APPENDIX A
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

COPESCAL MEMBER COUNTRIES

ARGENTINA

Rolando Quirós
Jefe Departamento Pesquerías Continentales
Instituto Nacional Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero
Santa Fé 1548. piso 7
Tel. 412329
1060 Buenos Aires

BOLIVIA

Freddy Arteaga Hayashida
Director Ejecutivo Nacional
Centro de Desarrollo Pesquero
Av. Camacho 1471
Casilla 10032
Tel. 374269
FAX 591-02-357535
Telex 2697 MACA BV
La Paz

COLOMBIA

Ariadna Osorio Giraldo
Bióloga Sudirección de Producción Pesquera
Ministerio de Agricultura
Avenida Jiménez 7–65
Tel. 2845805
Bogotá

Horacio Rodríguez Gómez
Jefe División Acuicultura
Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura
INDERENA-INPA
Diagonal 34 Nro. 5–18
Tel. 2458462
Bogotá

COSTA RICA

Herbert Nanne Echandi
Subdirector General de Recursos
Pesqueros y Acuicultura
Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería
Tel. 217135 - 552170
San José

CUBA

Eduardo Otero Pérez
Subdirector Nacional de Acuicultura
Ministerio de Industria Pesquera
Carretera Central Km 20 1/2 Lana de Tierra Cotorro, Ciudad La Habana
Tel. 4937-4466 (Cotorro)

CHILE

Ricardo Méndez
Jefe Sección Acuicultura
Subsecretaría de Pesca
Bellavista 168, piso 17
Casilla 100-V
Tel. 970291/212187
FAX 212790
Valparaiso

ECUADOR

Wilson Bustamante López
Analista Desarrollo Pesquero
Subsecretaría de Recursos Pesqueros
Víctor Manuel Rendón 1006–1010
Casilla 8358
Tel. 308360-308326
FAX 304379
Telex 43006 SUBRE ED
Guayaquil

EL SALVADOR

Adalberto González Embajador
Embajada de El Salvador
Av. Las Antes 950 San Borja
Casilla 41–0113
Tel. 370095
Lima

René Salgado
Coordinador Departamental Acuicultura
Centro de Desarrollo Pesquero
Final 1 A.N., Nueva San Salvador
Tel. 28-1066
FAX (503) 280034
Nueva San Salvador

GUATEMALA

Julio Carpio
Jefe Proyecto Pesca Rural
Dirección de Pesca y Acuicultura
Km 22 Carretera al Pacífico
Tel. 0312-015 (al 17)
FAX 0312-014
Ciudad de Guatemala

HONDURAS

Marco Tulio Sarmiento Armijo
Coordinador de Acuicultura
Dirección de Recursos Naturales Renovables
Avenida de la FAO
Tel. 32-86-00
Telex SERENA 8071
Tegucigalpa

JAMAICA

MEXICO

Santiago Avilés Quevedo
Jefe Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería
Secretaria de Pesca
Cerrada de Trini 10, San Jerónimo Lidice
Código Postal 10200
México D.F.

Francisco Sosa y Avila
Subdirector de Políticas y Acuerdos
Pesqueros Internacionales
Secretaría de Pesca de México
Alvaro Obregón 269, piso 8
Código Postal 03020
Tel. 2081773 FAX 2080669
Telex DEPEME 177744
México D.F.

NICARAGUA

PANAMA

Hugo Pérez Athanasiadis
Director Nacional
Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario
Dirección Nacional de Acuicultura
Tel. 98-3761/98-3719
FAX 98-3761
Santiago

PARAGUAY

Francisco Galeano Vera
Director Dpto. Acuicultura
Subsecretaría de Ganadería
Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería
Alberdi y Gral. Díaz
Tel. 441894-492954-492948
FAX 595-021-447250
Asunción

PERU

Head of Delegation

Ricardo Segura Romero
Vice-Ministro de Pesquería
Ministerio de Pesquería
Paseo de la República 3105
Lima

Delegates

Edgar García Carbajal
Director de Pesca Continental
Ministerio de Pesquería
Dirección de Pesca Continental
Paseo República 3103 San Isidro
Tel. 704118
Lima

M. Beatriz Saez Bravo
Directora General de Acuicultura
Ministerio de Pesquería
Paseo de la República 3103 piso 7
Tel. 709889
FAX 704101
Lima

Elmer Wilhelm Mori
Director General de Invesitaciones de Recursos en Aguas Continentales
Instituto del Mar del Perú
Gamarra y Gral. Valle s/n, Callao
Casilla 22 Callao
Tel. 297630-27
FAX 290533
Lima

Observers

Carmen Luisa Alania Vera
Sectorialista de Pesca
Instituto Nacional de Planificación
Tel. 37-10-20/32-18-28
Lima

Antonio E. Bernales Alvarado
Dirección Gerente
Acuacultura y Servicios S.A.
Ingenieros Consultores
Bajada de Baños 340
Tel. 671791, Barrancos, Lima

Ciro L. Camacho Arce
Director Ejecutivo Adjunto
Proyecto Especial Binacional Lago Titicaca
Jr. Los Incas 253
Casilla 302
Tel. 054-352999
FAX 054-351892, Puno

Martha S. Carrillo Vargas
Subdirectora de Cooperación Técnica
Ministerio de Pesquería,
Planificación y Presupuesto
OPP- Oficina de Cooperación Técnica
Tel. 423129
Lima

Félix Chumbiray Mendoza
Director Ejecutivo
Ministerio de Pesquería
Dirección General de Acuicultura
Tel. 709889
FAX 704101, Lima

Félix Antonio Dávila Gil
Director Biodiversidad ONERN
Calle Diecisiete 355 Urb. El
Palomar
San Isidro
Tel. 410425
FAX (051-14) 414606
Lima

Manuel Flores Palomino
Director de Estadística y Economía Pesquera
IMARPE
Casilla 22
Tel. 297630-17
FAX 290533
Callao

Raúl Armando Flores R.
Sectorialista de Pesca
Instituto Nacional de Planificación
Calle 7 Nro. 229
La Molina, Rinconada Baja
Tel. 37-1020
Lima

Humberto Guerra Flores
Director Técnico
Instituto de Investigación
Amazonía Peruana
Av. Abelardo Quiñones Km 2
Casilla 784
Tel. 235527-232925
FAX 094235527
Telex 91085 PE IIAPIQ
Iquitos

Alicia Leonardo Medina
Jefe de División Pesca Continental
Ministerio de Pesquería
Dirección General de Acuicultura
Tel. 709889
FAX 704101
Lima

Jorge Llanos Urbina
Director Adjunto
Dirección General Recursos Aguas Continentales
Instituto del Mar del Perú
Esquina Gamarra y General Valle s/n
Casilla 22, Callao
Tel. 297630-34, Callao

Jorge Oruza Manrique
Director IPPEZ
Santa Isabel 680 Pueblo Libre
Tel. 296535/626307
Lima

Eduardo Pérez Sandoval
Director de Recursos Hortícolas
CONCYTEC
Paseo de la República 3505
Casilla 1984
Tel. 422580
FAX 422580, Lima

Gustavo Priori Fajardo
Jefe Departamento Intereses
Marítimos Nacional
Dirección General de Intereses
Marítimos (MGP)
Av. Salaverry cuadra 24
Comandancia General Marina
Tel. 632030
Lima

Jesús Iván Poma López
Director Regional XIII San Martín
Ministerio de Pesquería
Jr. Leoncio Prado 270
(094) 522041
Tarapoto

Juan Quispe Arce
Ingeniero
Dirección de Hidrografía de la Marina
Gamarra 500, Chuchuito, Callao
Tel. 297290
Callao

Jorge Rodríguez Kirkwood
Presidente del Directorio
EPSEP
Calle Las Tunas s/n Salamanca
Tel. 364131
FAX 362490
Lima

Efraín Saavedra
Director Negociaciones Económicas
Multilaterales
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores
Jirón Azangaro 450
Tel. 273850/228
Telex 25435
Lima

José Vera
Director Ejecutivo
CEIDAP
Benavides 605 Of 1102
Tel. (51-14) 44-4164
FAX (51-14) 44-4853
Lima

Rogelio Villanueva
Coordinador
Red Regional de Pesca Artesanal
del CIID, Canadá
Esquina de Gamarra y General Valle
s/n
Tel. 297094
FAX 290533
Callao

Ricardo Zevallos Newton
Presidente Consejo Directivo
Instituto del Mar del Perú
Gamarra y General Valle s/n
Casilla 22, Callao
Tel. 297630-34
Callao

REPUBLICA DOMINICANA

Lourdes Rojas de Ortiz
Encargada de Extensión y Planificación
Pesqueras, Dpto. de Recursos
Pesqueros
Secretaría de Estado de Agricultura
Centro de Los Héroes
Tel. 533-6161 ext. 254,271
Santo Domingo

SURINAME

Heidi Y. Jessurun
Ministry of Agriculture
Fisheries Department
Cornelis Jongbowstr 50
Tel. 76741/72233
Paramaribo

URUGUAY

Gustavo Chediak
Jefe Dpto. Acuicultura y Aguas Continentales
Instituto Nacional de Pesca
Constituyente 1497
Casilla 1612
Tel. 417576
FAX 413216, Montevideo

VENEZUELA

César Alceste
Director de Fomento Pesquero
Ministerio de Agricultura y Cría
Parque Central Torre Este, piso 10
Tel. 5090262/5090277
FAX 5743587
Caracas

OBSERVERS

GUYANA

Terrence C. Phillips
Principal Fisheries Officer
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Department
Durban Street and Vlissengen Road
Tel. 02-6183 ó 02-64398
Telex 3048 AFIP GY
Georgetown

ITALY

Fulvi Fulvio
Agregado Comercial en Lima
Embajada de Italia
Tel. 369291
Lima

UNITED KINGDOM

John Michael Harvey
Asesor Pesquero
Overseas Development Administration
ODA
Embajada Británica
Casilla 694
Tel. 343619
La Paz

INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (IDB)

Hugo Cortez La Torre
Ingeniero Hidráulico
Paseo La Republica 3245
Tel. 423400
Lima, PERU

LATINAMERICAN ORGANIZATION FOR FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT (OLDEPESCA)

Alba Bustamante
Director Ejecutivo
OLDEPESCA
Las Palomas 422
Casilla 10168
Tel. 429868
FAX 429925
Lima, PERU

Angel Rivera
Coordinador Técnico
OLDEPESCA
Las Palomas 422
Casilla 10168
Tel. 429869
FAX 429925
Lima, PERU

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)

Embajador
Enrique Castellanos C.
Director Organización de los
Estados Americanos (OEA)
Av. Arequipa 2544
Lince, Lima, PERU

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC)

Roger Aubray
CEE/JUNAC
Consultor
Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena
Lima, PERU

LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Dr. Elmer Wilhelm Mori
Director General de Investigaciones de los Recursos en Aguas
Continentales
Instituto del Mar del Perú
Avda. Gamarra y Gral. Valle s/n
Chucuito
Tel. 297630-27
FAX 290533
Callao, PERU

Rosa Giampietri de Calisto
Directora de Secretaría General y Relaciones Públicas
Instituto del Mar del Perú
Avda. Gamarra y Gral. Valle s/n
Chucuito
Tel. 293931-297630-12
FAX 290533
Callao, PERU

“JUNTA DEL ACUERDO DE CARTAGENA - JUNAC”

Felix W. Gutiérrez Alva
Docente Investigador, Miembro
Comisión del IVITA
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
Av. Circunvalación Km 6 1/2
Casilla 4270
Tel. 353064-353059
FAX 5114-353064
Lima, PERU

José Luis Aranguena
Encargado del Tema de Pesca
Departamento de Tecnología
Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena
Paseo de la República 3895
Casilla 18–1177
Tel. 414212-2281-2270
FAX 420911
Telex 20140 JUNAC PU
San Isidro, Lima, PERU

FAO

RLAC Staff

Elda Fagetti
Secretaria de la COPESCAL
Oficial Regional de Pesca
Oficina Regional de la FAO para América Latina y el Caribe
Av. Santa María 6700
Tel. 2185503
FAX (56-2) 2184427
Telex 340279 FAOCHI CK
Santiago, CHILE

Bisessar Chakalall
Oficial Regional de Pesca
c/o Representación de la FAO en Trinidad y Tabago
P.O. Box 822
Tel. 62-35175; 62-50467/8
FAX (1-809) 623-1658
Port-of-Spain, TRINIDAD Y TABAGO

FAO Fisheries Department

Via delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Roma/Rome, Italia/Italy
Telex 610181 FAO I
FAX 57976510

Dr. Armin Lindquist
Subdirector General
Departamento de Pesca
Tel. 57976510

Robin Welcomme
Jefe Servicios de Recursos
Acuáticos y Acuicultura

Manuel Martínez Espinosa
Oficial de Recursos Pesqueros (Acuicultura)
Servicio de Recursos Acuáticos
Continentales y Acuicultura

A. Mena-Millar
Oficial de Enlace de Pesca
División de Políticas y Planificación

Interpreters

Danilo Reyna (FAO)
Héctor Urquiaga
Nedra Urquiaga
Mónica Eguren

Translator

Barbara Rojas (Costa Rica)

Conference Officer

Harriet Eeles (FAO/RLAC)

Secretariat

Eleazar Vera Valdés (FAO/RLAC)
Gaby Quispe (FAO Perú)
Mirtha I. Quispe (IMARPE Perú)

APPENDIX B
AGENDA

1. Opening of the session

2. Adoption of the Agenda and arrangements for the session.

3. Intersessional activities: Follow-up on recommendations of the Fifth Session and progress on COPESCAL's Plan of Action.

4. Socio-economic aspects of artisanal fishermen and their communities, with particular attention to the role of women and youth.

5. Inland fisheries resources: their exploitation and conservation.

6. Aquaculture:

   1. Mini-symposium on rural aquaculture

   2. Review of report of Third Session of Working Party on Aquaculture.

7. Code of Practice for introduction of exotic species for aquaculture or other practices.

8. Implementing an information service for marketing aquaculture products.

9. Preliminary analysis of inland fisheries legislation in Latin American countries.

10. Other matters.

11. Election of officers.

12. Date and place of the Seventh Session

13. Adoption of the report.

14. Closure of the session.

APPENDIX C
LIST OF DOCUMENTS

APPENDIX D
NAMES/ADDRESSES OF COPESCAL CORRESPONDENTS

ARGENTINA

Dr. Rolando Quirós
Subsercetaría de Agricultura,
Ganadería y Pesca
Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero
Santa Fé 1548 piso 7
1060 Buenos Aires

BOLIVIA

Ing. Freddy Arteaga Hayashida
Director Ejecutivo
Centro de Desarrollo Pesquero
MACA
Av. Camacho Nro. 1471, piso 5
Casilla 10032
Telex 2697 MACA BV
La Paz

Lic. María Rojas
Centro de Desarrollo Pesquero
MACA
Av. Camacho Nro. 1471, piso 5
Casilla 10032
Telex 2697 MACA BV
La Paz

CHILE

Andrés Couve Rioseco
Subsecretario de Pesca
Subsecretaría de Pesca
Minsiterio de Economía, Fomento y Reconstrucción
Teatinos 120 piso 10
Tel. 710951 FAX 212790
Telex 240318
Santiago

Ricardo Méndez
Sección Acuicultura
Subsecretaría de Pesca
Bellavista 168, piso 17
Tel. (032) 212187
FAX 212790
Valparaiso

COLOMBIA

Dr. Mauricio Valderrama B.
Asesor División Investigaciones
Pesqueras, Unidad Investigativa
INUFEM - INDEREMA
A.A. 13458
Bogotá

Dr. Horacio Rodríguez
INDERENA
A.A. 13458
Tel. 2458462
Telex 44428 INDE-CO
Bogotá

Ariadna Osorio Giraldo
Subdirección Producción Pesquera
División de Acuicultura
Ministerio de Agricultura
Avenida Jimenez 7–65 piso 4
Bogotá

COSTA RICA

Herbert Nanne Echandi
Subdirector General de Recursos
Pesqueros y Acuicultura
Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería
Tel. 217135
FAX 506 554697
Telex 3558 MINAG
San José

CUBA

Ing. Antonio Carcedo
Director de Relaciones Internacionales
Ministerio de la Industria Pesquera
Barlovento Jaimanitas
Telex 511189 CARIBEX
          511399 MIPCU
La Habana

Henry Toledo
Jefe Dpto. Organización y Desarrollo
Empresa Nacional de Acuicultura
Tel. 61-5003 - 619680
Telex 511189 CARIBEX
Cotorro, La Habana

Lic. Eduardo Otero Pérez
Subdirector Nacional
Empresa Nacional de Acuicultura
Telex 511189 CARIBEX
Cotorro, La Habana

ECUADOR

Max Aguirre Auad
Subsecretario de Recursos Pesqueros
Víctor Manuel Rendón 1006
Casilla 8358
Tel. 30836 - 308326
FAX 304379
Telex 43006
Guayaquil

EL SALVADOR

Lic. Ricardo Hernández
Director CENDEPESCA
Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería
Tel. 280034 - 281066
FAX 280034
Santa Tecla, San Salvador

Lic. Ricardo Ibarra Manzanares
Subdirector General CENDEPESCA
Minsiterio de Agricultura y Ganadería
Tel. 280034 - 281066
FAX 280034
Santa Tecla, San Salvador

GUATEMALA

Dr. Jorge Chapas
Director Técnico de Pesca y Acuicultura
Dirección Gral. de Servicios Pesqueros
Ministerio de Agricultura,
Ganadería y Alimentación
Km 22 Carretera al Pacífico
Tel. 0312013 (17)
FAX 0312012 DITEPESCA
Telex 9218 MIAGRO GU
Ciudad de Guatemala

Lic. Héctor Clavería
Jefe Dpto. Pesca Continental
DITEPESCA/DIGESEPA
Ministerio de Agricultura,
Ganadería y Alimentación
Km 22 Carretera al Pacífico
Tel. 0312013 (17)
FAX 0312012 DITEPESCA
Telex 9218 MIAGRO GU
Ciudad de Guatemala

HONDURAS

Marco Tulio Sarmiento
Coordinador de Acuicultura
Dirección de Recursos Naturales Renovables
Av. La FAO
Tel. 32-86-00
Telex SERENA 8071
Tegucigalpa

JAMAICA

Mr. Roy Moo Young
Director of Fisheries
Fisheries Division
Ministry of Agriculture
P.O. Box 470
Kingston

MEXICO

Lic. Francisco Sosa y Avila
Subdirector de Políticas y Acuerdos Internacionales
Secretaría de Pesca de México
Alvaro Obregón 269 piso 8
Col. Roma
C.P. 06700
Tel. 2081773, FAX 2080669
México D.F.

Biol. Santiago Avilés Quevedo
Jefe Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería
Secretaría de Pesca de México
Alvaro Obregón 269 piso 8
Col. Roma
C.P. 06700
Tel. 2081773, FAX 2080669
México D.F.

NICARAGUA

María Amanda del Carmen
Director Acuicultura
INPESCA
Apartado 2020 y 3509
Telex 1309
FAX 52000
Managua

PANAMA

Dr. Richard Pretto Malca
Director
Dirección Nacional de Acuicultura
Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario
Tel. 981380 - 984700
Telex 2134 BANCONAL
Ciudad de Panamá

PARAGUAY

Francisco Galeano Vera
Director
Subsecretaria de Estado de Ganadería
Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería
Alberdi 611, Gral. Díaz piso 1
Tel. 441894/492948/492954
FAX 595-021-447250
Asunción

PERU

Edgar García Carbajal
Director de Pesca Continental
Ministerio de Pesquería
Paseo La República 3103
Lima 27

Dra. Beatriz Saez Bravo
Directora General de Acuicultura
Ministerio de Pesquería
Paseo La República 3103
Lima 27

Dr. Elmer Wilheln
Director General de Investigaciones de Recursos de Aguas Continentales
Instituto del Mar del Perú
Apartado 22
Callao, Lima

REPUBLICA DOMINICA

Narciso Almonte C.
Director Recursos Pesqueros
Secretaría de Estado de Agricultura
Centro de Los Héroes
Tel. 809-533; 2344/532 3865
Santo Domingo

SURINAME

Ing. H. Lionarons
Fisheries Department
Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries
P.O. Box 1153
Tel. 72233 - 76741, Paramaribo

Ms. H. Jessurun
Fisheries Department
Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries
P.O. Box 153
Tel. 72233 - 76741
Paramaribo

URUGUAY

Dr. Zoel Varela
Asesor División de Acuicultura y Aguas Continentales
INAPE
Constituyentes 1497
Tel. 417576 - 417236
FAX 413216
Telex 6503 UY
Montevideo

Dr. Gustavo Chediak
Jefe Departamento de Acuicultura y Aguas Continentales
Constituyentes 1497
Tel. 417576 - 417236
FAX 413216
Telex 6503 UY
Montevideo

VENEZUELA

Dr. Francisco Herrera Terán
Director General Sectorial de Pesca y Acuicultura
Ministerio de Agricultura y Cría
Torre Este piso 10, Parque Central
Caracas

César Alceste
Director de Fomento Pesquero
Ministerio de Agricultura y Cría
Torre Este piso 10, Parque Central
Caracas

Juan José Salaya
Presidente Asociación
Latinaomericana de Acuicultura (ALA)
Decano de Investigación
Universidad Simón Bolívar
Apdo. 80659
Caracas

APPENDIX E
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE INTRODUTION OF EXOTIC SPECIES IN THE COPESCAL REGION

I PROCEDURE FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF SPECIES

1. Recommended procedure prior to reaching a decision regarding proposed introductions (This procedure does not apply to introductions or transfers which are part of current commercial practice).

1. Member countries contemplating any introduction should be requested to present the commission at an early stage information on the species, area of origin, proposed place and watershed of introduction and objectives, with such information on its habitat, associated organisms etc., as is available. The commission should then consider the possible outcome of the introduction and offer advice whether to proceed with further evaluation.

2. Appropriate authorities of the importing country should examine each “candidate for admission” to assess the justification for the introduction, its relationship with other member of the ecosystem, details of its biology and ecology and the possibility of introducing associated pathogenic organisms and parasites.

3. The probable effects of introduction into the new area should be assessed carefully, including an examination of the effects of any previous introductions of this or similar species in other areas, and a prediction of the final range of the species assuming it could form breeding populations in natural waters.

2. Recommended action. If the decision is taken to proceed with the introduction, the following action is recommended:

1. A brood stock should be established in a regulated quarantine situation. Brood stocks should be developed from stocks imported as eggs, in order to minimize the possibility of contamination by pathogenic organisms, parasites or other species of fish. All effluents from establishments used for quarantine purposes should be sterilized in an approved manner, including the destruction of all live organisms present.

2. If no communicable pathogenic organisms including parasites become evident, the first generation progeny, but not the original import, of the introduced species can be transplanted to culture sites or to the natural environment, preferable to small, isolated and restricted river basins or lakes.

3. Recommended actions after introduction

1. A continuing study should be made of the introduced species in its new environment and progress reports submitted to the commission.

2. Every effort should be made to contain the species within the water bodies or water courses into which introduction was made, until the absence of pathogenic agents has been confirmed.

4. Regulatory agencies of all member countries are encouraged to use the strongest possible measures to prevent unauthorized or unapproved introductions and transfers.

5. Recommended procedure for introductions or transfers which are part of current commercial practice (the procedures laid down by the “Draft Convention to prevent the spread of major communicable fish diseases” should be adhered to, especially:)

1. Each consignment of imported stock must be accompanied by the Official Certificate (see Annex B) of the country of origin, establishing that it is free from diseases.

2. Inspection and control of each consignment on arrival

3. Periodic inspection (including adequate microscopic and microbiological examinations) by the receiving country of material for prior mass transplantation to confirm freedom from introducable pests and diseases. If inspection reveals any undesirable development, importation must be immediately discontinued. Findings and remedial actions should be reported to the commission.

4. Quarantining or disinfection where appropriate

5. Establishment of brood stocks certified free of specified pathogens

II CONSIDERATION OF REQUESTS FOR INTRODUCTIONS OR TRANSFERS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL

Any country dealing with or contemplating introductions or transfers of aquatic organisms (diadromus or freshwater) between countries or within national boundaries should have or enact legislation for regulating such activity. A national coordination/consultation mechanism to review, recommend or and monitor (when approval is granted) any such activity should be established to advise administrators on the use of the regulating legislation.

This mechanism in the form of a national committee or working group, would ensure that all prospective applicants, private or government, wanting to introduce or transfer species would submit properly prepared requests to be vetted for acceptability. Such a committee or working group could actually be duplicated on a regional basis within a country to reflect different environmental conditions. Continuity on the national scene could be addressed by regions periodically meeting to discuss common goals and regional concerns and through adoption of the commission's “codes of practice”. Appropriate regulations would be required to ensure compliance with approved protocols should permission be granted. Potential applicants would be made aware of the regulations through a national education campaign.

Where an introduction into one country may adversely affect another, the national committee or working group on introductions and transfers should forward the application to the commission for a risk analysis and recommendations prior to making a decision on an application

III UNIVERSAL PROTOCOL FOR NEW * INTRODUCTIONS OR TRANSFERS FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES

1. Ecology

For the purpose of this document, “ecology” is defined as the study of the interrelations of aquatic plants or animals with their environment. The “environment” is everything that may influence an organism's chance to survive and multiply (i.e., physical/chemical characteristics of water, food, other organisms, habitat, etc.)

Throughout the section, no distinction is made between an aquatic organism proposed for introduction to a natural ecosystem (release to the wild) or one proposed for other purposes, such as enclosures. It is assumed that escape is an inevitable consequence of most applications, thus presenting the same potential problems as a release to the wild.

An aquatic introduction or transfer brings with it the possibility of effecting a variety of ecological changes (good or bad), directly or indirectly, on indigenous species in the target area. It may be that the behavior of an organism, although well known in its native habitat, will be considerably different in anew habitat. Once introduced, a new species may be difficult if not impossible to eradicate, it is later found in the short or long term to be undesirable.

Because of the ecological complexity related to introducing or transferring a marine or freshwater organism and because it is unlikely that adequate information will be available from the literature on which to base an assessment of likely interrelations with indigenous species, it is important that through examination of any proposal be conducted. This would include:

1.1 Examination of the physical and chemical characteristics of the native environment of the introduced species, as well as the new environment to which the species will be introduced.

1.2 A full biological analysis of the aquatic organism proposed for introduction, both within its natural range and where previous transplants have taken place (if applicable). This review should cover, but it is not restricted to, the following aspects:

1. feeding habits and food organisms utilized
2. reproductive strategy (when, where, how)
3. competition with other species
4. predation by or on the species
5. migration routes and timing (if applicable)

6. disease history

1.3 Assessment of the new location for the species with respect to indigenous species likely to interact with introduced species, and with respect to the likelihood of the species establishing wild reproducing stocks.

1.4 Examination of potential implications of any new fishery which may develop for the introduced species in relation to harvesting of indigenous species (fishing pressure)

1.5 Examination of control methods to prevent overpopulation by the introduced species or even for its total eradication if necessary.

1.6 Discussion of possibilities for phasing in introduction through an initial controlled planting to study trophic interaction with indigenous fauna, followed by a full-scale introduction should no problems be encountered.

1.7 Long term monitoring of the dynamics of a species in its new environment to ensure indigenous fauna is not affected detrimentally. This monitoring should utilize baseline data collected in the pre-release period as a reference on which comparisons can be made.

* Protocols for handling introductions which are part of established commercial practices are described in Section 4. Countries may choose to classify movement of transfers which are not part of current commercial practice and which involve transfers of identifiably separate stocks or races of a species to areas outside their natural geographic range, as new introductions.

2. Genetics

The genetic implications of introducing or transferring aquatic organisms to a new environment are complex and poorly understood, both with respect to their effects on the organisms imported and on the resident species. It has been shown from animal and crop breeding work that manipulation to adapt species to new environments and to produce certain desirable characteristics results in the “narrowing in the genetic base of the species”. In the process of this manipulation, genetic determinants controlling disease resistance and fitness in marginal environments may be lost at an early stage.

Warnings from biologists, geneticists, and ecologists state that genetic diversity is essential for the preservation of a species and that importation of new species or strains of aquatic organisms could alter this diversity. The natural gene pool of a stock or species may be directly altered by the new genes, if interbreeding occurs, or indirectly through modification of the physical or biological environment of resident species by the import.

The following recommendations are aimed at decreasing the risks of genetic disruption resulting from the introduction or transfer of exotic species or strains:

2.1 Carry out a thorough risk analysis (genetic, ecological etc.) prior to any introduction. This should include the accumulation of background data related to the history of the species to be introduced in its “home” waters and in any areas where it may already have been introduced. Biological life-history data and, where possible, genetic data in the form of protein electrophoretic analysis, DNA fingerprinting etc., should be collected.

2.2 When the time comes to stock out in the wild or in cages, after quarantine, utilize if possible only non-breeding or sterile individuals, in order to evaluate the ecological impact caused by the species.

2.3 Protect and preserve, at the earliest possible stage, the broad genetic diversity present within the indigenous aquatic organisms most threatened by an importation, by establishing “reserves” (areas where introductions or transfers are forbidden), by artificially maintaining unselected populations or by cryopreservation of gametes or embryos.

2.4 Ensure that stock to be introduced for stock rehabilitation purposes or sea ranching is selected from an environmentally similar area (ideally geographically adjacent) and that it is selected to occupy a niche already filled by an indigenous species or to fill a niche no longer filled because of the extinction of a stock.

2.5 Introduce small numbers, under closely controlled conditions, in stages, in order to monitor genetic effects on indigenous species. In this manner, an introduction could be curtailed immediately if adverse effects appeared.

2.6 Evaluate thoroughly, before introduction to enclosures or to areas for sea ranching, any genetically engineered aquatic organisms, to determine their possible effects on indigenous species. New genetic methods are being exploited in aquaculture to produce fish or other aquatic organisms with modified genomes (e.g., by selection, polyploidy, gynogenesis, gene transfers etc.). Although this can confer considerable advantage in aquaculture, it could have a detrimental effect on natural populations through competition or because of “introgression” of the novel genes into wild genomes.

2.7 Ensure that national legislation to control movements (introductions or transfers) are constantly updated to cover new technical breakthroughs. For example, recent developments in methods for the storage and transport of chilled and frozen gametes and embryos can facilitate introductions and transfers and many national legislative controls do not cover movements of unfertilized gametes.

3. Inspection and Certification

3.1 Each country should prepare a list of species considered for introduction for introduction or transfer (possibly) done by the national committee or working group set up to coordinate introductions). Experience obtained from previous introductions should be used to update these lists annually, and they should be made available to inspection staff involved in actual examination and certification of import.

3.2 A list of known parasites and diseases of eligible species should also be compiled and periodically updated. The list would be used by inspection staff when examining certification papers and actual shipment as they arrive in the country.

3.3 Once approval for an importation (for quarantine and testing) has been given, the agency of group making the request, must obtain from the government of the country from which the species originates, a certificate (permit) confirming the origin of the stock, stage to be exported, disease history (as far as known) parasite/predator history, and other specifics as may be required.

3.4 Inspection aimed at satisfying disease or other certificate requirements of 3.3 must be carried out by qualified personnel duly authorized by the exporting and importing countries.

3.5 Inspection procedures upon arrival of the introduced species at a quarantine site or other release sites should include the destruction or sterilization of all water, packing materials, containers, or other associated shipping materials.

3.6 Coordination between the proponent of an introduction or transfer (could be private or government) and the national agency monitoring importation is very important throughout an initial probationary period. A contact from the agency approving the proposal should be named to liaise with the proponent.

3.7 Upon completion of initial examination by inspectors of the importing country, the shipment, depending on the conditions imposed, should be released to quarantine, containment or directly for culture.

3.8 Quarantine facilities, where required, should be approved and regularly inspected by competent government specialists to ensure effectiveness.

3.9 The microscopic and macroscopic examination required while specimens are in quarantine, makes it essential that proponents provide sufficient numbers of individuals for introduction and testing. The numbers required and the schedule for testing would be specified by the agency which approves import and would be dependent on species and stage at introduction.

4. Quarantine

Introduced or transferred aquatic organisms which are placed in quarantine are, by definition, a potential health risk. The aim of quarantine is to establish that they are either free of prescribed pathogens and pests or if not, that their progeny may be acceptable, if they are proven pathogen - and pest-free. Because aquatic organisms may covertly carry pathogens without showing overt signs of clinical disease, they must in most cases be held in quarantine for life and be subject to repeated tests to establish their pathogen-free status. If they're established as pathogen-free, the F1 generation may be released. If the F0 generation is not pathogen-and pest-free and they are not destroyed but kept for breeding, then it may be necessary to quarantine the F1 generation for life, demonstrate the F1 generation is free for pathogens and pests and then use the F2 generation for release.

4.1 Introductions, whether as gametes of fertilized eggs for fish (preferred) or as some other stage for mollusc plants, should be disinfected upon arrival at the quarantine unit (even though an approval certificate is supplied). If young fish are being imported, they should be treated by prophylactic bath. As stated under inspection and certification procedures, all materials in contact with the import during shipment should be destroyed or sterilized and not allowed to enter the holding system area of the quarantine unit.

Acclimation of eggs, larvae, adult organisms etc., to environmental conditions, such as temperature at the quarantine station, should be done in a manner which prevents, as far as possible, any contact between transport and final holding media.

4.2 It is recommended that intake waters be sterilized or disinfected. Sterilization means killing all life forms in the water supply. Disinfection means using techniques which will kill all the prescribed pathogens. Spring, ground, artesian, and well waters which have no flora or fauna in them prior to entry to the quarantine unit are best and require no treatment. If surface waters are used, there is a risk that native pathogens and pests may cause disease outbreaks in the quarantine unit causing consequent difficulties in deciding whether the pathogen is native to the water supply or was imported with the introduction.

4.3 The quality of water used in the quarantine unit should be monitored at regular intervals to ensure that any mortality in the quarantine population is not due to environmental conditions but rather to disease agents.

4.4 The cause of mortality in all animals in quarantine should be investigated and a written report should be prepared. All reports must be submitted to the regulatory authority who may undertake further investigations.

4.5 Disposal of solid wastes (faeces, surplus food, settled solids) and dead organisms must be conducted by an approved method, e.g., sterilized such that potential pathogens and pests cannot escape the quarantine unit by this route.

4.6 When recirculation of water is practiced, both assessment and control of water quality must be carried out.

4.7 Records of operating conditions and procedures must be kept and made available for inspection by the regulatory authority on request.

4.8 If more than one stock (or species) is kept in the quarantine unit each must be kept in a self-contained compartment and precautionary measures instituted to ensure that staff cannot cause transmission of pathogens or pests between different stocks.

4.9 No equipment should enter or leave the quarantine unit without disinfection. If several species or stocks are kept in quarantine in separated modules, separate equipment must be available for each group.

4.10 Personnel supervising and operating the quarantine unit must be qualified to ensure all biological and operating concerns are appropriately addressed.

4.11 Personnel should enter and leave a quarantine unit through a disinfection station (footbath, showers) which should be regularly serviced to guarantee continued effectiveness.

4.12 Personnel operating a quarantine unit should not visit other aquaculture establishments on the same day.

4.13 The quarantine station should have adjacent, but physically isolated, laboratory facilities for inspection and preparation of material for pathology tests. Physical separation from the quarantine unit should help prevent accidental contact with quarantined species.

4.14 Should outbreaks of disease or pests occur while a species is in quarantine, a range of common treatment procedures should be immediately available. However, while these procedures may be successful in killing specific pathogens or removing specific parasites, they should not be viewed as an effective means of destroying all organisms carried by introduced species.

4.15 Should the quarantine unit suffer a disease outbreak that cannot be controlled, the diseased stocks must be destroyed and disposed of after sterilization in an approved manner, but not before notification of the appropriate government authority. The quarantine unit or particular module (including the biological filters if recycling system is used) must be disinfected prior to its reuse. It is advisable to operate dual systems to facilitate shutdown and sterilization procedures.

4.16 The design of the quarantine unit should minimize any risk that:

1. operator error causes escape of aquatic organisms

2. unauthorized persons gain access and cause the release of the aquatic organisms

5. Pathology

The objective of identifying diseases and parasites is to minimize or eliminate the introduction and distribution of organisms pathogenic to both native aquatic species and those being introduced. Steps required to prevent or minimize introduction of pathogenic organisms or parasites include:

5.1 The import permit should list prescribed diseases as outlined under inspection and certification (paragraph 3.2). The testing and results must be supplied with any shipment of aquatic animal or plant into a country. The permit should also certify that the shipment was examined and found free of all parasites.

5.2 Where feasible, the desired species should be imported as fertilized ova, as the range of disease agents that can be carried is much less than for later life history stages. Complete surface disinfection is more likely when treatment is administered at the egg stage.

5.3 Wherever possible the imported species, regardless of import stage, should come from a production facility or area which has been certified free of prescribed diseases over a two-year period.

5.4 Where an exporting country cannot prove it has the required capability for testing of stocks, the import must be considered a risk and be placed in quarantine upon arrival in the importing country. Appropriate testing must be carried out in quarantine.

5.5 Sampling for disease caused by viruses and bacteria or parasites while the species in quarantine should be carried out under the supervision of a fish health officer or inspector authorized by the government.

5.6 Sample size should be determined by reference to accepted techniques (examples, Ossiander and Wedemayer 1973; Worlund and Taylor 1983), based on achieving a 95% probability of detecting a disease agent carrier in a lot with an assumed incidence of carriers.

5.7 Specific examinations should also be carried out on native species maintained in quarantine in same containers with imported species.

5.8 In the event of a positive identification of a disease, shipment of animals must be destroyed and disposed of in an appropriate manner to avoid spreading disease (see paragraph 4.15)

IV. PROTOCOL FOR SPECIES USED IN CURRENT COMMERCIAL PRACTICE

This group includes, but is not restricted to, species which are introduced or transferred in large quantities without permanent occupation of the ecosystem (maintained in tanks or in outside systems with access to open waters). Standard procedures with respect to these species should include:

1. Inspection and Certification

If continued movements from one country to another or one area to another are necessary to maintain the commercial enterprise, each shipment should include certification attesting to their pathogen-and pest- free status and should be inspected upon arrival for overt signs of pathogens by a qualified inspector.

2. Transport

The transport of the aquatic species should be done in such a manner as to avoid loss of water enroute to site of use.

3. Handling

All packing material and water must be appropriately sterilized upon arrival at stocking or holding site.

4. Pathology

Periodic pathogenic sampling should be carried out at holding sites to ensure no disease or parasite has escaped detection when certification was carried out.

5. Control

5.1 Holding sites must be secure against escape and species stocked out in wild as an ongoing practice must be closely monitored to ensure they do not expand their range beyond what was originally intended.

5.2 Species must remain in a determined site and should not be transferred until their disease-free conditions has been verified.

V. PROTOCOLS FOR SPECIES IMPORTED SOLELY FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDIES IN RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

1. Procedures if Stocked in Open Waters

If the imported organism is to be used in open systems, procedures should be the same as those outlined in 3. Quarantine will be required for those non-indigenous species that will be temporarily exposed to open waters but collected again for later analysis.

2. Laboratory Handling

If the imported organism is to be held in strict laboratory confinement, with no subsequent plan for releases into the environment, no feasibility analysis would be required. It is important that investigators be aware of current regulations related to introductions in general. Quarantine conditions are not required when the receiving laboratory has the appropriate conditions for effective confinement. Effluent sterilization is considered to be necessary whenever the water supply and run-off from the laboratory is directly connected to open inland or marine waters. Equipment and water used and organisms which die during experimentation should be destroyed and disinfected. After the experiments are finished, all remaining organisms should be destroyed and disinfected, and tank systems should be disinfected and cleaned.

ANNEX A

PROCEDURE FOR LAUNCHING THE CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF EXOTIC SPECIES

For the purpose of launching the Code of Practise for the Introduction of Exotic Species, the Working Group suggested that the following procedure be adopted by the Commission:

1. The country proposing an introduction of an exotic specie will send a report to the COPESCAL Secretariat, with copy to its Chairman, in which the technical and scientific background indicated in point 1 (a) of the Code of Practices is indicated.

2. The COPESCAL Secretariat will select, according to the geographical area into which the introduction is proposed, a group of 5 to 10 experts, including representatives of the countries potentially interested in the introduction, to whom the proposal will be sent for its review and consideration.

3. The selected experts will study the background and will apply the procedure established in the Protoc01 of Table 1 of Annex A, returning the proposal to the Secretariat with the pertinent recommendation.

4. The Secretariat, on the basis of the recommendation of the Group of Expert, will apply the review model (Table 2 of Annex A) established in the Code of Practice to evaluate introductions of aquatic organisms. According to the results obtained, it will adopt a recommendation (of rejection or approval) so that the Chairman of COPESCAL can communicate it to the proposing country.

5. If the Secretariat or the Group of Experts should deem it important to have more background, the Secretariat will request the country to complete the necessary information

FLOW CHART OF PROCEDURE

Table 1. Opinionnaire for appraisal of introductions of aquatic organisms.
Each member of an evaluation board or panel of experts circles the number most nearly matching his/her opinion about the probability for the occurrence of the event.
If information is unavailable or too uncertain: “don't know” is marked
(Kohler and Stanley, 1984)

Table 2 Review and Decision Model for evaluating proposed introductions of aquatic organisms (Kohler and Stanley, 1984) (Simplified by B. Steinmetz, unpublished correspondence).

* see Table 1 of Kohler and Stanley.

ANNEX B

Certificate of Health of the Origin of Live Fish/Fish Ova

I,           as an authorized Fish Health Offical of the Federal State Government of          , certify that the source of live fish/fish Ova given below has been inspected by methods approved by the Government of          , and that no evidence was found of the diseases or diseases agents of live fish as required by the Fish Health Regulations of the Government of

Source of Live Fish/Fish Ova
and full Postal Address

In addition, record any other diseases agents found during the previous two years in farm stock:

Record of the dated of the last four inspections of the site

Signature in Ink of Certifyng Officer

I                    , owner/manager of the site of origin, as recorded below, of all the fish/ova in this consignment which were last inspected on                    , declare that no introductions of fish or fish eggs from an uncertified source as defined by the Fish Health Regulations of the Government of                         governing the import of live fish/ova has been made to this site and that the shipment described below is derived solely from this site. The shipment is due to depart           on                     by           (City and Country)           (Date)                     (Carrier Name)           with anticipated arrival in           at           on           (Port, Airport, Date) and consists of (species, numbers, age and size).

Signature of Owner/Manager in Ink

APPENDIX F
MAIN DECISIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE SIXTH SESSION OF COPESCAL