Appendix II-4: Ecofloristic zone classification framework (LET, 2000)

Group of EFZ	Name Climax zonal vegetation	Criteria (climate and altitude)	Ecofloristic zone
			South America	Africa	Asia
I	Tropical lowland wet Dense (semi)evergreen ombrophilous forest	P>2000mm, 0 d.m., Alt.0-1000m in S.America tm>15°, P>1500, 0-4 d.m., Alt. 0-300m in Africa, 0-700m in Asia	Ia Extremely wet Ib Very wet	Ia-IIa Equatorial Africa Ib-IIb Madagascar Ic Western Africa Ombrophilous forest Id-IId Drier semi-evergreen rainforest Ie-IIe Sambirano (Mada.) If East Africa	Ia-IIa Malaya west of Wallace’s Line Ib-IIb Malaya east of Wallace’s Line Ic-IIc SE Asia Id-IId India, Myanmar Ie Sri Lanka If-IIf Nepal
II	Tropical lowland wet Evergreen seasonal forest	P>1500mm, 0-4 d.m., Alt.0-1000m in S.America, 300-1000m in Africa 700 to 1000-1500 in Asia	IIa Amazon Basin IIb Atlantic coast IIc Iguaçu-Parana Valleys
III	Tropical lowland moist with pronounced dry season Moist deciduous forests	P=1000-2000mm, 3-6d.m., tm>15° Alt. 0 to 800-1500m	IIIa Cerrados IIIb Semi-deciduous forests IIIc Llanos IIId Pantanal IIIe Paraguay-Parana vall.	IIIa W Africa IIIb Savanna woodland with Isoberlinia IIIc Madagascar IIId Wetter Miombo IIIe E Africa IIIf Transition f. (S Hem.)	IIIa Philippines IIIb Indonesia IIIc Papua-New-Guinea IIId S and SE Asia
IV	Tropical lowland dry with pronounced dry season Dry forests and woodlands	P=400-1500mm, 5-9d.m., tm>15° Alt. 0 to 1000-1500m	IVa Caatinga IVb Carib and Guayaquil IVc Chaco	IVa S Sudanian Domain IVb Accra IVc Cabinda IVd Drier miombo	Iva Papua-New-Guinea IVb SE Asia Ivc India, Sri Lanka
V	Tropical lowland very dry Thorn bush, dry savannas	P=300-1000mm, 7-11d.m., tm>15° Alt. 0-1000m	V Xeromorphic woodlands (Guajira and Guayaquil)	Va N Sudanian Domain Vb E Africa Vc Madagascar Vd S Africa	Va Indonesia Vb Viet Nam Vc India, Myanmar
VI	Tropical lowland semi-arid Pseudo-steppe	P=200-500mm, 9-11d.m., tm>15° Alt. 0 to 1000-1800m		VIa Sahel VIb E Africa VIc Madagascar VId S Africa	VI Low discontinuous thorny thicket (Rajasthan, Ph.9, p.188)
VII	Tropical lowland arid Desert	P<150-200mm, 10-12d.m., tm=10-15° Alt. 0-1500m	VII Coastal desert	VIIa Sahara desert VIIb East African desert VIIc Karoo desert	VII Rajasthan desert

Appendix II-4. Continued

Group of EFZ	Name Climax zonal vegetation	Criteria (climate and altitude)	Ecofloristic zone
			South America	Africa	Asia
VIII	Tropical medium elevation wet –Dense moist (semi-evergreen forest)	P=1000-2000mm, 0-3d.m., tm<18° Alt. 800-2000m	VIIIa Very wet VIIIb Wet	VIIIa Continental Africa VIIIb Madagascar	VIII Dense moist (semi)evergreen forest (Himalaya foothill)
IX	Tropical medium elevation subhumid – Seasonal and sclerophyllous forests	P=700-2000mm, 2-6d.m., tm>13° Alt. 800-2000m	IX Seasonal submontane forest	IXa W Africa IXb Madagascar (Ph.10) IXc E Africa
X	Tropical medium elevation dry – Shrublands and thickets	P<1000mm, 6-11d.m., tm=15° Alt. 1500-2000m		Xa E Africa Xb Windhoek M. (S Africa)
XI	Tropical medium elevation semi-arid –Thorn woodlands and shrub pseudo-steppes	P=200-1000mm, 2-12 d.m., tm<15° Alt. 900-2000m	XI Thorn woodlands and xeromorphic thickets	XI Shrub pseudo-steppe (Sahara)
XII	Tropical montane moist Ombrophilous montane forest	P=1500-2500mm, 0-4d.m., tm<15° Alt. 1800-3500m	XIIa Very wet XIIb Wet	XIIa Continental Africa XIIb Madagascar	XIIa Malaya Archip. XIIb New-Guinea XIIc SE Asia XIId S India, Sri Lanka XIIe E Himalaya foothill XIIf Subalpine Indonesia XIIg Subalpine New-G.
XIII	Tropical montane subhumid Low seasonal montane forest	P=900-1500mm, 1-5d.m., tm<15°, Alt. 2000-3500m	XIII Low seasonal montane forest (Andes)
XIV	Tropical montane dry Low dry montane forest	P<1300mm, 6-10d.m., tm<15° Alt. 2000-3000m		XIV Juniperus procera forest (E Africa)
XV	Tropical montane semi-arid Shrub pseudo-steppe	P=200-800mm, 3-12d.m., tm<15°, Alt. 1800-3000m	XV Shrub with Cactaceae (Andes)	XV Bush pseudo-steppe (Sahara)
XVI	Tropical high elevation - Alpine scrub	Alt. > 3000m	XVIa Paramo XVIb Puna	XVI Alpine scrub	XVI Ericaceae belt
XVII	Subtropical lowland humid(a)and subhumid (b) Evergreen forests and thickets	a. P=1000-2500 mm, 0-4d.m., tm<20°, alt.0-1300m ; b. P=600-1000mm	XVIIa Araucaria angustifolia forest XVIIb Pampa	XVIIa Evergreen forest XVIIb Coastal thicket (S Africa)
XVIII	Subtropical lowland seasonally dry Sclerophyllous forests	P=400-1500mm, 3-7d.m., tm>7°	XVIII Nothofagus forest	XVIIIa N Africa (moist) (Ph.11) XVIIIb S Africa XVIIIc N Africa (contin.)

Appendix II-4. Continued

XIX	Subtropical lowland semi-arid Xeromorphic woodlands and pseudo-steppes	P=200-1000mm,6-11d.m.,tm=6-17°	XIXa Tropical regime XIXb Mediterranean	XIXa Pseudo-st./ Acacia XIXb Pseudo-steppe/ Pistacia
XX	Subtropical medium elevation humid Mixed forest	P=800-1000mm, 0-3d.m., tm<12° Alt.900-1600m		XXa Northern Africa (Ph. 12, p.188) XXb Southern Africa
XXI	Subtropical medium elevation seasonally dry Submontane mixed or coniferous forest	P=500-2000mm, 2-8d.m., tm>7° Alt. 900-1600m		XXIa N Africa XXIb S Africa (Trans. For.) XXIc Highveld	XXIa W Himalaya XXIb Kashmir
XXII	Subtropical medium elevation semi-arid Shrub pseudo-steppe	P<300mm, 8-12d.m., tm>7° Alt. 1500-2000m		XXII Shrub pseudo-steppe
XXIII	Subtropical montane humid Evergreen mixed forest	P=600-1100mm, 0-4d.m., tm<7° Alt.1500-2900m		XXIIIa N Africa XXIIIb S Africa
XXIV	Subtropical montane seasonally dry Evergreen montane forest	P=500-1500mm, 2-6d.m., tm<7° Alt.1500-3000m		XXIVa N Africa XXIVb S Africa	XXIVa W Himalaya (bixeric regime) XXIVb NW Himalaya (Medit.)
XXV	Subtropical high elevation Mixed forests and shrubs	Alt. > 3000m	XXV Steppe (Andes)	XXVa N Africa XXVb S Africa	XXVa Himalaya (Mixed forest) XXVb NW Himalaya (Mixed for. and shrub) XXVc Himalaya (above 4000m)
XXVI	Temperate lowland oceanic Evergreen forest and “tundra”	P=500-3500mm, 0 d.m tm=5-11°	XXVIa Valdivian forest XXVIb Subpolar forest XXVIc Cold temperate steppe XXVId “Tundra”
XXVII	Temperate lowland semi-arid Deciduous thicket and steppe	P=100-300mm, tm=6-13°	XXVIIa Deciduous thicket XXVIIb Steppe
XXVIII	Temperate mountain Coniferous forest and steppes	P=(a)1000-2500mm, (b)100-400mm, tm<10° Alt. > 1000m	XXVIIIa Araucaria araucana forest XXVIIIb Andean steppe		XXVIII Steppic Tibetan zone

Note: Explanation of abbreviations. P: Annual rainfall; d.m.: dry month; tm: mean temperature of coldest month; Alt.: Altitude