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2.3 Food Safety, Animal Welfare, and Environmental Issues


As the trade liberalization in agriculture and dairy products has progressed, attention has increasingly focused on technical measures such as food safety, regulations, labeling requirements, and quality and compositional standards. The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) sets important requirements for adoption and implementation of food safety and quality and recognizes the standards, guidelines, and recommendations determined by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). CAC standards have been formulated for a majority of dairy products, such as maximum permissible levels of contaminants/additives and hygienic requirements for production. However, there has been increased concern about these measures, particularly in the case of smallholder dairy production systems, as their application necessarily adds to the transactions cost of international trade.

Figure 2.6 Anand Pattern cooperative milk producers' organization

Figure 2.7 Producer-processor linkages: Private dairy plants

Source: Personal discussions with private sector.

The chemical contaminants for which CAC standards have been set include heavy metals (lead), 85 pesticide residues, and 10 veterinary drug residues in milk and dairy products. However, the Indian national standards are lower than international/developed country standards, and infrastructure is deficient due to lack of resources and inadequate information. In the case of lead, for example, maximum levels of 0.05 ppm in butter and 0.02 ppm in milk have been recommended by the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants, whereas the Indian standard is 2.5 ppm for milk. The CAC has also set maximum residue limit (MRL) for 85 pesticide residues, compared with India's 24 pesticides. Likewise, the CAC has set MRLs for 10 veterinary drug residues, whereas India has not yet set MRLs for veterinary drugs. The 33rd Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants has recommended an MRL of 0.5 ppb for Aflatoxin M1 in milk, compared to an Indian national limit of 0.03 ppm. The CAC has incorporated several provisions in its proposed Model Certificate for Export and Import of Milk Products that would be extremely difficult for most developing countries, including India, to comply with.

The CAC is also concerned about the microbiological quality of milk and dairy products, and has recommended measures to minimize microbiological contamination. CAC guidelines stipulate that the raw material should be produced in a way that minimizes bacterial count, growth, and contamination. To achieve this, the CAC recommends the application of the Principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system.

Smallholder production in India is often based on hand milking, with few or no cooling facilities and inappropriate animal housing and poor animal health protection in most parts of the country. The Indian dairy industry will have to gear up to meet international regulatory requirements and ensure that dairy plants get HACCP certification. Some steps have already been taken in this direction, but there is a long way to go. The National Dairy Development Board, under its Perspective Plan 2010, has started a Clean Milk Production Programme, and more than 12,000 village dairy cooperative societies in 16 states have been brought under it. Similar initiatives have been taken by various state milk marketing federations and other agencies. Sixty-three milk-processing plants/dairies in the cooperative sector have obtained International Standards Organization (ISO)/HACCP certification with assistance from NDDB. Private sector dairy plants have taken similar steps to ensure the quality of raw material; for example, Nestle has provided bulk coolers to farmer societies and launched awareness programs in the area. However, current levels of infrastructure and financial resources are too low to achieve the desired standards.

Animal welfare, which includes establishing norms for animal protection on the farm, during transport, and at the time of slaughter, is a growing source of concern among animal protection organizations, consumers, and decision makers. Although animal welfare is not currently covered under the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement, these issues are coming under increasing public scrutiny. Two main types of policies relate to animal welfare: (i) to support production methods that promote animal welfare and (ii) to impose requirements on imports so that acceptable standards of animal welfare are applied during production and transportation. National authorities must seek to reduce the negative effects of commercialization of livestock farming and trade on animal welfare. The WTO recognizes the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) as the international organization responsible for the development and promotion of international animal health standards, guidelines, and recommendations affecting trade in live animals and livestock products. These OIE activities cover safety procedures for raw materials during production and first-stage processing before they enter the market.

2.3.1 Animal Diseases and Programs for Control of Diseases

Since the introduction of an extensive crossbreeding program, the susceptibility of these exotic breeds to various diseases has increased. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality, state governments are attempting to provide better health care facilities through polyclinics and veterinary hospitals/dispensaries/first-aid centers, including mobile veterinary dispensaries. At present, 26,717 polyclinics/hospitals/dispensaries and 28,195 veterinary aid centers supported by about 250 disease diagnostic laboratories are functioning in the states and union territories. In addition, there are about 26 veterinary vaccine production units, 19 in the public sector and 7 in the private sector. The import of vaccines by private agencies is also permitted. The statewide details of veterinary institutions in the country are given in Annex Table 2.7.

The Government of India and the state governments have initiated various schemes to provide livestock health services and disease control. In most of the states, a large proportion of the budget is spent on salary and wages and little is left for providing services. The Government of India has proposed a comprehensive scheme, "Livestock Health and Disease Control" in three components: (i) control of animal diseases, (ii) Foot and Mouth Disease Control Programme (new), and (iii) National Project on Rinderpest Eradication, by merging various schemes during the Tenth Five Year Plan.

The central government provides assistance to state/union territory governments for control of tuberculosis, brucellosis, and swine fever; sterility and abortions in bovines; control of emerging and exotic diseases; strengthening of state veterinary biological production centers and disease diagnostic laboratories; and creation of disease-free zones. The incidence of livestock diseases in India during 2001 is given in Annex Table 2.8.

Since in March 1998, the country has been provisionally free from rinderpest disease; however, the government has initiated a National Project on Rinderpest Eradication to achieve the final stage of freedom from that disease and from contagious bovine pleuro pneumonia by strengthening veterinary services as per the guidelines prescribed by the OIE. Surveys have been initiated in about 1,162 villages to generate information. Eradication of rinderpest is a three-stage process: (i) provisional freedom from the disease, (ii) substantive freedom from the disease, (iii) freedom from rinderpest infection. The successful implementation of this program would benefit livestock farmers, boost export of livestock products, and pave the way for control programs against other diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD).

FMD is a major disease facing Indian livestock; it reduces milk yields and draft power. The disease is prevalent all over the country. Strains O, A, and Asia1 are active, while strain C has not been reported since 1996. No systematic control and vaccination program against FMD exists in the country, even though there is a massive but sporadic vaccination program. More than 25 million vaccinations are carried out every year against FMD, but this program is ineffective, as FMD protection is based on herd immunity. Over 85 percent of the individuals in an area have to be vaccinated to establish herd immunity. The population at risk in the country (all susceptible species) is about 420 million, and barely 5 percent of the animals at risk are vaccinated. The central government has proposed a new Foot and Mouth Disease Control Programme in specified areas in the country under a macro-management approach during the Tenth Plan.

2.3.2 Environmental Concerns

Livestock and livestock waste produce ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, and other trace gases, which affect the world's atmosphere and contribute to global warming. Of all the gases, methane is the most important in causing global climate change. It is largely a product of animal production and manure management, which contribute about 16 percent of total methane volume.

In India, livestock is an integral part of crop farming, and resource use in mixed farming (crop + livestock) is often highly self-reliant, as nutrients and energy flow from crops to livestock and back. Such a system offers positive incentives to compensate for environmental effects ("internalize the environmental costs"), making them less damaging or more beneficial to the natural resource base. Pollution problems in rural areas are internalized, as the small amount of waste produced is used as fuel or organic manure. However, small-scale urban or peri-urban production systems (which are dependent on external supplies of feed, energy, and other inputs and are strongly market driven), if not properly controlled, may create environmental pollution. Therefore, the challenge is to identify regulations and incentives that force the polluter to internalize the environmental costs at a minimum cost to the consumer. In India, there are no environmental regulations related to milk production in rural areas; there are regulations for peri-urban and urban dairy farming, but the implementation is extremely poor.

Annex Table 2.1 Per capita monthly consumption expenditure for a period of 30 days on milk and milk products in rural and urban areas: 1970-71 to 1999-2000 (Rupees)

NSS Round

Milk and milk products

Meat, egg, fish

Total food

Total nonfood

Total exp.

Avg. size of household

25th Round (1970-71)







Rural

3.03 (11.7)

1.02

25.98

9.33

35.91

-

Urban

5.01 (14.7)

1.90

34.04

18.81

52.85

-

27th Round (1972-73)







Rural

3.22

1.09

32.16

12.01

44.17

5.22

Urban

5.91

2.07

40.84

22.49

63.33

4.72

32nd Round (1977-78)







Rural

5.29

1.84

44.33

24.56

68.89

5.22

Urban

9.16

3.33

57.67

38.48

96.15

4.89

38th Round (1982)







Rural

8.45

3.40

73.73

38.71

112.45

5.20

Urban

15.15

5.92

96.97

67.06

164.03

4.85

42nd Round (1986-87)







Rural

13.48

5.25

92.55

48.38

140.93

5.26

Urban

23.32

9.25

128.99

93.66

222.65

4.79

43rd Round (1987-88)







Rural

13.63

5.11

100.82

57.28

158.10

5.08

Urban

23.83

8.85

139.75

110.18

249.93

4.71

44th Round (1988-89)







Rural

15.65

6.12

111.80

63.30

175.10

5.17

Urban

26.74

10.59

152.49

114.36

266.85

4.87

45th Round (1989-90)







Rural

18.35

6.84

121.78

67.68

189.46

4.96

Urban

29.53

11.42

165.46

132.54

298.00

4.66

46th Round (1990-91)







Rural

19.04

7.08

133.34

68.70

202.12

4.81

Urban

32.37

12.27

185.77

140.00

326.75

4.55

47th Round (July-Dec. 1991)







Rural

21.90

8.20

153.50

89.91

243.50

5.00

Urban

37.21

13.49

207.77

162.57

370.34

4.73

48th Round (Jan. -Dec. 1992)







Rural

23.00

8.00

161.00

87.00

247.00

5.20

Urban

42.00

14.00

224.00

175.00

399.00

4.80

49th Round (Jan. -June 1993)







Rural

23.00

9.00

159.00

85.00

244.00

5.10

Urban

41.00

14.00

221.00

162.00

382.00

4.60

50th Round (July 1993-June 1994)







Rural

27.00

9.40

178.00

104.00

281.00

4.90

Urban

45.00

15.50

250.00

208.00

458.00

4.50

51st Round (July 1994-June 1995)







Rural

27.00

10.00

189.00

121.00

309.00

4.90

Urban

49.00

17.00

271.00

237.00

508.00

4.60

52nd Round (July 1995-June 1996)







Rural

32.38

10.94

207.75

136.53

344.29

5.00

Urban

56.45

19.11

299.98

299.28

599.26

4.60

53rd Round (Jan. -Dec. 1997)







Rural

39.31

11.79

231.99

163.02

395.01

5.00

Urban

62.75

19.58

320.26

325.19

645.44

4.60

54th Round (Jan. -June 1998)







Rural

36.54

12.65

232.40

149.67

382.07

5.00

Urban

64.63

21.94

339.71

344.57

684.27

4.70

55th Round (July 99-June 2000)







Rural

42.56 (21.6)

16.14

288.80

197.28

486.07

5.00

Urban

74.18 (16.7)

26.77

410.86

444.10

854.96

5.00

Source: NSSO, 2001.

Annex Table 2.2 Milk production trends in different states and union territories of India: 1991-92 to 2000-01 (thousands of metric tons)

State

1991-92

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-00

2000-01

2001-02

Andhra Pradesh

2943

3103

3766

4221

4261

4471

4473

4842

4730

4904

5145

Arunachal Pradesh

7

21

21

22

42

44

43

45

45

45.5

55

Assam

639

658

676

698

699

714

719

725

822

852

894

Bihar

3210

3195

3215

3250

3321

3410

3420

3440

3740

3878

4068

Chandigarh

34

37

38

39

41

42

43

43

42

44

46

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

3

10

7

8

5

4

4

8

10

10

1

Daman and Diu


1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

11

Delhi

227

235

252

257

261

264

267

290

295

306

321

Goa

28

30

33

36

37

37

38

41

43

45

47

Gujarat

3591

3795

3935

4459

4608

4831

4913

5059

5124

5313

5573

Haryana

3565

3715

3850

4062

4055

4204

4373

4527

4673

4845

4976

Himachal Pradesh

597

610

654

663

676

698

714

724

745

772

810

Jammu and Kashmir

515

937

780

641

869

992

979

990

1000

1037

1088

Karnataka

2475

2590

2736

3003

3190

3460

3970

4231

4925

5106

5357

Kerala

1785

1889

2001

2118

2192

2258

2343

2420

2673

2771

2907

Lakshadweep

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Madhya Pradesh

4806

4879

4975

5047

5125

5224

5377

5442

5600

5806

6091

Maharashtra

3955

4102

4250

4812

4991

5127

5193

5609

5810

5850

6024

Manipur

83

83

84

64

57

61

62

65

67

69

73

Meghalaya

50

52

53

54

57

58

59

61

65

67

71

Mizoram

8

9

9

9

9

9

17

20

10

10

11

Nagaland

43

44

45

43

44

46

46

47.5

49.5

51

54

Orissa

505

542

565

584

648

687

672

733

795

824

865

Pondichery

27

27

32

33

33

38

36

36

35

36

38

Punjab

5382

5583

5970

6215

6424

6755

7165

7394

7700

7984

8375

Rajasthan

4474

4586

4958

5103

5449

5874

6487

6923

5820

6034

6330

Sikkim

29

30

30

32

33

34

35

34.5

43

44

46

Tamil Nadu

3357

3468

3524

3695

3791

3976

4061

4273

4256

4413

4629

Tripura

32

34

35

38

39

44

57

76

49

51

53

Uttar Pradesh

10206

10649

10991

11321

11878

12387

12934

13618

15176

15735

16506

West Bengal

3019

3023

3095

3250

3341

3376

3415

3441

3750

3888

4079

India

55620

57962

60607

63804

66198

69147

71940

75182

78117

80817

84570

Source: NDDB, 2003.

Annex Table 2.3 Per capita availability of milk in major states and union territories in India: 1991-92 to 2000-01 (gram/day)

State

1991-92

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-00

2000-01

Andhra Pradesh

121

126

151

167

167

173

170

182

186

189

Arunachal Pradesh

22

65

64

65

121

124

119

121

118

117

Assam

78

79

80

81

80

80

79

79

88

89

Bihar

102

99

97

96

96

96

94

92

98

99

Chandigarh

145

153

152

150

153

151

150

145

137

138

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

59

189

126

138

82

63

60

114

136

130

Daman and Diu

0

26

25

24

0

22

21

20

19

18

Delhi

66

66

68

67

65

63

62

65

63

63

Goa

66

69

75

81

82

81

82

87

90

93

Gujarat

238

247

251

278

282

290

289

291

289

294

Haryana

593

603

610

628

611

618

627

634

638

645

Himachal Pradesh

316

318

335

335

336

341

343

343

347

354

Jammu and Kashmir

183

324

263

210

277

308

296

292

287

290

Karnataka

151

155

161

174

182

195

220

231

264

270

Kerala

168

176

185

194

199

203

209

214

234

241

Lakshadweep

53

52

51

51

50

49

48

47

47

46

Madhya Pradesh

199

198

198

197

196

195

197

195

197

200

Maharashtra

137

140

142

157

160

161

160

169

171

169

Manipur

124

121

119

88

77

80

79

81

81

81

Meghalaya

77

78

78

77

79

79

78

78

81

82

Mizoram

32

35

34

33

32

31

58

66

32

32

Nagaland

97

95

92

84

82

81

77

76

75

74

Orissa

44

46

47

48

53

55

53

57

61

62

Pondichery

92

90

105

106

104

117

109

107

102

103

Punjab

727

741

778

795

807

834

869

880

900

917

Rajasthan

279

278

294

295

307

323

348

362

297

300

Sikkim

195

197

191

198

198

199

199

190

225

229

Tamil Nadu

165

168

169

176

178

185

187

195

192

197

Tripura

32

33

34

36

37

41

52

68

43

44

Uttar Pradesh

201

205

207

208

214

218

222

229

249

253

West Bengal

121

120

121

125

126

125

125

123

132

135

India

180

184

189

195

198

203

207

213

217

220

Source: NDDB, 2003.

Annex Table 2.4 Plan-wise outlay and expenditure of central and centrally sponsored schemes under animal husbandry in India: 1950-51 to 2001-02 (Rupees)

Plan/Year

Total Plan Outlay

Animal Husbandry

Dairying

Total

Outlay

Exp.

Outlay

Exp.

Outlay

Exp.

First Plan (1950-55)

1960.0

14.19

8.22

7.81

7.78

22.00

16.00

Second Plan (1955-60)

4600.0

38.50

21.42

17.44

12.05

55.94

33.47

Third Plan (1960-65)

8576.5

54.44

43.40

36.08

33.60

90.52

77.00

Annual Plan (1966-67)

6625.4

41.33

34.00

26.14

25.70

67.47

59.70

Fourth Plan (1967-72)

15778.8

94.10

75.51

139.00

78.75

233.10

154.26

Fifth Plan

39426.2

-

178.43

-

-

437.54

232.46

Sixth Plan (1980-85)

97500.0

60.46

39.08

336.10

298.34

396.56

337.42

Seventh Plan (1985-90)

180000.0

165.19

102.35

302.75

374.43

467.94

476.78

Annual Plan (1990-91)

-

43.71

36.18

79.67

41.43

123.38

77.61

Annual Plan (1991-92)

-

57.97

43.28

97.49

77.99

155.46

121.27

Eighth Plan

434100.1

400.00

305.43

900.00

818.05

1300.00

1123.48

1992-93

80771.0

56.54

43.85

99.76

136.69

156.30

180.54

1993-94

100120.1

78.26

54.59

257.74

216.44

336.00

271.03

1994-95

112197.1

98.28

60.64

224.43

185.09

322.71

245.73

1995-96

128590.0

94.00

66.66

250.00

179.67

344.00

246.33

1996-97

-

103.94

81.04

155.98

100.29

259.92

181.33

Ninth Plan (1997-2002)

2345.64

1076.12

-

469.52

-

1545.64

-

1997-98

-

160.15

94.84

39.00

29.24

199.15

124.08

1998-99

-

170.40

53.03

50.60

23.97

221.00

77.00

1999-2000

-

160.08

97.26

73.90

16.45

233.98

113.71

2000-01

-

124.90

85.10

51.00

39.59

175.90

124.69

2001-02*

-

156.49

115.61

37.45

37.60

193.94

153.21

Note: *: Provisional.

Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2002, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.

Annex Table 2.5 State-wise number of dairy plants registered under Milk and Milk Products Order (MMPO) in India: March 31, 2002 (capacity in thousands of liters/day)

States/Union territories

Cooperative

Private

Others

Total

No.

Capacity

No.

Capacity

No.

Capacity

No.

Capacity

By Central Authority

Andhra Pradesh

13

2905

6

855

1

200

20

3960

Bihar

6

485

1

120

0

0

7

605

Delhi

0

0

0

0

8

6500

8

6500

Goa

1

30

0

0

0

0

1

30

Gujarat

14

6170

2

300

6

640

22

7110

Haryana

5

400

14

3390

0

0

19

3790

Himachal Pradesh

3

44

2

345

0

0

5

389

Karnataka

12

1833

5

495

1

400

18

2728

Kerala

4

400

3

125

0

0

7

525

Madhya Pradesh

7

1200

4

1100

0

0

11

2300

Maharashtra

17

3570

18

3900

15

2700

50

10170

Orissa

7

182

0

0

0

0

7

182

Pondicherry

1

50

0

0

0

0

1

50

Punjab

12

1570

12

3050

0

0

24

4620

Rajasthan

12

1290

9

1050

0

0

21

2340

Sikkim

1

15

0

0

0

0

1

15

Tamil Nadu

13

3880

4

526

0

0

17

4406

Tripura

1

10

0

0

0

0

1

10

Uttar Pradesh

7

1540

33

6664

0

0

40

8204

West Bengal

2

216

0

0

2

820

4

1036

Total

138

25790

113

21920

33

11260

284

58970

By State Registering Authorities

Andhra Pradesh

0

0

9

588

0

0

9

588

Bihar

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Delhi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Goa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Gujarat

3

110

1

390

1

30

5

530

Haryana

0

0

23

1200

2

130

25

1330

Himachal Pradesh

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Karnataka

2

75

14

615

0

0

16

690

Kerala

7

365

4

113

2

35

13

513

Madhya Pradesh

3

50

0

0

2

20

5

70

Maharashtra

18

636

50

1675

23

695

91

3006

Orissa

1

30

0

0

0

0

1

30

Pondicherry

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Punjab

1

60

19

755

0

0

20

815

Rajasthan

2

47

8

547

0

0

10

594

Sikkim

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Tamil Nadu

12

485

12

345

0

0

24

830

Tripura

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Uttar Pradesh

25

746

147

4177

0

0

172

4923

West Bengal

0

0

3

90

0

0

3

90

Total

74

2604

290

10495

30

910

394

14009

Total (Central + State registration)

212

28394

403

32415

63

12170

678

72979

Source: GOI, 2002.

Annex Table 2.6 Crossbred cattle population in India by state: 2002

State/Union territories

Cattle

Milk cattle

Total milk cattle

Crossbred

Indigenous

Andhra Pradesh

10602070

227559

143062

1657721

Arunachal Pradesh

452920

2330

51855

54185

Assam

8000304

84327

1264863

1349190

Bihar #

-

-

-

-

Gujarat

6748835

134840

1346015

1480855

Goa

87978

3236

11652

14888

Haryana

2399832

166773

305693

472466

Himachal Pradesh

2094511

161419

294892

456311

Jammu and Kashmir

3175473

271513

427023

698536

Karnataka

10831134

522553

1757415

2279968

Kerala##

3396335

785357

329657

1115014

Madhya Pradesh

19496874

58384

3090922

3149306

Chhatisgarh

8852544

26904

1093102

1120006

Maharashtra

18070537

732957

2181531

2914488

Manipur

508264

12865

47824

60689

Meghalaya

738262

7322

131332

138654

Mizoram

83312

2492

3999

6491

Nagaland

383308

28490

34253

62743

Orissa

13810489

234057

1705325

1939382

Punjab

2638978

631135

197287

828422

Rajasthan

12141402

75376

2408575

2483891

Sikkim

143024

13517

15031

28548

Tamil Nadu

9046538

144617

131761

276378

Tripura

1227568

18438

253841

272279

Uttar Pradesh and Uttranchal

22047295

444160

2937289

3381449

West Bengal#

17831665

296753

2740176

3036929

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

60180

1494

10866

12360

Chandigarh

7254

3773

357

4130

Delhi

95660

31816

19461

51277

Pondicherry

3399

209

339

548

Lakshadweep

122621

16850

6228

23078

Daman and Diu

5450

2

625

627

India **

175055016

5141458

24229351

29370809

Note: #: Census work not initiated in these states/union territories; ##: Based on 1996 census data; **: Total Excludes Bihar/Jharkhand and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

Source: GOI, 2003.

Annex Table 2.7 Veterinary institutions in India by state, as of March 31, 1999

States/Union Territories

Veterinary Hospitals/ Polyclinics

Veterinary Dispensaries

Veterinary Aid Center/Stockmen CenterMobile Dispensaries

Andhra Pradesh

285

1808

2889

Arunachal Pradesh

1

93

169

Assam

26

434

1213

Bihar*

62

1154

3832

Goa

4

26

52

Gujarat

14

453

553

Haryana

553

857

751

Himachal Pradesh

334

1520

14

Jammu and Kashmir

195

146

460

Karnataka

244

803

2191

Kerala

278

831

22

Madhya Pradesh$

772

2445

90

Maharashtra

31

1156

2134

Manipur

55

101

29

Meghalaya

4

59

79

Mizoram

5

40

101

Nagaland

4

27

133

Orissa

13

527

2937

Punjab

1261

1535

45

Rajasthan

1319

285

1276

Sikkim

12

25

58

Tamil Nadu

168

828

4649

Tripura

9

44

371

Uttar Pradesh#

2044

2973

2720

West Bengal

110

612

1360

Chandigarh

5

8

1

Delhi

48

24

1

Lakshadweep

2

7

7

Pondicherry

3

14

4

Total

7872

18845

28195

Note: *: Including Jharkhand, $: Including Chattishgarh, #: Including Uttaranchal.

Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics - 2002.

Annex Table 2.8 Incidence of major livestock diseases in India, January through December 2001

Disease Name

Species Name

Outbreaks

Attack

Deaths

Foot and Mouth Disease

Bovine

2638

62499

1274

Ovine/Caprine

21

12542

208

Swine

28

163

29

NS

789

11757

28

Buffalo

14

6781

105

Subtotal

3490

93742

1644

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia

Bovine

1150

6177

2867

Ovine/Caprine

11

1439

149

Buffalo

410

2399

894

Sheep and Goat

0

21

10

NS

32

505

39

Subtotal

1603

10541

3959

Black Quarter

Bovine

840

2905

1273

Ovine

0

45

41

Buffalo

11

106

44

Subtotal

851

3056

1358

Anthrax

Bovine

157

690

417

Ovine/Caprine

128

456

388

Buffalo

3

15

13

NS

5

10

7

Subtotal

293

1171

825

Fascioliasis

Bovine

625

5165

4

Ovine/Caprine

52

1385

59

Buffalo

9

24

0

Swine

2

2

0

NS

83

9273

368

Subtotal

771

15849

431

Enterotoxaemia

Ovine/Caprine

421

4340

1694

Subtotal

421

4340

1694

Blue Tongue

Ovine/Caprine

710

17983

1884

Subtotal

710

17983

1884

Contagious Caprine Pleuro-Pneumonia

Ovine/Caprine

16

964

197

Subtotal

16

964

197

Amphistomiasis

Bovine

231

3993

14

Caprine

25

311

2

Buffalo

3

9

0

NS

8

190

0

Subtotal

267

4503

16

Schistosomiasis

Bovine

37

257

0

Subtotal

37

257

0





Salmanellosis

Swine

24

336

6

Bovine

1

100

23

Subtotal

25

436

29

Coccidiosis

Bovine

104

17840

373

Ovine/Caprine

62

3745

0

Swine

32

569

47

Avian

962

134449

7690

Buffalo

31

202

0

NS

129

1053

194

Subtotal

1320

157858

8304

Ranikhet (New Castle) Disease

Avian

1387

71478

27994

Subtotal

1387

71478

27994

Rabies

Bovine

83

384

297

Canine

20

71

70

Buffalo

6

43

41

Caprine

10

65

65

NS

11

91

75

Subtotal

130

654

548

Babesiosis

Bovine

447

9454

26

Buffalo

15

33

0

Caprine

27

196

0

Camel

1

1

0

NS

2

56

1

Subtotal

492

9740

27

Mastitis

Bovine

155

25624

9

Buffalo

20

162

0

Caprine

26

3940

0

Subtotal

201

29726

9

Brucellosis

Bovine

2

34

1

Ovine/Caprine

1

26

0

Subtotal

3

60

1

Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2002, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.


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