GCP/RLA/075/ITA Field Document 5/E THE NUTRITION AND FEEDING OF FARMED FISH AND SHRIMP - A TRAINING MANUAL 2. NUTRIENT SOURCES AND COMPOSITION CONTENTS

G O V E R N M E N T   C O O P E R A T I V E   P R O G R A M M E

THE NUTRITION AND FEEDING OF FARMED FISH AND SHRIMP - A TRAINING MANUAL

2. NUTRIENT SOURCES AND COMPOSITION

By

Albert G.J. Tacon

A report prepared for the FAO Trust Fund GCP/RLA/075/ITA Project Support to the Regional Aquaculture Activities for Latin America and the Caribbean

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Brasilia, Brazil
September 1987

This report was prepared during the course of the project identified on the title page. The conclusions and recommendations given in the report are those considered appropriate at the time of its preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of the project.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers.

PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

This document is based on the original lecture texts presented by Dr. A.G.J. Tacon to the trainees of the Fourth Senior Aquaculturists Training Course in Pirassununga, Brazil, from 23 June to 9 July 1986 (based at the Centro de Pesquisa e Treinamento em Aquicultura, CEPTA), and has been revised and updated as a training manual to form the basis of an intensive five week subregional training course on the nutrition and feeding of farmed fish and shrimp to be implemented by the FAO Trust Fund GCP/RLA/075/ITA Project within the Latin America and Caribbean Region. The aim of this training course is to create a core of senior instructors and researchers within the Region who inturn will be able to conduct their own national aquaculture nutrition and feeding training programmes, and advise farmers and researchers alike on all aspects of practical feed technology.

Although numerous training manuals exist on the nutrition and feeding of farmed fish and shrimp, these have tended to deal almost exclusively with intensive or complete diet feeding, with little or no mention of semi-intensive feeding methods. Since the majority of finfish and shrimp aquaculture production is currently realised within semi-intensive farming systems, clearly emphasis must also be given to semi-intensive feeding methods such as fertilization, composting, and supplementary diet feeding. All too often it is believed that the only economic way of feeding fish or shrimp is by using a high quality ‘complete’ pelleted diet; it is not, and farmers and researchers alike should not be misguided to believe so. Furthermore, the present manual critically assesses the known nutrient requirements of the major cultured aquaculture species, the methodology used by researchers for the measurement of dietary nutrient requirements and for conducting feeding trials, reviews the semi-intensive and intensive feeding strategies employed in other parts of the world, and attempts to open avenues for the development of an applied aquaculture nutrition and feeding research strategy to suit the needs and desires of the Latin America and Caribbean Region. The training manual is presented in four parts; part 1 deals with the essential nutrients, part 2 deals with nutrient sources, part 3 deals with intensive feeding methods, and part 4 deals with semi-intensive feeding methods.

CONTENTS

1. PRINCIPLES OF FEED AND FERTILIZER ANALYSIS
1.1 Feed analysis
1.1.1 Protein and non-protein nitrogen composition
1.1.2 Lipid and fatty acid composition
1.1.3 Crude fibre and digestible carbohydrate content
1.1.4 Ash and mineral composition
1.1.5 Vitamin composition
1.1.6 Variability in chemical composition
1.1.7 Physical characteristics
1.1.8 Endogenous anti-nutritional factors
1.1.9 Adventitious toxic factors
1.1.10 Microbial contamination
1.1.11 Certificate of analysis of feeding stuffs
1.2 Fertilizer analysis
1.2.1 Primary nutrients
1.2.2 Secondary and micro-nutrients
1.2.3 Variability in chemical composition
1.2.4 Contaminants
1.2.5 Certificate of analysis of fertilizers

2. GLOSSARY OF NUTRITION/FEED MILLING TERMS AND INGREDIENT DEFINITIONS
2.1 Glossary - Miscellaneous feed and nutrition terms
2.2 Glossary - Part (s) of parent feed material
2.3 Glossary - Process (es) and treatment (s) to which the product has been subjected before feeding to the animal
2.4 Feed ingredient definitions

3. NUTRIENT SOURCES - COMPOSITION OF FEEDSTUFFS AND FERTILIZERS
3.1 Cereal grains and by-products
3.2 Oilseeds and by-products
3.3 Grain legumes
3.4 Root crops
3.5 Fruits
3.6 Grass, green crops, and miscellaneous plant feedstuffs
3.7 Vascular aquatic plants
3.8 Single cell proteins
3.9 Invertebrate food organisms
3.10 Vertebrate animal by-products
3.11 Mineral supplements
3.12 Chemical fertilizers
3.13 Organic manures

4. FEED ADDITIVES
4.1 Preservatives
4.2 Binders
4.3 Feeding stimulants
4.4 Food colourants

5. REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS