Oumar Sangare graduated in the field of Philosophy and Psychology at the College for Teacher Training in Bamako, Mali, and in the field of Journalism and Communication at the Deutsche Welle, A.2., in Cologne, Germany.
He served as:
Since 1997, Oumar Sangaré has been National Coordinator of the second phase of the Rural Radio Revival Project (GCP/MLI/020/NET).
This paper will deal with :
I. CONTEXT OF THE GCP/MLI/020/NET PROJECT
The second phase of the Mali-South Rural Radio Revival Project was carried out in 1997, two years following the end of a first phase (T.C.P.), which had been financed by FAO, with the support of UNICEF between 1993 - 1995.
An important point to remember, is that the political context was quite favourable for this project following the end of the one-party government regimes, under whose auspices the State jealously guarded its total monopoly of all communication information, and which was characterised by systematic control, and the outright management of all the media, effectively blocking all freedom of expression.
After 1991, there began a new era in Mali, which was favourable for the blossoming of the information media, an era which witnessed the proliferation of the radio and the press. This newly-gained freedom signalled an end not only to thirty years of total government control of the media, but the end of an autocratic regime, as well.
1.1. The Situation in the Media Before 1991
Beginning with the year 1960, when Mali gained her independence, until March, 1991, when the last one-party regime fell from power, the radio, television and press were blindfolded by the State, and operated as puppets controlled by the Government. The captive media all had as common characteristics, stilted and unimaginative language, a one-track, uniform philosophical outlook, slogans that were clumsy, evasive and unconvincing, and upright messages. In brief then, they reflected a world where ideas were prefabricated, as part of a totally demagogical absurdity.
To summarize, following thirty years of independence, the Republic of Mali lived with the propaganda of the national radio and television network, and with L'ESSOR, the national newspaper, which joined together to carry out the Government's media show, and its mobilisation of public opinion. "His Master's Voice", as listeners and readers of the two national newspapers described this situation.
At the beginning of 1991, Radio Mali only covered 60% of the country's territory, and L'ESSOR was read by less than 5% of the population, and both continued to completely ignore the nationwide need for information and communication, trampling under foot the linguistic and cultural diversity of the nation's minorities, in a vast country that measures 1,240,000 sq. km.
1.2. The Media Situation After March, 1991
The Government's Political Will
After March, 1991, the country's new political authorities put an immediate halt to the Government's outright monopoly of the media. A new era had begun.
With the help of the political authorities, a full-fledged media explosion took place in Mali, and particularly in the radio sector. Ten years later, that is, in the year 2000, there are more than 120 radio networks broadcasting in Mali, and among these, ninety are operational, of which fifteen are in the nation's capital.
As concerns the press, thirty newspapers are now being published, fifteen of them in the capital. With regard to radio, the 1991-2000 decade represented the period of full expansion; alongside the search for an appropriate way to encourage creativity, emphasis has been placed upon professionalism, and the management of neighborhood radio networks.
This period has also seen the establishment of a national communication policy for Mali, the carrying out of the first phase of the revival of rural radio within the framework of a TCP, financed by FAO, with the support of UNICEF. as well as the second phase of this rural radio revival.
In a parallel manner, other activities for promoting the development of radio in Mali have been encouraged by the development partners.
The period following March, 1991, was characterised by the development partners' willingness to support the democratisation process that was under way in Mali. In the communication sector, this has taken the form of:
2.1. The Workshop for the Creation of the National Communication Development
Policy (4-11 October, 1993)
Following the restoration of democracy, Mali's partners in development, including FAO and UNDP, have, beginning in October, 1993, supported the workshop for the creation of the national policy of Communication for Development.
The general principles of this national policy of Communication for Development included the objective of creating a permanent and genuine dialogue between the different actors in the development sector, one that would, in point of fact, create the type of concerted management that is considered indispensable for the success of development activities.
Based upon these fundamental principles, the objective of Communication for Development is to allow rural communities to manage and master their environment, including agriculture, health care, the habitat, as well as all the other factors which the quality of their life depends upon, by working in liaison with the activities of the Government.
The functions of Cmmunication for Development can be summed up as follows:
It has been firmly established that while "social communication" allows us to reach a consensus with regard to the type of development actions that must be undertaken, "educational communication" must provide the information and the technical know-how which the people need, in order to be able to act in consensus.
Finally, "institutional communication" is essential, in order to have a communal understanding of objectives and needs, and it constitutes the basis that is needed in order to achieve good teamwork.
2.2. The Directional Plan for the Development of Radio in Mali (1993)
In 1993, the need to develop a directional plan for the radio sector in Mali was asserted, with the assistance of :
The study carried out for this purpose identified 102 sites for the installation of FM radio and television transmitters.
This directional plan was already obsolete by the year 2000, inasmuch as Mali possesses at least 130 radio stations, 106 of which are operational.
It is planned that a new study will be carried out in the very near future, in collaboration with ITU, the same partner.
2.3. The First Phase of the Rural Radio Revival (1993-1995)
The first phase of the rural radio revival began in May, 1993, with a TCP financed by FAO, and was completed in June, 1995.
The objectives that had been sought were as follows:
With regard to the project's accomplishments:
Inasmuch as the results of this first phase were judged to be satisfactory, a search began for partners for the second phase, the objective of which was the installation of neighbourhood radio stations. In this manner, the Netherlands, which had been contacted by both Mali and FAO, agreed to take over, within the framework of a GCP/MLI/020/NET.
2.4. The Installation of Four Local Rural Radio Stations (1993-1995)
The workshop to establish the national policy of Communication for Development was immediately followed by the installation of four local rural radio stations, namely, at Niono, Kadiolo, Bandiagara and Kidal.
The availability of development partners such as the ACCT (Cultural and Technical Cooperation Agency), and the political will of the Mali Government authorities, are responsible for the installation of these four radio stations.
The Cultural and Technical Cooperation Agency has financed:
This, therefore, constituted one of the first experiences in the area of the management and operating of rural radio stations, created with the international cooperation funds that had been made available in March, 1991.
2.5. The Second Phase of the Rural Radio Revival Project - Mali South II (1997-2000)
2.5.1. Introduction
At the conclusion of the first phase of the Rural Radio Revival Project which was financed by FAO between 1993 and 1995, the Netherlands, upon the request of the Mali authorities, and with the support of FAO once again, agreed to take over the co-financing of the second phase.
In this manner then, the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands decided to grant the sum of 700,000 US dollars, for the creation and continued activity of four community rural radio stations, namely, Bougouni, Bla, Kolondieba and Koutiala, in the cotton-producing region also known as Mali-South.
The time needed for the carrying out of the activities in this project has been estimated at three years. FAO has been designated as the prime contractor for the project. The Ministry for Communication and the CMDT (Mali Company for Textile Development) will constitute the Mali counterpart, offering unambiguous support to the project, while guaranteeing its total independence in relation to the Government.
2.5.2. Principal Objectives of the Project
The creation of four rural radio stations equipped with the necessary management structures that would serve to assure their perpetuity was considered to be fundamental.
In order to achieve this objective, the local population have been involved as much as possible in the management of the radio stations, by means of :
The absence of any regulations with regard to radio broadcasting in the Mali Republic has made it necessary to carry out a study dealing with the adoption of a juridical status for this sector, as well as the specifications recognized by the Government.
FAO, within the framework of this project, has collaborated with the Ministry for Communication with regard to the drafting of a juridical status document, as well as the specifications for radio broadcasting in Mali, which would then be adopted by the Council of Ministers.
The local communities which would be the proprietors of these radio networks will participate in an active manner in the production of radio programmes, and in their monitoring, in order to promote the development of social, economic and cultural activities.
These are the principal objectives of the Mali South II Rural Radio Revival Project, also known as GCP/MLI/020/NET.
In the Republic of Mali, the Mali South region is known as the cotton industry area, or the CMDT (Mali Textile Development Company) area.
The annual precipitation rate remains fairly normal here, and the vegetation is not damaged, in relation to the rest of the country.
The CMDT or Mali South area, with its 500,000 tons of cotton produced in 1999 (making it the second largest African cotton producer), is also the country's leading agricultural and fish producer, with an average total of 1,000,000 tons per year. It has a land surface area of 138,000 sq. km, and a population of 2.5 million.
The four community rural radio networks of the GCP/MLI/020/NET have been installed in the Mali South region. They were financed by the Government of the Netherlands, in the amount of 800,000 US dollars. FAO is the organisation charged with the carrying out of the project.
2a. Follow-Up
Follow-up is a continuing and regular activity, which allows us not only to quantify results, but also to identify both the strong points, and the weaknesses that arise in carrying out a programme, project or any other activity.
2b. Evaluation
Evaluation is the critical analysis of the benefits, in relation to the results of the project. It determines the pertinence, the effectiveness and the final effect of the impact of the activities involved with regard to the project's objectives.
Follow-up and evaluation is therefore a techniques used to determine and quantify the results of an activity, or of a number of activities, in relation to objectives; whether they are positive, or not, and whether they have an impact, or not.
Prior to the introduction of the Follow-Up and Evaluation techniques, the radio networks used the normally-current practices in order to obtain listener's reactions to the programmes.
The Current Practices Used by the Radio Networks
At Bougouni
The Kafo-Kan radio station normally made use of the mail sent in by listeners in order to become familiar with their opinions, and those of other listeners, in general. It also based itself upon the comments of its representatives in each village, of which there are more than 400 in the area. Inasmuch as the radio station's broadcasts were supposed to cover the entire district, its teams, when they went out into the field, requested information with regard to the reception problems of the station's radio signal, basing themselves upon the comments made to them by listeners. Finally, the visits made by listeners to the radio station in order to mention some fact, or to express their opinion about a programme, served to complete this general review.
At Koutiala
The Kaira network uses the mail sent in by its listeners, the radio clubs, and the monthly coordination meetings held by the 280 clubs in its network to obtain audience reactions to their broadcasts. The network has also organised criticism meetings with regard to the programme content of its broadcasts, within the framework of its support of the radio and community activities.
At Fana (Fanakan Radio)
Mail from listeners is the most important method used by this station to obtain the reactions of its audience. There are also the visits by listeners to the station, trips to the field, and the radio friends' club, which Fanakan Radio has actively developed into an area-wide system.
At Koutiala
Jamana radio bases itself primarily upon its listener mail and field trips. One of its programmes entitled "Frankly Speaking" asks listeners to telephone the station during a full week at the end of each year, offering their personal opinions, in order for the station to be able to take stock of audience attitudes to their programmes. The station also sends out a mobile radio van into the field, so as to allow listeners who do not have access to a telephone to express their opinions over the microphones of their programme, "Frankly Speaking".
At Bla
Bendougou Radio generally uses listener mail, and field trips.
At Kolondieba
Benso Radio bases its information-gathering upon:
At Koutiala
Uyesu Radio uses the opinions that have been expressed during listeners' visits concerning the content of the programmes, and the performances of the animators. Field trips also allow the station to obtain additional feedback. A programme entitled "Listeners at the Microphone" is broadcast for one hour every Thursday. Programmes involving radio games are also used in order to obtain audience reactions.
At Bougouni
Banimonotie' Radio uses the reports made by listener groups, and in addition, the individual points of view expressed by listeners.
In January, 2000, the Rural Radio Revival Project introduced a new methodology for follow-up and evaluation during the course of a training session led by Mr. Jean-Pierre Ilboudo, an FAO official. This training group revealed the following established fact.
Without follow-up and evaluation, a radio station is nothing more than a deafening sound box, since its only true value is reflected in its impact on its audience. This is especially true when we are dealing with community rural radio stations, whose objectives are clear and well-defined.
Each radio station has a great deal to gain by establishing a regular system of follow-up and evaluation, in order to improve its performance in the field, correct its errors and insufficiencies, and answer the needs of the population with regard to information and communication.
On the basis of the experience garnered by the Mali South radio stations, the ten-day training programme that was held at Bougouni revealed the need for a simple methodology that would not break with the previous one, but would nevertheless introduce new forms. The training programme on the follow-up and evaluation of the impact made by the radio stations accentuated three techniques:
This consists of letters from listeners that include greetings to the personnel at the station, and to friends, parents and other relatives, as well as comments on the problems relating to the contents of a programme, or to the station's programming.
Listener mail remains the predominant source of the feedback used by the local rural radio stations in the Mali South area.
The only letters taken into account are those which ask questions regarding the contents of the programmes that have been broadcast, the reception quality of the station's radio signal, or the hours when the programmes are broadcast. We will now deal with how this mail is treated, in accordance with the three following themes.
1.1. Analysis of Listener Mail
1.2. Identification of the Themes and Problems Brought Up in the Letter
By analysing the letters' contents, we can easily identify the subjects, or the problems raised by the listeners.
1.3. Documentary Treatment
The listeners' mail must be filed. Documentary treatment is carried out in function of the letter's origin, and its subject matter.
Origin of the letter:
Subject of mail:
All rural radio programmes must include one or more objectives to be achieved, which might be designated as "Goals to be Attained". This explains the need for the programme to be well-prepared and conceived. The goals to be attained must be carefully defined. The contents, conception, and the type of programmes broadcast must be adapted to the goals that one wishes to attain.
The Follow-Up and Evaluation of the Programme's Impact
Following-up and evaluating the impact of a programme involves measuring, in time and in space, the positive or negative consequences that the programme has had among the population, namely, the consequences with regard to attitudes and behaviour.
The following pages indicate the different charts that are used by the radio stations in the Mali South region, in order to carry out the follow-up and evaluation of the radio stations.
(Page 14 to Page 18).
Name of Radio Station : ..............................................
IDENTIFICATION: DEFINITION
PROGRAMME .................................................................................
SUBJECT .........................................................................................
DATE OF BROADCAST .................................. TIME ...............
PRODUCTION LOCALITY ............................................................
ORIGIN .............................................................................................
PROGRAMME : News
News Specials
Talk Show - Debates
Public Affairs Programme
Open Microphone Programme
TARGET AUDIENCE .....................................................................
EXPECTED OUTCOMES
IMPACT FOLLOW-UP AND EVALUATION
LEVEL I EVALUATION SUMMARY
According to answer a), the programme was heard Yes No
According to answers b), c), d) ,e), the programme was :
Comments and criticisms on the programme's conception and broadcast :
Short-term analysis
The follow-up and evaluation procedures on impact will considerably vary, depending upon the goals to be attained by the programme.
Two examples of programmes whose objectives were INFORMATION and SENSITIZATION are presented here, and will serve as MODELS with regard to impact analysis.
The same impact analysis methodology should be applied with regard to all other programmes that have not been indexed, whose goals were MOBILIZATION, MOTIVATION or TRAINING.
PROGRAMME TITLE
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Information
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION | |
| MODE a) Questions (interview) | ||
| Positive | Negative | 5 positives : goal attained - 3 positives : programme failure |
| Positive | Negative | |
| MODE b) Observations | ||
| Positive | Negative | |
| Positive | Negative | If the impact was negative
The programme evidently did not meet the people's needs
Concertation with the National Coordinator |
| Positive | Negative | |
PROGRAMME TITLE
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Sensitization
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION | |
| MODE a) Questions (interview) | ||
| Positive | Negative | 6 positives : goal attained - 3 positives = programme failure/programme inappropriate |
| Positive | Negative | |
| MODE b) Observations | ||
| Positive | Negative | |
| Positive | Negative | If the impact was negative
Concertation with the National Coordinator |
| Positive | Negative | |
| MODE c) Other information sources | ||
Level III for judging the programme's contribution in social or economic terms, at the level of a group, or a locality:Positive or negative consequences on attitudes and behaviour
Four basic steps enable us to select the target behaviour in accordance with a participating process:
3.1. Definition
The focus group is a qualitative research technique. During the course of a focus group, a facilitator or radio broadcaster has a conversation with a small homogeneous group of interlocutors, and discusses a specific subject with them.
During this conversation, the facilitator or broadcaster uses a list of pertinent questions, with a view not merely to collect information, but also to allow the participants in the group to speak freely and openly on a subject, perhaps a chosen subject, such as Aids, for example.
The focus group constitutes an exchange between the participants of the group. The facilitator or the broadcaster has the responsibility to assist them in stimulating this exchange of ideas. It might be preferable for men to be the exclusive facilitators with male groups, and for women to be the exclusive moderators with women's groups.
3.2. The Number of Participants in a Focus Group
Five to twelve persons may participate in a focus group. The ideal number for a group would be five to seven persons.
3.3. Selection of Participants for Each Focus Group
The group should be homogeneous. In selecting the participants, one should take the following variables into consideration: age, marital status, geographic differences, as well as gender.
The following elements should prove useful in carrying out a survey, or holding a focus group
Bougouni and Kolondieba
We would like to present the surveys carried out at Bougouni and Kolondieba. At Bougouni, an analysis of the mail received allowed us to evaluate the radio agents, and to measure the impact which the radio programmes had in three villages : Dieba, Babougou and Galamina. The chart used at Babougou concerns the survey carried out on the use of Sipama flour (Mali Food Products Company).
The last analysis of the mail received took place in October, 2000. Following the training held in January, 2000, on the follow-up and evaluation of the impact of the radio stations at Bougouni, the radio stations that were part of the project made their own evaluation in September and October of the impact of their programmes, in order to:
Listeners' Mail
The mail received at Bougouni is registered and examined every week during the "Listener Mail" programme, and it is then handled by the head of the station.
Two months after having completed its new programming schedule, Radio Kafo-kan received 123 letters requesting, on the one hand, an increase in the station's broadcasting time, and on the other, an increase in the length of time allotted to each programme, since in the opinion of their audience, twenty-six minutes was judged to be too short for a programme.
Listener Mail Statistics by Area (Rural or Urban), Age Group and Gender
September - October 2000
123 items of mail
Rural milieu : 101 items
Adults : 12 items
Young people : 71 items
Women : 18 items
Urban milieu : 22 items
Adults : 3 items
Young people : 10 items
Women : 9 items
Listener mail also allowed the station to evaluate the agents, and to arrive at the following conclusions:
An Evaluation of the Kafo-kan Radio Station's Agents
The Kafo-kan audience has very often criticized the quality of the work done by the station's broadcasters and producers. They believe, for example, that certain programmes, such as those featuring announcements and public communications, should not be broadcast by all the agents, and they have stated their preferences. They also feel that the broadcasters talk too much. Finally, the listeners indicated which their favourite programmes were, and why.
Survey method : A focus group composed of six to ten persons
Villages : Dieba, Dialabougou, Babougou, Galamina, and Tora in the Bougouni circle.
The results of the survey proved that Kafo-kan radio has the highest number of listeners of the four radio stations indicated, due to the following parameters: the clarity of the broadcast signal, the ability of the station's broadcasters and producers, the area its broadcasts cover, and the quality of the programmes (programmmes on health care or agriculture, traditional music and information).
The evaluation of programmes on the consumption of SIPAMA (Mali Food Products Company) flour, in the village of Babougou (approximately 1,000 inhabitants).
Ten focus groups of six persons each were created in this village, in order to evaluate the impact of radio programmes. Seven of the ten groups were made up of women, whose ages ranged from fifteen to thirty-five.
Survey results (cf Survey Chart)
Of the sixty persons questioned, forty-six had heard the message on Radio Kafo-kan, fifty had seen the flour in question, while thirty-eight had purchased and used it. The remaining twenty-two persons had not bought the flour for financial reasons, but they indicated that they were nonetheless ready to try it. As for the impact of this flour on their daily lives, the persons interviewed indicated that the flour provided them with a choice of food possibilities beyond the millet which they normally used. The interviewees reaffirmed their desire to use the Sipama flour.
Conclusion
The inhabitants of this small village had been informed and sensitized concerning the use of the local flour. They feel that it can contribute to their diet and to local eating habits.
PROGRAMME TITLE
_____________________________________
Flour Consumption
______________________________________
EXPECTED OUTCOMES: Information
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
| MODE a) Questions (interview) 1. Have you ever heard about local flour made in Mali and have you ever seen it? x Yes No |
5 positives : goal attained - 3 positives = Programme failure |
| 2. If you heard about it, was it through Kafo Kan radio? x Yes No |
|
| MODE b) Observations 3. This is flour we use to make some cakes. It is clean and refined. x Yes No |
If the impact is negative Obviously, the programme did not meet the needs of the farmers
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
| 4. Have you ever used/eaten his flour? x Yes No |
|
| 5. What is the impact of this flour on your daily life? We will try to find out how we can refine our millet flour locally. x Yes No |
Community Rural Radio
"Benso" FM 93.7 MHZ
KOLONDIEBA
FOLLOW-UP AND EVALUATION REPORT
ON RADIO PROGRAMMES BROADCAST
September - October 2000
Village Concerned : KOLOGO
Community of Kolondieba
COMPLETED FROM 24 TO 30 OCTOBER 2000
Kolondieba, 31/10/2000
Follow-Up and Evaluation Tools
The follow-up and evaluation tools and the programmes concerned for the month of October 2000 are included in the table below.
| Follow-up and Evaluation Tool | Programme concerned | Expected Outcome |
| Level I Listening, comprehension |
Health (malaria) | Comprehension |
Follow-Up and Evaluation Charts
The charts for Levels I and II have been used for the follow-up and evaluation of the radio programmed broadcast at Kolondieba. Survey method: The focus group.
Transcription of Results
Level I Chart (Malaria)
Method used for level I: Focus group of five persons (two men and three women)
Of the five persons surveyed, three had well understood the programme. In a general manner, the programme was better understood by men than by women.
Level II Chart
1 - Programme whose expected outcome was sensitization - Method used, a focus group made up of five persons.
a) Animal Straying
The expected outcome with regard to this programme was achieved in the case of the five persons surveyed. The programme corresponded to the needs of the farmers. The broadcast times were appropriate, and can be maintained.
b) Unclean Water (five-person focus group)
Expected outcomes: Sensitization - Information
Among the five persons surveyed, three were women. The expected outcome was reached. The programme corresponded to the audience's needs. The broadcasting times are appropriate.
c) Weaning infants (four-person focus group)
Expected outcome: Information
Women are more concerned by this subject than men.
Four persons were questioned : three women and one man. The expected outcome was reached. The program was well-conceived. The listeners fully understood and retained the contents of the programme, i.e., the advice that was given. The broadcast time was also appropriate.
Remarks
Conclusion
Generally speaking, Benso Radio's programmes are favourably received by listeners. The broadcast hours are satisfactory. The programmes correspond to the needs of the audience.
N.B. This follow-up and evaluation was carried out by Djoukamadi Dembele (technician) and Lamine Mariko (broadcaster-producer).
Kologo, 26 October 2000
IMPACT FOLLOW-UP AND EVALUATION
Level I : (Listening, comprehension) - A maximum of eight days after broadcast
a) Did you listen to the programme on (date)..........................................................................
on malaria?
b) What was the programme about ?
The causes of malaria, and its prevention
c) What part of the programme interested you the most ?
The prevention of malaria
d) In what way was this programme useful, in your opinion ?
What message or messages did you retain ?
LEVEL I SUMMARY AND EVALUATION
According to answer a), the programme was listened to Yes x No
According to answers b, c, and d, the programme was :
well understood x
understood with difficulty
not understood
Observations and criticisms on the conception and broadcast of the programme:
Programme well-conceived, clear contents, comprehensible
N.B. Woman interviewed
Kologo, 26 October 2000
IMPACT FOLLOW-UP AND EVALUATION
Level I : (Listening, comprehension) - A maximum of eight days after broadcast
e) Did you listen to the programme on...........................................................
on malaria?
f) What was the programme about?
How people contract malaria. Its prevention.
g) What part of the programme interested you the most?
The causes of malaria, and how to protect yourself from this disease.
h) In what way was this programme useful, in your opinion?
What message or messages did you retain?
LEVEL I SUMMARY AND EVALUATION
According to answer a), the programme was listened to Yes x No
According to answers b, c, and d, the programme was :
well understood x
understood with difficulty
not understood
Observations and criticisms on the conception and broadcast of the programme :
Programme well-conceived, clear contents, comprehensible
N.B. Man interviewed
Kologo, 26 October 2000
IMPACT FOLLOW-UP AND EVALUATION
Level I : (Listening, comprehension) - A maximum of eight days after broadcast
i) Did you listen to the programme on ..................................................
on malaria?
j) What was the programme about?
The causes of malaria, its transmission, its prevention
k) What part of the programme interested you the most?
Prevention against malaria
l) In what way was this programme useful, in your opinion ?
What message or messages did you retain?
LEVEL I SUMMARY AND EVALUATION
According to answer a), the programme was listened to Yes x No
According to answers b, c, and d, the programme was :
well understood x
understood with difficulty
not understood
Observations and criticisms on the conception and broadcast of the programme :
Programme well-conceived, clear contents, comprehensible
N.B. Man interviewed
Kologo, 26 October 2000
IMPACT FOLLOW-UP AND EVALUATION
Level I : (Listening, comprehension) - A maximum of eight days after broadcast
m) Did you listen to the programme on ..........................................................................
on malaria?
n) What was the programme about?
o) What part of the programme interested you the most?
p) In what way was this programme useful, in your opinion?
What message or messages did you retain?
LEVEL I SUMMARY AND EVALUATION
According to answer a), the programme was listened to Yes No x
According to answers b, c, and d, the programme was :
well understood
understood with difficulty
not understood
Observations and criticisms on the conception and broadcast of the programme :
The woman questioned does not have a radio. She is usually busy when the programme is broadcast, and she is located at some distance from her husband's radio.
N.B. Woman interviewed
Kologo, 26 October 2000
IMPACT FOLLOW-UP AND EVALUATION
Level I : (Listening, comprehension) - A maximum of eight days after broadcast
q) Did you listen to the programme on ......................................................
on ............................................................................
r) What was the programme about ?
s) What part of the programme interested you the most ?
t) In what way was this programme useful, in your opinion ?
What message or messages did you retain ?
LEVEL I SUMMARY AND EVALUATION
According to answer a), the programme was listened to Yes No x
According to answers b, c, and d, the programme was :
well understood
understood with difficulty
not understood
Observations and criticisms on the conception and broadcast of the programme :
The woman questioned does not have a radio, nor does she have access to her husband's radio. She occasionally hears programmes on her neighbor's husband's radio.
N.B. Woman interviewed
Kologo, 28 October 2000
PROGRAMME TITLE
Animal Straying
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Sensitization of farmers and breeders
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
| MODE a) Questions (interview) 1. Do you know why you have to bring your animals inside before the rainy season, so as to prevent them from straying? x Yes No |
5 positives = goal attained -3 negatives = programme failure |
| 2. How do you know this? They tell us about it every day. x Yes No |
Goal attained |
| 3. Do you intend to keep your animals in an enclosure ? x Yes No I have no cattle of my own. They belong to the men. MODE b) Observations 4. Have you noticed that many people keep their cattle in an enclosure? 5. Have the conflicts between breeders and farmers decreased? No x Considerably |
If the impact is negative
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
7. MODE c) Other information sources? How do you know about all this?
NB : Woman interviewed |
Kologo, 28 October 2000
PROGRAMME TITLE
Animal Straying
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Sensitization of farmers and breeders
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
| MODE a) Questions (interview) 1. Do you know why you have to bring your animals inside before the rainy season, so as to prevent them from straying? x Yes No 2. How do you know this? 3. Do you intend to keep your animals in an enclosure? MODE b) Observations 4. Have you noticed that many people keep their cattle in an enclosure? 5. Have the conflicts between breeders and farmers decreased? 8. MODE c) Other information sources? |
6 positives = goal attained -3 negatives = programme failure
Goal attained
If the impact is negative.
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
NB : Woman interviewed
Kologo, 28 October 2000
PROGRAMME TITLE
Animal Straying
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Sensitization of farmers and breeders
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
MODE a) Questions (interview) 2. How do you know this? From the radio. 3. Do you intend to keep your animals in an enclosure? MODE b) Observations 4. Have you noticed that many people keep their cattle in an enclosure? 5. Have the conflicts between breeders and farmers decreased? 9. MODE c) Other information sources? |
6 positives = goal attained -3 negatives = programme failure
Goal attained
If the impact is negative
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
NB : Man interviewed
Kologo, 28 October 2000
PROGRAMME TITLE
Animal Straying
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Sensitization of farmers and breeders
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
MODE a) Questions (interview) 2. How do you know this? 3. Do you intend to keep your animals in an enclosure? MODE b) Observations 4. Have you noticed that many people keep their cattle in an enclosure? 5. Have the conflicts between breeders and farmers decreased? 9. MODE c) Other information sources? |
6 positives = goal attained -3 negatives = programme failure
Goal attained
If the impact is negative
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
NB : Man interviewed
Kologo, 27 October 2000
PROGRAMME TITLE
The use of stagnant waters
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Sensitization of villagers
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
MODE a) Questions (interview) 1. Do you know why you have to avoid the use of stagnant water? 2. How do you know this? 3. Do you intend to treat your drinking water if it comes from other sources than your well? MODE b) Observations 4. Have you noticed that many people treat their drinking water if it comes from other sources than their wells? 5. Has the use of well water increased? 11. MODE c) Other information sources? |
6 positives = goal attained -3 negatives = programme failure
Goal attained
If the impact is negative
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
NB : Woman interviewed
Kologo, 27 October 2000
PROGRAMME TITLE
The use of stagnant waters
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Sensitization of urban and country people
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
MODE a) Questions (interview) 2. How do you know this? 3. Do you intend to treat your drinking water if it comes from other sources than your well? MODE b) Observations 4. Have you noticed that many people treat their drinking water if it comes from other sources than their wells? 5. Has the use of well water increased? 12. MODE c) Other information sources? |
6 positives = goal attained -3 negatives = programme failure
Goal attained
If the impact is negative
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
NB : Woman interviewed
Kologo, 27 October 2000
PROGRAMME TITLE
The use of stagnant waters
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Sensitization of villagers
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
MODE a) Questions (interview) 2. How do you know this? 3. Do you intend to treat your drinking water if it comes from other sources than your well? MODE b) Observations 4. Have you noticed that many people treat their drinking water if it comes from other sources than their wells? 5. Has the use of well water increased? 13. MODE c) Other information sources? |
6 positives = goal attained -3 negatives = programme failure
Goal attained
If the impact is negative
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
NB : Woman interviewed
Kologo, 27 October 2000
PROGRAMME TITLE
The use of stagnant waters
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Sensitization of villagers
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
MODE a) Questions (interview) 2. How do you know this? 3. Do you intend to treat your drinking water if it comes from other sources than your well? MODE b) Observations 4. Have you noticed that many people treat their drinking water if it comes from other sources than their wells? 5. Has the use of well water increased? 14. MODE c) Other information sources? |
6 positives = goal attained -3 negatives = programme failure
Goal attained
If the impact is negative
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
NB : Man interviewed
Kologo, 27 October 2000
PROGRAMME TITLE
The use of stagnant waters
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Sensitization of villagers
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
MODE a) Questions (interview) 2. How do you know this? 3. Do you intend to treat your drinking water if it comes from other sources than your well? MODE b) Observations 4. Have you noticed that many people treat their drinking water if it comes from other sources than their wells? 5. Has the use of well water increased? 15. MODE c) Other information sources? |
6 positives = goal attained -3 negatives = programme failure
Goal attained
If the impact is negative
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
NB : Man interviewed
Kologo, 26 October 2000
PROGRAMME TITLE
Infant weaning
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Information for nursing mothers
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
MODE a) Questions (interview) 2. If yes, how do you know this? MODE b) Observations 3. Do breast-feeding mothers follow the advice they are given? 4. Is the infant who has been correctly weaned at the right time in good health? 5. Has the number of infants who have been correctly weaned increased? |
5 positives = goal attained -3 negatives = programme failure
Goal attained
If the impact is negative
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
NB : woman interviewed
Kologo, 26 October 2000
PROGRAMME TITLE
Infant weaning
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Information for nursing mothers
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
MODE a) Questions (interview) 2. If yes, how do you know this? MODE b) Observations 3. Do breast-feeding mothers follow the advice they are given? 4. Is the infant who has been correctly weaned at the right time in good health? 5. Has the number of infants who have been correctly weaned increased? |
5 positives = goal attained -3 negatives = programme failure
Goal attained
If the impact is negative
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
NB : woman interviewed
Kologo, 26 October 2000
PROGRAMME TITLE
Infant weaning
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Information for nursing mothers
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
MODE a) Questions (interview) 2. If yes, how do you know this? MODE b) Observations 3. Do breast-feeding mothers follow the advice they are given? 4. Is the infant who has been correctly weaned at the right time in good health? 5. Has the number of infants who have been correctly weaned increased? |
5 positives = goal attained -3 negatives = programme failure
Goal attained
If the impact is negative
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
NB : woman interviewed
Kologo, 26 October 2000
PROGRAMME TITLE
Infant weaning
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Information for nursing mothers
| INFORMATION GATHERING/FOLLOW-UP | EVALUATION |
MODE a) Questions (interview) 2. If yes, how do you know this? MODE b) Observations 3. Do breast-feeding mothers follow the advice they are given? 4. Is the infant who has been correctly weaned at the right time in good health? 5. Has the number of infants who have been correctly weaned increased? |
5 positives = goal attained -3 negatives = programme failure
Goal attained
If the impact is negative
Meeting with the National Coordinator |
NB : Man interviewed
Without follow-up and evaluation, a radio set is no more than a mere noise-box.
It is indispensable for us to carry out continual evaluation of the work of our radio stations, in order to improve their performance in the field, and to correct their insufficiencies.
Following-up and evaluating the impact of a radio programme allows us to measure, in time and space, the positive or negative consequences of a programme, as well as its effect on the attitudes, behaviour and general knowledge of our listeners.
The Mali-South radio stations have made enormous progress in their realisation of the importance of follow-up and evaluation. In order to do this, they have been using new, simplified and accessible methods, such as listener mail and field trips.
A radio station that does not make use of Follow-Up and Evaluation is like an aircraft flying blind, or without a pilot on board. The result is very predictable!
Follow-Up and Evaluation is one of the activities that the Mali-South radio revival project (GCP/MLI/020/NET) has included in its planning, and its principal objective is the perpetuity of its radio stations.
