REFERENCES

Dykstra, D.P. & Heinrich, R. 1996. FAO Model Code of Forest Harvesting Practice. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome. ISBN 92-5-103690-X. 85 pp.

Gerwing, J.J., Johns, J.S. & Vidal, E. 1996. Reducing waste during logging and log processing: forest conservation in eastern Amazonia. Unasylva 187, 47: 17-25.

IUFRO. 1995. Forest work study. Nomenclature. Test Edition valid 1995-2000. International Union of Forestry Research Organisations WP 3.04.02. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Operational Efficiency, Garpenberg, 16 pp.

Neville, T. 1993. National Forestry Development Guidelines. Prepared by Tim Neville MP, Minister for Forests. Endorsed by National Executive Council, Port Moresby, September 1993, 31 pp.

NFS. 1993. National Forestry Development Guidelines. National Forest Service of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, September 1993, 34 pp.

PNGFA. 1993. Forestry (Amendment) Act - 1993. Papua New Guinea Forest Authority, PNG, April 1993, No.3 of 1993, 48 pp.

PNGFA. 1995a. Key Standards for Selection Logging. Papua New Guinea Forest Authority, PNG, April 1995, 33 pp.

PNGFA. 1995b. Planning, Monitoring and Control Procedures for Natural Forest Logging Operations under Timber Permit. Incorporating: Key Standards for Selection Logging in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Forest Authority, PNG, November 1995, 111 pp.

PNGFA. 1996a. Papua New Guinea Logging Code of Practice. The Papua New Guinea Forest Authority and the Department of Environment and Conservation, PNG, April 1996, 72 pp.

PNGFA. 1996b. National Forest Plan for Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Forest Authority, PNG, May 1996, 44 pp.

PNGFA. 1996c. Procedure for the Identification, Scaling and Reporting (including Royalty Self-assessment) on Logs Harvested from Natural Forest Logging Operations. Papua New Guinea Forest Authority, National Forest Service, PNG, September 1996, 34 pp.

SBLC. 1989. Environmental Plan. Talasea, Hoskins, Kapiura and Ania-Fulleborn Timber Areas. Part One: Environmental Plan for Talasea, Hoskins, Kapiura and Ania-Fulleborn Timber Area. Stettin Bay Lumber Company Pty Ltd (SBLC), Buluma, Kimbe, WNBP, 117 pp.

SBLC. 1999. Project Statement (Part 1) for the Period from 1999 to 2004, Project Year 10 to 15 and Five (5) Year Plan (Part 2) for the Period from 1999 to 2004, Project Year 10 to 15 for Timber Permit No. 14-52. Ania Fulleborn Project, West and East New Britain Provinces. Project document submitted by Stettin Bay Lumber Company Limited (SBLC), Buluma, Kimbe, WNBP, April 1999, 50 pp.

SBLC. 2000. Annual Logging Plan for Year 11 (2000) and Annul Review Report for March 1999-February 2000. Prepared and submitted by Stettin Bay Lumber Company Limited (SBLC), Kimbe, WNBP, March 2000, 59 pp.

VFP. 1990a. Environmental Plan. For the Project Agreement relating to the Vanimo Timber Areas. Volume One. Vanimo Forest Products Pty Ltd (VFP), Vanimo, Sandaun Province, 66 pp. (+ Appendixes covering about 100 pp)

VFP. 1990b. Environmental Plan. For the Project Agreement relating to the Vanimo Timber Areas. Volume Three. Vanimo Forest Products Pty Ltd (VFP), Vanimo, Sandaun Province, 17 pp. (+ Appendixes covering about 100 pp)

VFP. 1991. Forest Working Plan. (Five Year) 1991-1995. For the Project Agreement relating to the Vanimo Timber Areas. Volume One. Vanimo Forest Products Pty Ltd (VFP), Vanimo, Sandaun Province, 123 pp (inclusive Appendixes).

VFP. 1999. First Review, Five Years Forest Working Plan. Year 2000-2004 (Inclusive). Vanimo Timber Resource Project. Vanimo Forest Products Pty Ltd (VFP), Vanimo, Sandaun Province, 34 pp . (+ Appendixes covering 54 pp)

VFP. 2000. 2000 Annual Logging Plan and 1999 Annual Accomplishment Report. For the Project Agreement Relating to Vanimo Timber Project. Vanimo Forest Products Pty Ltd (VFP), Vanimo, Sandaun Province, 22 pp . (+ Annexes covering 69 pp)

Wells, C.H. 1999. An Assessment of the Implementation of Codes of Logging Practice in Fiji, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. RAS/97/330, Working Paper No.11, SPC/UNDP/AusAID/FAO Pacific Islands Forests & Trees Support Programme, Suva, Fiji Islands, 72 pp.

Winkler, N. 1997. Environmentally Sound Forest Harvesting, Testing the Applicability of the FAO Model Code in the Amazon in Brazil. Forest Harvesting Case-Study 8, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, 84 pp.

Appendix 1. List of tree species

No.	Species code	Commercial name	Scientific name
1	AGA	Kauri pine	Agathis
2	AGL	Aglaia	Aglaia
3	ALB	Albizia Brown	Albizia procera
4	ALH	Alstonia Hard	All except A. scholaris
5	ALW	Albizia White	All except A. procera
6	AMB	Amberoi	Pterocymbium beccarii
7	AMO	Amoora/Pacific Maple	Aglaia cucullata
8	AMW	Almond White	Alphitonia
9	ANT	Antiaris	Antiaris toxicaria
10	ARH	Hoop Pine	Araucaria cunninghamii
11	ARK	Klinki Pine	Araucaria hunsteinii
12	ASG	Ash Scaly	Ganophyllum falcatum
13	ASH	Ash Hickory PNG	Flindersia ifflaina
14	ASP	Ash Silver Papuan	Flindersia amboinensis
15	ASS	Ash Silver/Ash Silkwood	Flindersia schottiana
16	BAL	Balsawood	Ochroma lagopus
17	BAS	Basswood PNG	Endospermum
18	BEP	Beech PNG	Nothofagus spp.
19	BEW	Beech Wau	Elmerrillia papuana
20	BIP	Birch Pink	Schizomeria
21	BOM	Bombax	Bombax ceiba
22	BOS	Box Swamp PNG	Tristania suaveolens
23	BOW	Boxwood PNG	Xanthophyllum papuanum
24	BTC	Brown Tulip Oak	Heritiera trifoliolata
25	BUR	Burckella	Burkella obovata /B. sorei
26	CAD	Candlenut	Aleurites moluccana
27	CAG	Canarum Grey	Canarium oleosum
28	CAH	Camphorwood PNG	Cinnamomum
29	CAL	Calophyllum	Calophyllum
30	CAM	Campnosperma	Campnosperma brevipetala
31	CAN	Cananga	Canaga oderata
32	CAR	Canarium Red	Canarium indicum
33	CEH	Celtis Hard	Celtis philippinensis/C. latifolia
34	CEJ	Cedar Java	Bischofia javanica

35	CEL	Celtis Light	Celtis nymanii/C. kajewekii
36	CEM	Cedar Mangrove	Xylocarpus papuanum
37	CEP	Cedar Pencil	Palaquium warburgianum
38	CER	Cedar Red	Toona sureni
39	CHR	Chrysophyllum	Chrysophyllum roxburghii
40	CLL	Carallia	Carallia brachiata
41	CLP	Celery-Top Pine	Phyllocladus hypophyllus
42	COR	Cordia	Cordia dichotoma
43	COW	Coachwood PNG	Ceratopetalum succirubr.
44	CRY	Cryptocarya/Medang	Cryptocarya
45	CWW	Cheesewood White/Milky Pine	Alstonia scholaris
46	CWY	Cheesewood Yellow	Nauclea
47	DAC	Dacrydium	Dacrydium nidulum
48	DIL	Dillenia	Dillenia papuana
49	DRY	Drypetes	Drypetes
50	DUA	Duabunga	Duabunga moluccana
51	DYS	Dysox	Dysoxylum
52	EBO	Ebony	Diospyros ferrea
53	END	Endiandra/Medang	Endiandra
54	ERI	Erima	Octomeles sumtrana
55	EUH	Euodia Heavy	Euodia bonwickii
56	EUL	Euodia Light	Euodia elleryana
57	FIG	Fig PNG	Ficus
58	FLA	Flacourtia	Flacourtia
59	GAG	Garo Garo	Mastixiodendron pachyclado
60	GAL	Galbulimima/White Magnolia	Galbulimima belgraveana
61	GAR	Garuga	Garuga floribunda
62	GLO	Glochidion	Glochidion
63	GME	Gmelina/White beech	Gmelina muluccana
64	GON	Gonostyllus	Gonostylus macrophyllus
65	GOR	Gordonia	Gordonia papuana
66	GUW	Gum Water	Syzigium spp.
67	HAY	Hardwood Yellow	Neonauclea

68	HEK	Hekakoro	Gluta papuana
69	HEN	Hernandia	Hernandia
70	HER	Heritiera	Heritiera
71	HIB	Bulolo Ash	Hibiscus papuodendron
72	HOH	Hopea Heavy	Hopea iriana/H. glabrifolia
73	HOL	Hopea Light	Hopea forbesii/H. papuana/H. similis/H. celtidiflora
74	HOR	Horsfieldia	Horsfieldia
75	IRS	Ironbark Scrub	Bridelia minutiflora
76	IVW	Ivorywood PNG	Siphonodon celastrineus
77	KAK	Kasi Kasi	Xanthostemon spp.
78	KAM	Kamarere	Eucalyptus deglupta
79	KAN	Kandis	Garcinia latissima
80	KAP	Kapiak	Artocarpus
81	KEM	Kempas PNG	Koompassia grandiflora
82	KEW	Kerosene Wood	Cordia subcordata
83	KIN	Kingiodendron	Kingiodendron
84	KIS	Kiso	Chisocheton
85	KWI	Kwila	Intsia
86	LAB	Labula	Anthocephalus chinensis
87	LAP	Lapome PNG	Teysmanniodendron ahernianum/T. bogoiense
88	LIB	Libocedrus	Libocedrus papuanus
89	LIT	Litsea/Medang	Litsea
90	LOP	Lophopetalum/Perupok	Lophopetalum torricellense
91	MAB	Mangrove Black	Bruguiera gymnorhiza/B. parviflora
92	MAC	Macaranga	Macaranga aleuritoides
93	MAH	Malaha	Eucalyptopsis papuana
94	MAK	Manilkara	Manilkara kanosiensis
95	MAL	Malas	Homalium foetidum
96	MAM	Mangrove Milky	Exoecaria agallocha
97	MAN	Mango	Mangifera minor
98	MAS	Maple Scented	Flindersia laevicarpa
99	MAT	Maniltoa	Maniltoa

100	MAW	Mangrove White	Avicennia marina
101	MER	Mersawa PNG	Anisoptera thurifera
102	MGB	Brown Mangrove	Lumnitzera littorea
103	MIG	Milkwood Grey	Cerbera floribunda
104	NEO	Neoscortechinia	Neoscortechinia
105	NEU	Neuburgia	Neuburgia corynocarpa
106	NUT	Nutmeg	Myristica
107	OAP	PNG Oak	Lithocarpus/Castonopsis
108	OAR	Oak Red	Lithocarpus celebicus
109	OAS	Oak Silky	Finschia chloroxantha, Grevillia papuana, Helicia spp., Stenocarpus spp.
110	OAW	Oak White	Castonopsis acuminatissimo
111	OPS	Oak Pink Silky	Oreocallis wickhamii
112	OSC	Oak She	Casuarina
113	OTH	Others
114	OWT	Oak White Tulip	Pterygota horsfieldii
115	PAN	Pangium	Pangium edule
116	PAR	Paratocarpus	Paratocarpus venenosus
117	PAS	Parastemon	Parastemon versteeghii
118	PER	Pericopsis	Pericopsis mooniana
119	PIM	Pimeleodendron	Pimeleodendron
120	PLA	Planchonia	Planchonia papuana
121	PLB	Plum Busu	Maranthes corymbosa
122	PLR	Planchonella Red	Planchonella torricellensis
123	PLT	Plum Tulip	Pleiogynium
124	PLW	Planchonella White	Planchonella kaernbachiana
125	POB	Brown Podocarp	Decussocarpus
126	POD	Podocarpus	Podocarpus spp.
127	POH	Highland Podocarp	Dacrycarpus imbricatus
128	POL	Polyalthia	Polyalthia
129	QUA	Quandong	Elaeocarpus
130	ROS	Rosewood	Pterocarpus indicus
131	RWD	Oriomo Redwood	Adinandra forbesii

132	SAG	Satinheart Green	Geijera salicifolia
133	SAH	Saffronheart	Halfordia
134	SAP	Satinwood Pink	Buchanania
135	SAS	Sassafras PNG	Dryadodaphne
136	SEM	Semicarpus
137	SIL	Silkwook Maple	Flindersia pimentelania
138	SIW	Siris White	Ailantus integrifolia
139	SLO	Sloanea	Sloanea
140	SPO	Spondias	Spondeas cytherea
141	STE	Sterculia	Sterculia
142	TAU	Taun	Pometia pinnata
143	TEM	Tetrameles	Tetremeles nudiflora
144	TER	Terminalia	Terminalia spp.
145	TET	Tea Tree	Malaleuca leucadendron
146	TRC	Trichadenia	Trichadenia philippinens
147	TRI	Tristiropsis	Tristiropsis
148	TUL	PNG Tulipwood	Harpullia
149	VAT	Vatica	Vatica raasak
150	VIT	Vitex	Vitax cofassus
151	WAB	Wattle Brown	Acacia aulacocarpa
152	WAL	Walnut	Dracontomelon dao
153	WAR	Wattle Red	Acacia crassicarpa

Appendix 2. Pre-logging inventory sheet for Set-up M38/SBLC

Appendix 3. Time-study results for felling operations


Ania-Kapiura Area Set-Up M38/SBLC
Work Elements	%	Classification	%		%
Felling (MW)	28.20	Main work Time (MW)	49.42	Work	90.55
Bucking/delimbing (MW)	21.22			Time
Location of tree (CW)	12.49	Complementary Work Time (CW)	19.63	(WT)
Felling preparations (CW)	7.14
		Productive Work Time (PW)	69.05
Instructions / cruising (PL)	---	Preparatory Time (PT)	5.57
Considerations (OP)	5.57
Repair time (RT)	---	Service Time (ST)	11.32
Maintenance time (MT)	8.00
Refuel time (RF)	3.32
Site clearing (AW)	3.03	Ancillary Work Time (AW)	4.61
Cut free saw (AW)	1.58
		Supportive Work Time (SW)	21.50
Rest time (RP)	5.63	Work-Related Delay Time (WD)	8.87	Non-	9.45
Personal time (RP)	3.03			Work
Delays (IT)	0.21			Time
Disturbance Time (DT)	0.58	Disturbance Time (DT)	0.58	(NT)
Workplace Time (WP)					100.00

The total workplace time observed (excluding meal time) was 16 h 56 min 39 sec.


Basu-Leitre Area Set-Up BL14/VFP
Work Elements	%	Classification	%		%
Felling (MW)	21.98	Main work Time (MW)	46.88	Work	93.83
Bucking/delimbing (MW)	24.90			Time
Location of tree (CW)	7.38	Complementary Work Time (CW)	12.57	(WT)
Felling preparations (CW)	5.19
		Productive Work Time (PW)	59.45
Instruction (PL)	0.94	Preparatory Time (PT)	4.04
Considerations (OP)	3.10
Repair time (RT)	---	Service Time (ST)	14.58
Maintenance time (MT)	11.17
Refuel time (RF)	3.41
Site clearing (AW)	0.84	Ancillary Work Time (AW)	15.76
Cut free saw (AW)	14.92
		Supportive Work Time (SW)	34.38
Rest time (RP)	3.92	Work-Related Delay Time (WD)	4.98	Non-	6.17
Personal time (RP)	0.65			Work
Delays (IT)	0.41			Time
Disturbance Time (DT)	1.19	Disturbance Time (DT)	1.19	(NT)
Workplace Time (WP)					100.00

The total workplace time observed (excluding meal time) was 12 h 40 min 40 sec.

Appendix 4. Time-study results for extraction operations


Basu-Leitre Area Set-Up BL14/VFP - Sub-Sample 1
Work Elements	%	Classification	%		%
Attach log - cable (MW)	16.11	Main work Time (MW)	54.58	Work	99.43
Winching (MW)	5.05			Time
Skidding (MW)	25.13			(WT)
Unhook (MW)	4.27
Landing operation (MW)	4.02
Going empty on skidtrail (CW)	9.27	Complementary Work Time (CW)	32.65
Location of logs (CW)	23.38
		Productive Work Time (PW)	87.23
Instructions / cruising (PL)	---	Preparatory Time (PT)	4.10
Considerations (OP)	4.10
Repair time (RT)	1.04	Service Time (ST)	1.04
Maintenance time (MT)	---
Refuel time (RF)	---
Clearing of landing (AW)	---	Ancillary Work Time (AW)	7.06
Blading marked skidtrail (AW)	1.61
Roadside clearing (AW)	1.93
Others (AW)	3.52
		Supportive Work Time (SW)	12.20
Rest time (RP)	---	Work-Related Delay Time (WD)	0.19	Non-	0.57
Personal time (RP)	0.19			Work
Delays (IT)	---			Time
Disturbance Time (DT)	0.38	Disturbance Time (DT)	0.38	(NT)
Workplace Time (WP)					100.00

The total workplace time observed (excluding meal time) for Sub-Sample 1 was 10 h 38 min 32 sec.