9. Références

Table des matières - Précédente - Suivante

Abdul Hailm R. K. (1985), Soil Salinization and the use of halophytes for forage production in Iraq. Proceedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cunderdin, W. Australia, 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous presse).

Abrol, I.P. (1985), Fuel and forage production from salt-affected wasteland in India. Proceedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cunderdin, W. Australia, 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous paresse).

Barrett-Lennard, E.G., Malcolm, C.V., Stern, W.R. and Wilkins, S. (1985)

Bennema, J., Gelens, H.F., and Laban,P. (1980), Principles, basic concepts and procedure in land evaluation, considered from a forestry angle. In. P. Laban ed. Proceedings of the workshop on land evaluation for forestry. Wageningen 10-14 Nov. 1980 pp 181-202.

Benjamin, R.W. (1980), The use of forage shrubs in the Norte Chico region of Chile In Browse in Africa: the current state of knowledge. H.N. Le Houerou ed. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Abéba. pp 299-302.

Carter, D.L. & Wiegand, C.L. (1965), Interspersed salt - affected and unaffected dryland soils of the lower Rio Grande Valley: I Chemical, physical and mineralogical characteristics. Soil Sci. 99:256-260.

Clarke, A.J. (1982), The grazing value of saltbushes. J. Agric. W. Aust. 23 (4th series) 7-9:

Clarke, L.D. & Hannon, N.J. (1969), The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney district. II. The holocoenotic complex with particular reference to physiography. Journal of Ecology 57:213-234.

Clarke, L.D. & Hannon, N.J. (1970), The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney District. III Plant growth in relation to salinity and waterlogging. J. Ecol. 58:351-359.

Cook, C.W. (1971), Effects of season and intensity of use on desert vegetation. Utah Agric. Expt. Stn. Bull. 483.

Cunningham, G.M. (1974), Regeneration of scalded duplex soils in the Coolabah district, New South Wales. J. Soil Cons. N.S.W. 30:157-169.

Dudal, R., and Purnell, M.F. (1985), Land resources: salt-affected soils. Proceedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cunderdin, W. Australia, 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous presse).

Eakin, W., and Reed, L.W. (1966), Establishing tall wheatgrass on saline soils in northwestern Oklahoma. Proc. Ser. p-524 Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station pp 19.

El Hamrouni, A. (1985), Atriplex species and other shrubs in range improvement in North Africa. Proceedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cunderdin, W. Australia, 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous presse).

El Lakany, Hassan, M.N., Ahmed, A.M. and Mounir, M. (1985), salt-affected soils and salt marshes in Egypt: their possible use for forage and fuel production.

FAO (1981), Carte de la situation des disponibilités du bois de feu dans les pays en développement au 1:25000000. FAO, Rome.

FAO (1982), Capacité potentielle de charge démographique de terres du monde en développement. FAO, Rome, 1984, 153 p.

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FAO/Unesco. (1971-81), Carte mondiale des sols. 1:5000000. Vols. 1-10 Unesco, Paris.

Frost, K.R. & Hamilton, L. (1965), Basin forming and reseeding of rangeland. Trans. ASAE 8:202-203 & 207.

Graetz, R.D. & Wilson, A.D. (1980), Comparison of the diets of sheep and cattle grazing a semi-arid chenopod shrubland. Aust. Rangel. J. 2:67-75.

Greenway, H., and Munns, R. (1980), Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 31:149-190.

Hartley, R.E.R., George, P.R. and Jones, G.O. (1983), Salinity in China - a report on a mission to China under the Australia - China Agricultural Exchange Programme. 47 pp.

Herbel, C.H. (1971), Using mechanical equipment to modify the seedling environment. Wildland shrubs - their biology and utilization. Internat. Symp. Logan 1971 pp 369-381.

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Jefferies, R.L., Davy, A.J. and Rudmik, T. (1979), The growth strategies of coastal halophytes. In Ecological processes in coastal environments. Jefferies, R.L., and Davy, R.J. eds. 1st European Ecological Symposium and 19th Symposium of British Ecological Society, Norwich, 12-16 Sept. 1977. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. pp 243-268.

Kanani, S.S. and Torres F. (1985), The extent of salinisation and use of forage plants in Kenya. Proceedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cunderdin, W. Australia, 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous presse).

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Killian, Ch. (1953), La végétation autour du Chott Hodna, indicatrice des possibilités culturales et son milieu édaphique. Annales de l'inst. Agricole et des Services de Recherches et d'Exp. Agric.

Killian, W. (1980) Site classification systems used in forestry. In p. Laban. ed. Proceedings of the workshop on land evaluation for forestry. wageningen, 10-14 Nov. 1980. pp 134-151.

Kraiem, H. (1985), Vegetation of salt-affected land in Chad and Senegal. Proceedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cunderdin, W. Australia. 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous presse),

Laban, P. (Ed) (1980), Proceedings of the workshop on land evaluation for forestry. International workshop of the IUFRO/ISSS, Wageningen (Pub. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement). 355 pp.

Limpinuntana, V. and Arunin, S. (1985), salt-affected land in Thailand and its agricultural productivity. Proccedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cunderdin, W. Australia. 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous presse).

Leigh, J.H. and Mulham, W.E. (1966a), Selection of diet by sheep grazing semi-arid pastures on the Riverine Plain. 1. Bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria) - cotton bush (Kochia aphylla) community. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. & An. Husb. 6:460-467.

Leigh, J.H. and Mulham, W.E. (1966b), Selection of diet by sheep grazing semi-arid pastures on the Riverine Plain. 2. Cotton bush (Kochia aphylla - grassland (Stipa-variabilis) - Danthonia caespitosa community. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. and Animal Husb. 6:468 - 474.

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Maddaloni, J. (1985), Forage production on saline and alkaline soils in the humid region of Argentina. Proceedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cuerdin, W. Australia. 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous presse).

Malcolm, C.V., Clarke, A.J. and Swaan, T.C. (1984), Plant collections for salt and revegetation and soil conservation. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia. Tech. Bul. 65.

Malcolm, C.V. (1972), Establishing shrubs in saline environments. Dept. Agric. W. Aust. Tech. Bull. 14.

Malcolm, C.V. (1983), Wheatbelt salinity - a review of the salt land problem in South Western Australia. Dept. of Agric. W. Australia Tech. Bul. 52. revised edition.

Malcolm, C.V. (1983b), Seeding shrub pastures on saltland Dept. of Agric. W. Australia Farmnote 43/83.

Malcolm, C.V. (1985a), Production from salt-affected soils. Proceedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cunderdin, W. Australia. 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous presse).

Malcolm, C.V. (1985b), Forage shrub production on salt-affected soils. In C.M. Kell ed "Shrub biology and utilization" Academic Press, New York. (sous presse),

Malcolm, C.V., & Allen, R.J. (1981), The Mallen Niche Seeder for plant establishment on difficult sites. Aust. Rangel. J. 3:106-109.

Malcolm, C.V., Hillman, B.J., Swaan, T.C. Denby, C., Carlson, D. and D'Antuono, M. (1980), Black paint, soil amendment and mulch effects on chenopod establishment in a saline soil. J. Arid Environments 5:179180.

Malcolm, C.V. and Swaan, T.C. (1985), Soil mulches, sprayed coatings and seed washing to aid chenopod establishment on saline soil. Aust. Rangel. J. (sous presse).

Marais, J.G. & Bonsma, H.C. (1941), National provision against drought - part 3 supplying drought resistant and other fodders. Fmg. S. Afr. 16:273-276.

Masson, P.N. (1982), An economic analysis of salt-tolerant shrub planting and associated activities in the West Maya catchment area. Thesis B.A. (Hons) Murdoch University.

McKell, C.M. (1985), Propagation and establishment of plants on arid saline land. Proceedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cunderdin, W. Australia. 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous presse).

McKell, C.M., Goodin, J.R. and Jefferies, R.L. (1985), Saline land of the United States of America and Canada. Proceedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cunderdin, W. Australia. 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous presse).

Midgeley, S.J., Turnbull, J.W. and Hartney, V.J. (1985), Fuelwood species for salt-affected sites. Proceedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cunderdin, W. Australia. 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous presse).

Ministry of Agriculture of Socialist Ethiopia Economic analysis of land use. Vol 2. (1983), Technical Report No. 3, 94 pp.

Mulgera de Romero, M.E. (1981), Contribuciones al estudio del genero Atriplex (Chenopodisceae) en la Argentina, I. Darwiniana 23 (1) 119-150.

Negus, T.R. (1980), Sprayseed for Puccinellia establishment Dept. of Agric. W. Aust. Farmnote 17/80.

Negus, T.R. (1982), Puccinellia - its grazing value and management Dept. Agric. W. Aust. Farmnote 34/82.

Novikoff, G. (1961), Contribution à l'étude des relations entre le sol et la végétation halophile de Tunisie. Ann. Inst. Nat. Rech. Agron. de Tunisie 34:5-339.

O'Leary, J.W., Glenn, E.P. and Watson, M.C. (1984), Agricultural production of halophytes irrigated with seawater. Proc. International Salinity Symposium, Beersheva (sous presse).

Osborne, T.G.B., Wood, J.G. & Paltridge, T.B. (1932), On the growth and reaction to grazing of the perennial saltbush, Atriplex vesicarium. An ecological study of the biotic factor. Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW. 57:377-402.

Richards, L.A. (1954), Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. United States Department of Agriculture, Handbook 60.

Robinson, T.W. (1965), Introduction, spread and areal extent of saltcedar (Tamarix) in the Western States. U.S. Geol. Survey Professional Paper 491-A.

Rolla, S.R. and Kanodia, K.C. (1962), Studies on the vegetation and flora of Jodhpur Division, Rajasthan State. Annuals of Arid Zone 1:16-46.

Roux, P.W. and de Koch, G.C. (1971), Utilisation of Kochia brevifolia by sheep. Hand. Weidingsveren S. Afr. 6:108-117.

Sandhu, G.R., Aslam, Z., Salim, M., Sattar, A. Qureshi, R.H., Ahmad, N. & Wyn-Jones R.G. (1981), The effect of salinity on the yield and composition of Diplachne fusca (Kallar Grass). Plant, cell & environment 4:177-181.

Sandhu, G.R. and Qureshi, R.H. (1985), Salt-affected soils of Pakistan and their utilization. Proceedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cunderdin, W. Australia. 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous presse).

Sankary, M.N. (1985), Species distribution and growth on salt-affected land in Syria. Proceedings of the Research for Development Seminar on "Forage and fuel production from salt-affected wasteland", Cunderdin, W. Australia. 19-27 May 1984. In Reclamation and Revegetation Research (sous presse).

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Tableau 1. Estimations des surperficies des sols salins (tirées de rapports nationaux fournis au Séminaire de recherche pour le développement (1985)

Pays ou région	Superficie 10⁶ ha 20	Nature de la situation saline	Autres facteurs	Climat/pluviométrie (mm)
Argentine (1)
Australie (2)**		• marais salants	dépressions côtières
		• lacs saumâtres, plaines de sel suintements
		• terres salines sèches	pas de nappe phréatique
		• sous-sol exposé	pas de nappe phréatique
Bangladesh (3)		• pH côtier £ 7	mois d'hiver
Canada (4)		• dans les grandes plaines
Chili (5)			taux élevé de bore	aride
		Na⁺, SAR élevé	(7,5-125 ppm)
		gypsifère, pH > 7
Chine (6)***		• désert dans le nord-ouest	superficie inconnue
		• zones semi-arides et arides dans l'ouest de la Chine	salinité 8 alcalinité ou les deux
		• zones semi-humides	salinité & sodicité	500-1000 saisonnière
		• zone côtière	nappe phréatique peu profonde
Égypte (7)		• sels neutres,	nappe phréatique haute	< 100 aride
Égypte (7)		sols calcaires, gypsifères
Éthiopie (8)
Inde (9)		• zone côtière	nappe phréatique haute
		• terres noires		< 550 aride & semi-aride
		• plaines alluviales
		• plaines indo-gangétiques, sub-humides		550-900 (juillet à sept)
Irak (10) (dans la plaine de Mésopotamie)		• sels neutres, pH 7,2 à 8,2, gypse(10%), calcaire (20 à 30%), matières organiques (<1%)	nappe phréatique haute	aride
Kenya (11)		• plaines d'inondation	saturation en eau	aride & semi-aride
		• plaines lacustres
		• bassins de drainage intérieurs
		• marais côtiers
Pakistan (12)		• fortement salin, gypsifère
		• salin poreux - alcalin	nappe phréatique haute	aride & semi-aride
		• salin dense - alcalin
Afrique du Sud (13)		• sels neutres, pH < 8,2, SAR élevé	bassins drainés
		• pH côtier < 8,2, SAR élevé
		• infiltrations salines
		• terres irriguées		aride & semi-aride

Région soudano-sahélienne (14)
Syrie (15) Bassin de l'Euphrate Plaine d'Alep		gypsifère, NaCI dominant, pH8,0-8,4	bore élevé	300 aride
Thaïlande (16)		• intérieure
Thaïlande (16)		• côtière, pH < 7
Tunisie (17)		• intérieure, gypsifère, NaCl/SO₄ dominant		aride & semi-aride
États-Unis (18)		• saline dans les États de l'Ouest		aride & semi-aride
		• sodique, particulièrement dans les grandes plaines
		• sols alcalins

NOTE: Les pourcentages sont donnés par rapport à la superficie totale du pays sauf:

* le chiffre est le % de superficie cultivée
** le salage des terres irriguées en Australie n'est pas inclus
*** le chiffre est le % de la région du N.E. seulement.

Les références (1) à (16) sont les suivantes: (1) Madddaloni (1985); (2) Standing Committee on Soil Conservation (1982); (3) S.M. Ruhul Amin, communication individuelle, 1984; (4) McKell et al (1985); (5) Squella (1985); (6) Hartley et al (1983); (7) El Lakany et al (1985); (8) Sissay (1985); (9) Abrol (1985); (10) Abdul Halim (1985); (11) Kanani & Torres (1985); (12) Sandhu and Qureshi (1985); (13) P. A. B. van Breda, communication individuelle, 1984; (14) Kraiem (1985); (15) Sankary (1985); (16) Limpinuntana and Arunin (1985); (17) El Hamrouni (1985); (18) McKell et al (1985).

Tableau 2. Exemples de types de terres salines dans différentes zones climatiques

Climat		Côte maritime	Bassins endoréiques	Zones possédant des nappes phréatiques hautes	Suintements salins	Zones salines de montagne
Frais humide	-continental, été	non applicable		Grand Junction, Colorado;
Frais humide	-continental, été tiède	non applicable		Jinan, Chine;		Green River, Utah; zones arbustives des déserts salés, États-Unis
Tiède humide	-marin, côte occidentale	Sydney, NSW		Victoria & NSW, Australie	Victoria & NSW, Australie
	-humide, sub-tropical	Delaware, USA; Chine		Vallée du Rio Grande,Texas; E. Argentina; plaine indo-gangétique, Inde; Victoria, Australie; Queensland, Australie
	-méditerranéenne	Australie du Sud	Lacs salés, SO de l'Australie	Sud de l'Australie; plaine de Kairouan, Tunisie; Victoria, Australie; environs des oasis, sud tunisien;	Sud de l'Australie	Sud de l'Australie
Sec	steppe	Gujarat, Inde; Kenya; côte méditerranéenne, Égypte;	Lac Tchad, Tchad; Chott el Hodna, Algérie;	Grandes plaines du nord, États-Unis et Canada; bassin de l'Euphrate, Syrie; Alexandrie, Égypte, plaine indo-gangétique, Inde; vallée de la Murray, Australie	Grandes plaines du nord, États-Unis & Canada
	-désert chaud	Namib; Atacama; côte de la mer Rouge; Éthiopie; côte de la mer Rouge, Égypte;	Me' de Salton, Calif.; Lac Eyre, S. de l'Austr.; vallée de San Joaquin, Calif.; Pampa del Tamarugal, Chili; Sabkhats Bouara & Muh, Syrie; Danakil, Éthiopie; dépression de Qattara, Égypte; mer Morte, Israël; sud tunisien; Great basin, Utah;	Plaine de l'indus, Pakistan; W.S., Afrique; delta du Nil, Égypte; plaine de Mésopotamie, Irak; Rajashtan, Inde; Gezira, Soudan	N.E., Kenya;
	-désert froid				N.E., Kenya;
Tropical humide	-savanne	fleuve Saloum, Sénégal; Inde; Bangladesh: Kerala, Inde;		N.E., Thaïlande; fleuve Saloun, Sénégal
Tropical humide	-forêt ombrophile	fleuve Saloum, Sénégal; Inde; Bangladesh: Kerala, Inde;		N.E., Thaïlande; fleuve Saloun, Sénégal

Tableau 3. Exemples de niveaux de salinité de sol portant des plantes halophytes

Communauté végétale	Pays	Profondeur (cm)	Ec_e (mSm^-1)	Auteur
Alhagieto - Erodietum	Syrie		400-800	Sankary (1985)
Sphenopus divaricatus	"		1800-2500	"
Atripleto - Reaumerietum	"	0-25	400-2500	"
Frankenieto - Aeluropetum	"		1400-4800	"
Aeluropeto - Suaedetum	"		4500-10000	"
Halocnemeto Limonetum	"		5000-20000	"
Maireana brevifolia to Halosarcia pergranulata	Australie	0-90	1200-9600	Malcolm (1985a)
Distichlisstricta - Suaeda depressa	Etats-Unis	0-10	9600-13500	Ungar (1965)
Distichlisstricta - Suaeda depressa		60-70	3900-6500
Mangrove	Australie	0-8	4420-12180*	Clarke & Hannon (1969)
Mangrove	"	30-39	4310-8930*	"
Halosarcia (anciennement Arthrocnemum)	"	0-8	2530-16360*	"
Halosarcia (anciennement Arthrocnemum)	"	30-39	4350-10730*	"
Juncas	"	0-8	1110-10360*	"
"	"	30-39	930-8730*	"
Casuarina	"	0-8	420-14730*	"
"	"	30-39	400-6400*	"

*Déterminé sur une solution de sol extraite des échantillons de terrain.

Continué

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