ASEAN77/SHR/CUL3
MANUAL ON POND CULTURE OF
PENAEID SHRIMP
PENAEID SHRIMP
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ASEAN77/SHR/CUL3 MANUAL ON POND CULTURE OF PENAEID SHRIMP |
A project of the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN)
with the assistance of the
FAO/UNDP South China Sea Fisheries Development
and Coordinating Programme (SCSP)
Manila
ASEAN National Coordinating Agency of the Philippines
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Manila, Philippines
1978
The preparation of this report was based mainly on material from the ASEAN Seminar/Workshop on Shrimp Culture held in Iloilo City, Philippines, 15 to 23 November 1976. Additional information were obtained from published literature and from various specialists who were invited to comment on the original draft. Harry L. Cook and Herminio R. Rabanal of the FAO/UNDP South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, edited this report.
The copyright in this publication is vested in the ASEAN National Coordinating Agency of the Philippines. This publication may not be printed, in whole or in part, by any method or process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Applications for such permission with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be made through and addressed to the ASEAN National Coordinating Agency of the Philippines, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Manila.
Shrimp culture has attracted considerable attention in recent years not only because of its value as food supply but also of its high potential as a foreign exchange earner. The ASEAN countries, realizing this fact, have given the shrimp farming industry a high priority in their fisheries programmes. An initial meeting of ASEAN experts in this field was convened in Bangkok in 1972. It was during this occasion that the participating countries recognized the need for the continuing development of modern techniques or procedures for the pond culture of shrimp. Thus, as a follow-up, an ASEAN Workshop-Seminar on Shrimp Culture was held in Iloilo City on 15–23 November 1976, which served as a forum for the exchange and development of new ideas designed to help boost the shrimp farming industries in the ASEAN region.
This Manual on Pond Culture of Penaeid Shrimp is the result of this eight-day Workshop-Seminar. It is in itself the product of cooperative venture, since it drew upon the expertise of the ASEAN members and the support of a number of organizations of the United Nations system, notably, the FAO-UNDP South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Although addressed primarily to the aquaculture industry, the information and ideas contained in this brief manual are likely to be of interest and practical benefit to the policy-makers of the relevant agencies as they formulate guidelines, rules and regulations affecting the fishing and aquaculture sectors. But above all, the publication and dissemination of this Manual represent another concrete manifestation of ASEAN's joint undertaking on a matter of common interest in the spirit of cooperation, unity and understanding.
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| ROSARIO G. MANALO Director-General ASEAN National Coordinating Agency of the Philippines Ministry of Foreign Affairs Manila |
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ABSTRACT
2. SUITABILITY OF VARIOUS SPECIES FOR CULTURE
2.2 Penaeus merguiensis and P. indicus
2.6 Metapenaeus ensis and M. monoceros
3. SITE SELECTION CRITERIA TO BE EVALUATED
3.1.4 Currents prevailing in the immediate area
3.2.2 Acidity and potential acidity
3.2.4 Depth of topsoil and characteristics of subsoil
3.3.2 Predators, competitors and burrowing organisms
3.4.4 Availability and cost of supplies and equipment
3.4.5 Availability of marketing outlets and prices
3.4.6 Possible legal and institutional constraints
3.4.7 Availability of technical assistance
3.4.8 Social or economic impact of the farm on the local area
3.4.9 Competing uses for land and nearby waters
4. DESIGN CRITERIA REQUIRED BY SHRIMP
5.3.1 Progression system with one nursery pond and three rearing ponds
5.3.2 Progression system with one nursery, one transition and one rearing pond
6. ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION
6.1 Tidal fluctuation and elevation of pond structures
6.2.2 Control of erosion and leakage
6.5 Construction in areas with acid sulfate soils
7.1 Supply of postlarvae from wild stock
7.1.1 Postlarvae entering ponds with incoming water
7.5 Holding and growing small postlarvae to a larger size for stocking
7.6 Transferring fry from nursery to growing ponds
8.1.1 Traditional extensive type management
8.1.2 Extensive type management with fertilization
8.2.2 Improving or controlling soil acidity
8.2.3 Poisoning predators and pests
8.3 Different types of food organisms grown in ponds and their suitability for shrimp culture
8.4 Recommendations for managing natural food organisms in shrimp ponds
8.5 Methods of growing the different types of natural food
9. PREDATORS, COMPETITORS AND PESTS
9.2.3 Burrowing “shrimp” (Thalassina)
9.2.8 Organisms that degrade wood
10.1 Types of disease and parasites known to cause problems in shrimp culture
10.1.2 Black or brown shell disease
10.1.11 Overburdening organisms
11. INDICATORS OF TROUBLE AND REMEDIAL ACTION
11.1 Indicators of problems in a pond
12.1 Estimating the number of shrimp in a pond
12.6 Determining lime requirements for pond soils
13.1.3 Electric shrimp catching
13.2.2 Partially draining water
13.2.3 Trap in the outlet canal
Table 1 - Oxygen solubility (mg/l) in seawater
Table 2 - Percent solubility of oxygen equivalent to 1.2 ppm
Table 3 - Percent solubility of oxygen equivalent to 2.0 ppm
Table 4 - Percent solubility of oxygen equivalent to 3.0 ppm
Table 5 - Species of trees resistant to marine borers
Table 6 - Nutrient composition of manures (percent)
Table 7 - Elements present in seawater
Table 8a - Conversion table for centimeters into inches
Table 8b - Conversion table for inches into centimeters
Table 9a - Conversion table for meters into feet
Table 9b - Conversion table for feet into meters
Table 10a - Conversion table for hectares into acres
Table 10b - Conversion table for acres into hectares
Table 11a - Conversion table for liters into Imperial gallons
Table 11b - Conversion table for Imperial gallons into liters
Table 12a - Conversion table for kilograms into pounds
Table 12b - Conversion table for pounds into kilograms
Table 13a - Conversion table for yields per surface unit kilograms per hectare into pounds per acre
Table 13b - Conversion table for pounds per acre into kilograms per hectare
Table 14a - Degrees Centigrade into degrees Fahrenheit
Table 14b - Degrees Fahrenheit into degrees Centigrade
Table 15 - Miscellaneous conversion factors
Table 17 - Lengths, weights and number per kg for brown shrimp (P. aztecus)
Figure 1 - Pond layout with one nursery pond and three rearing ponds
Figure 2 - Pond layout with one nursery pond, one transition pond and one rearing pond
Figure 3 - Net for collecting postlarval shrimp
Figure 4 - Schematic drawing of penaeid shrimp
Figure 5 - Pictorial guide to identification of postlarvae
Figure 6 - Distinguishing characters of postlarvae of P. monodon
Figure 7 - Colouration of tail of Penaeus semisulcatus and P. monodon
Figure 8 - Layout of small (1.2 m × 2.4 m) raceway tank for postlarvae
Figure 9a - Growing of P. monodon in extensive culture
Figure 9b - Growth curve of P. monodon in intensive culture
Figure 9c - Theoretical growth curve of P. monodon in intensive culture at two food conversion rates
Figure 10 - Screens for keeping predators from entering ponds
Figure 11 - Bird scaring device
Figure 13 - Trap for use in a shrimp pond
Figure 14 - Harvest net with lazy line
Figure 15 - Dike-canal type pond
Figure 16 - Fertilizer platform
ANNEX B - LIST OF PERSONS CONTRIBUTING COMMENTS ON FIRST DRAFT