAO), Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi and Tisorn Songsermsawas (IFAD), Mauro Brero, Joel Conkle and Chika Hayashi (UNICEF), Angela Di Perna and Stefan Meyer (WFP), Elaine Borghi, Richard Kumapley, Katrina Lundberg and Ann Mizumoto (WHO).

Chapter 1 of the report was written by Ada Ignaciuk (FAO).

Chapter 2 of the report was coordinated by Anne Kepple (FAO). Section 2.1 was written by Carlo Cafiero, Anne Kepple, David Laborde and Sara Viviani, with key inputs from Adeeba Ishaq, Abdul Sattar and Firas Yassin (FAO). Section 2.2 was written by Valentina Conti, with inputs from Carlo Cafiero (FAO), Yan Bai, Marko Olavi Rissanen and Mizuki Yamanaka (World Bank). Section 2.3 was written by Joel Conkle (UNICEF) and Kwame Akoto Osei (FAO), with key inputs from Chika Hayashi and Vrinda Mehra (UNICEF), Elaine Borghi, Richard Kumapley and Ann Mizumoto (WHO) and Anne Kepple (FAO). Box 2.4 was written by Lynnette Neufeld with input from Anne Kepple, José Rosero Moncayo and Kwame Akoto Osei (FAO) and Luz Maria De Regil (WHO). Olivier Lavagne d’Ortigue (FAO) provided data visualization support for this chapter.

Chapter 3 of the report was written by Ada Ignaciuk and Eduardo Nakasone Uechi (FAO). Gert Peersman (University of Gent) contributed to Section 3.2 and Leah Costlow, Rachel Gilbert, Elena Martínez and William A. Masters (Tufts University) contributed to Section 3.4. Box 3.2 was written by David Laborde and Monika Tothova (FAO). Box 3.3 was written by El Mamoun Amrouk and Emiliano Magrini (FAO), and Box 3.4 was written by Angela Di Perna and Stefan Meyer (WFP).

Chapter 4 of the report was written by Ada Ignaciuk and Giovanni Carrasco Azzini (FAO). Elsa Olivetti (FAO) contributed to Section 4.1 and Sravya Mamidanna (FAO) contributed to Section 4.2. Box 4.1 was written by Angela Di Perna, Guadalupe Galambos, Stefan Meyer and Priya Singh (WFP), and Box 4.2 was written by Enrique Hennings and Jessica Murcia Poulsen (IFAD).

Chapter 5 of the report was written by Ada Ignaciuk (FAO).

Numerous colleagues from different technical units and departments across the five co-publishing agencies, including the writing team, provided valuable technical comments and input to the report. An agency-wide technical clearance process facilitated a comprehensive review by many technical experts from the five coauthoring agencies. Listing each of the contributions would be challenging and furthermore increase the risk of important omissions.

Data inputs

Adeeba Ishaq, Abdul Sattar and Firas Yassin (FAO) were responsible for preparing undernourishment data in Section 2.1 and Annex 1A, with inputs from Amadou Ba, Vaishali Bansal, Filippo Gheri, Talent Manyani, Ana Moltedo and Sara Zakaryan (FAO). Supporting data were provided by the Crops, Livestock and Food Statistics team of the FAO Statistics Division and the Global Information and Early Warning System and Basic Foodstuffs Teams of the FAO Markets and Trade Division. David Laborde (FAO) prepared the 2030 projections of undernourishment. Sara Viviani (FAO) was responsible for preparing the food security data in Section 2.1, Section 3.3 and Annex 1A, with inputs from Vaishali Bansal, Cristobal Fehrmann, Filippo Gheri, Adeeba Ishaq, Maxime Luciene, Guy Oswald Obama, Michael Austin Rahija, Abdul Sattar, Firas Yassin and Sara Zakaryan (FAO). Valentina Conti (FAO) was responsible for preparing the estimates of the cost and of the unaffordability of a healthy diet in Section 2.2 and Annex 1A, with inputs from Carlo Cafiero, José Rosero Moncayo, Veronica Boero and Michele Vollaro (FAO) and Yan Bai, Christoph Lakner, Marko Olavi Rissanen, Samuel Kofi Tetteh-Baah, Giovanni Tonutti and Mizuki Yamanaka (World Bank). Joel Conkle (UNICEF) and Kwame Akoto Osei (FAO) were responsible for the analyses in Section 2.3 with key input from Giles Hanley Cook (FAO) for Section 2.3.3. Joel Conkle and Vrinda Mehra (UNICEF) and Richard Kumapley (WHO) were responsible for consolidating the nutrition data in Annex 1A, with inputs from the UNICEF-WHO-WB Joint Child Malnutrition (JME) Group, Monica Flores-Urrutia, Leanne Riley, Lisa Rogers and Gretchen Stevens (WHO).

Report production

Support for report production came from Christin Campbell (consulting editor), Carlota Vilalva and Daniela Verona from the FAO Economic and Social Development stream.

The Language Branch of the FAO Governing Bodies Servicing Division carried out the translations. The translations of the report benefited from a technical review by Ahmad Sadiddin and Firas Yassin (Arabic), Juan Feng and Lan Li (Chinese), Olivier Lavagne d’Ortigue and Thibault Meilland (French), Iryna Kobuta (Russian), and Giovanni Carrasco Azzini and Eduardo Nakasone Uechi (Spanish), all of whom are from FAO.

The Publications and Library Branch of the FAO Office of Communications provided editorial support, design and layout, as well as production coordination, for editions in all six official languages.

This flagship publication is part of The State of the World series of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Required citation:
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2025. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025 – Addressing high food price inflation for food security and nutrition. Rome, FAO.
https://doi.org/10.4060/cd6008en

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Food Programme (WFP) or the World Health Organization (WHO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP or WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

The designations employed and the presentation of material in the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP or WHO concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers. The terminology used to refer to countries, territories and areas as well as the representation of countries, territories and areas, including the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries, in this publication follow the institutional style and practice of FAO as the lead publishing organization, and may be at variance with those used by IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO.

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ISSN 2663-8061 (print)
ISSN 2663-807X (online)
ISBN 978-92-5-139937-8
© FAO, 2025

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INDIA. Winnowing wheat: scaling up financing flows will accelerate the vital transformation of agrifood systems.

This flagship publication is part of The State of the World series of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

A Creative Commons BY license icon, featuring the letters “CC” in a circle and a person symbol.

Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.en).

INDIA. Winnowing wheat: scaling up financing flows will accelerate the vital transformation of agrifood systems.