APPENDIX 1

Table 1

Recommended nutrient intakes - minerals*

	Calcium	Magnesium	Selenium		Zinc			Iron (i)			Iodine
	(c)			High bioavail-ability	Moderate bioavail-ability	Low bioavail-ability	15% bio-availability	12% bio-availability	10% bio-availability	5% bio-availability	(o)
Age	mg/day	mg/day	ìg/day	mg/day	mg/day	mg/day	mg/day	mg/day	mg/day	mg/day	ìg/day
Infants
Premature											30 (p) ìg/kg/day
0-6 months	300 (a)	26 (a)	6	1.1 (e)	2.8 (f)	6.6 (g)	(k)	(k)	(k)	(k)	15 (p)ìg/kg/day
	400 (b)	36 (b)
7-1 months	400	53	10	0.8 (e)			[6] (l)	[8] (l)	[9] (l)	[19] (l)	135
				2.5 (h)	4.1 (h)	8.3 (h)
Children
1-3 years	500	60	17	2.4	4.1	8.4	4	5	6	12	75
4-6 years	600	73	21	3.1	5.1	10.3	4	5	6	13	110
7-9 years	700	100	21	3.3	5.6	11.3	6	7	9	18	100
Adolescents
Males   10-18 years	1,300 (d)	250	34	5.7	9.7	19.2	10 (10-14 yrs)	12 (10-14 yrs)	15 (10-14 yrs)	29 (10-14 yrs)	135 (10-11 yrs)
							12 (15-18 yrs)	16 (15-18 yrs)	19 (15-18 yrs)	38 (15-18 yrs)	110 (12 + yrs)
Females    10-18years	1,300 (d)	230	26	4.6	7.8	15.5	9 (10-14 yrs) (m)	12 (10-14 yrs) (m)	14 (10-14 yrs) (m)	28 (10-14 yrs) (m)	140 (10-11 yrs)
							22 (10-14 yrs)	28 (10-14 yrs)	33 (10-14 yrs)	65 (10-14 yrs)	100 (12 + yrs)
							21 (15-18 yrs)	26 (15-18 yrs)	31 (15-18 yrs)	62 (15-18 yrs)
Adults
Males
19-65 years	1,000	260	34	4.2	7.0	14.0	9	11	14	27	130
Females
19-50 years (pre-menopausal)	1,000	220	26	3.0	4.9	9.8	20	24	29	59	110
51-65 years (menopausal)	1,300	220	26	3.0	4.9	9.8	8	9	11	23	110
Older adults
Males   65 + years	1,300	230	34	4.2	7.0	14.0	9	11	14	27	130
Females   65 + years	1,300	190	26	3.0	4.9	9.8	8	9	11	23	110
Pregnancy
First   trimester		220		3.4	5.5	11.0	(n)	(n)	(n)	(n)	200
Second   trimester		220	28	4.2	7.0	14.0	(n)	(n)	(n)	(n)	200
Third   trimester	1,200	220	30	6.0	10.0	20.0	(n)	(n)	(n)	(n)	200
Lactation
0-3 months	1,000	270	35	5.8	9.5	19.0	10	12	15	30	200
4-6 months	1,000	270	35	5.3	8.8	17.5	10	12	15	30	200
7-12months	1,000	270	42	4.3	7.2	14.4	10	12	15	30	200

* For the purposes of the composite tables of RNI values, the body weights used were derived from the 50^th percentile of NCHS data until adult weights of 55 kg for females and 65 kg for males were reached. The weights used are the following: 0-6 mo = 6 kg; 7-12 mo = 8.9 kg; 1-3 yo = 12.1 kg; 4-6 yo = 18.2 kg; 7-9 yo = 25.2 kg; 10-11 yo M = 33.4 kg; 10-11 yo F = 34.8 kg; 12-18 yo M = 55.1 kg; 12-18 yo F = 50.6 kg; 10-18 yo M = 55.1 kg; 10-18 yo F = 50.6 kg; 19-65 yo M = 65 kg; 19-65 yo F = 55 kg

Notes - Minerals

(a) Human breast milk.

(b) Infant formula.

Calcium:

(c) The data used in developing calcium RNIs originate from developed countries, and there is controversy as to their appropriateness for developing countries. This notion also holds true for most nutrients, but based on current knowledge, the impact appears to be most marked for calcium.

(d) Particularly during the growth spurt.

Zinc:

(e) Human-milk fed infants only.

(f) Formula-fed infants, moderate zinc bio-availability.

(g) Formula-fed infants, low zinc bio-availability due to infant consumption of phytate rich cereals and vegetable protein based formula.

(h) Not applicable to infants consuming human milk only.

Iron:

(i) There is evidence that iron absorption can be significantly enhanced when each meal contains a minimum of 25 mg of Vitamin C, assuming three meals per day. This is especially true if there are iron absorption inhibitors in the diet such as phytate or tannins.

(k) Neonatal iron stores are sufficient to meet the iron requirement for the first six months in full term infants. Premature infants and low birth weight infants require additional iron.

(l) Bio-availability of dietary iron during this period varies greatly.

(m) Non-menstruating adolescents.

(n) It is recommended that iron supplements in tablet form be given to all pregnant women because of the difficulties in correctly evaluating iron status in pregnancy. In the non-anaemic pregnant woman, daily supplements of 100 mg of iron (e.g., as ferrous sulphate) given during the second half of pregnancy are adequate. In anaemic women higher doses are usually required.

Iodine

(o) Data expressed on a per kg body weight basis is sometimes preferred, and this data is as follows:

premature infants = 30 ìg/kg/day	infants 0-12 months = 19 ìg/kg/day
children 1 - 6 years = 6 ìg/kg/day	children 7 - 11 = 4 ìg/kg/day
adolescents and adults 12 + years = 2 ìg/kg/day	pregnancy and lactation = 3.5 ìg/kg/day

(p) In view of the high variability in body weights at these ages the RNIs are expressed as ìg/kg body weight/day.

(NCHS data source: WHO, Measuring Change in Nutritional Status. Guidelines for Assessing the Nutritional Impact of Supplementary Feeding Programmes for Vulnerable Groups, World Health Organization, 1983)

Table 2 Recommended nutrient intakes ^{(g) (h)} - water and fat soluble vitamins*

	- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -									- - - - FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS - - -
	Thiamin	Riboflavin	Niacin (a)	Vit. B6	Panto- thenate	Biotin	Folate (c)	Vit. B12	Vit. C (d)	Vit. A (f) (g)	Vit. D	Vit. E (acceptable intakes) (h)	Vit. K (l)
Age	mg/day	mg/day	mg NE/day	mg/day	mg/day	ìg/day	ìg DFE/day	ìg/day	mg/day	ìg RE/day	ìg/day	mg a-TE/ day	ìg/day
Infants
0-6 months	0.2	0.3	2 (b)	0.1	1.7	5	80	0.4	25	375	5	2.7 (i)	5 (m)
7-11months	0.3	0.4	4	0.3	1.8	6	80	0.5	30	400	5	2.7 (i)	10
Children
1-3 years	0.5	0.5	6	0.5	2	8	160	0.9	30	400	5	5 (k)	15
4-6 years	0.6	0.6	8	0.6	3	12	200	1.2	30	450	5	5 (k)	20
7-9 years	0.9	0.9	12	1.0	4	20	300	1.8	35	500	5	7 (k)	25
Adolescents   10-18 years
Males	1.2	1.3	16	1.3	5	25	400	2.4	40	600	5	10	35-65
Females	1.1	1.0	16	1.2	5	25	400	2.4	40	600	5	7. 5	35-55
Adults
Males,   19-65 years	1.2	1.3	16	1.3 (19-50 yrs)	5	30	400	2.4	45	600	5 (19-50 yrs)	10	65
				1.7 (50 + yrs)							10 (50 + yrs)
Females
19-50years (pre-menopausal)	1.1	1.1	14	1.3	5	30	400	2.4	45	500	5	7.5	55
50-65 years (menopausal)	1.1	1.1	14	1.5	5	30	400	2.4	45	500	10	7.5	55
Older adults,   65 + years
Males	1.2	1.3	16	1.7	5		400	2.4	45	600	15	10	65
Females	1.1	1.1	14	1.5	5		400	2.4	45	600	15	7.5	55
Pregnancy	1.4	1.4	18	1.9	6	30	600	2.6	55	800	5	(i)	55
Lactation	1.5	1.6	17	2.0	7	35	500	2.8	70 (e)	850	5	(i)	55

* For the purposes of these composite tables of RNI values, the body weights used were derived from the 50^th percentile of NCHS data until adult weights of 55 kg for females and 65 kg for males were reached. The weights used are the following: 0-6 mo = 6 kg; 7-12 mo = 8.9 kg; 1-3 yo = 12.1 kg; 4-6 yo = 18.2 kg; 7-9 yo = 25.2 kg; 10-11 yo M = 33.4 kg; 10-11 yo F = 34.8 kg; 12-18 yo M = 55.1 kg; 12-18 yo F = 50.6 kg; 10-18 yo M = 55.1 kg; 10-18 yo F = 50.6 kg; 19-65 yo M = 65 kg; 19-65 yo F = 55 kg

Notes - Vitamins

Niacin

(a) NE = niacin equivalents, 60-to-1 conversion factor for tryptophan to niacin.
(b) Preformed niacin.

Folate

(c) DFE = dietary folate equivalents; mg of DFE provided = [mg of food folate + (1.7 x mg of synthetic folic acid)].

Vitamin C

(d) An RNI of 45 mg was calculated for adult men and women and 55 mg recommended during pregnancy. It is recognised however that larger amounts would promote greater iron absorption if this can be achieved.

(e) An additional 25 mg is needed for lactation.

Vitamin A:

(f) Vitamin A values are "recommended safe intakes" instead of RNIs. This level of intake is set to prevent clinical signs of deficiency, allow normal growth, but does not allow for prolonged periods of infections or other stresses.

(g) Recommended safe intakes as µg RE/day; 1 µg retinol=1 µg RE; 1 µg b-carotene=0.167 µg RE; 1 µg other provitamin A carotenoids=0.084 µg RE.

Vitamin E:

(h) Data were considered insufficient to formulate recommendations for this vitamin so that "acceptable intakes" are listed instead. This represents the best estimate of requirements, based on the currently acceptable intakes that support the known function of this vitamin.

(i) For pregnancy and lactation there is no evidence of requirements for vitamin E that are any different from those of older adults. Increased energy intake during pregnancy and lactation is expected to compensate for increased need for infant growth and milk synthesis. Breast milk substitutes should not contain less than 0.3 mg a-tocopherol equivalents (TE)/100 ml of reconstituted product, and not less than 0.4 mg TE/g PUFA. Human breast milk vitamin E is fairly constant at 2.7 mg for 850 ml of milk.

(k) Values based on a proportion of the adult acceptable intakes.

Vitamin K:

(l) The RNI for each age group is based on a daily intake of 1 µg/kg/day of phylloquinone, the latter being the major dietary source of Vitamin K.

(m) This intake cannot be met by infants who are exclusively breast-fed. To prevent bleeding due to vitamin K deficiency, all breast fed babies should receive vitamin K supplementation at birth according to nationally approved guidelines.

(NCHS data source: WHO, Measuring Change in Nutritional Status. Guidelines for Assessing the Nutritional Impact of Supplementary Feeding Programmes for Vulnerable Groups, World Health Organization, 1983)