These guidelines describe methods for identifying and developing appropriate heat disinfestation treatments against quarantine fruit flies in host commodities traded by APPPC member countries.
ACIAR 1996. Guidelines for the development of quarantine disinfestation heat treatments for fresh horticultural produce for fruit flies (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Project No. 9051, 1996).
Agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures, 1994. World Trade Organization, Geneva.
Glossary of phytosanitary terms, 2002. ISPM No. 5, FAO, Rome.
Guidelines for pest risk analysis, 1996. ISPM No. 2, FAO, Rome.
Pest risk analysis for quarantine pest including analysis of environtal risk, 2003. ISPM No. 11 Rev. 1, FAO, Rome.
Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas, 1996. ISPM No. 4, FAO, Rome.
The use of integrated measures in a systems approach for pest risk management, 2002. ISPM No. 14, FAO, Rome.
|
APPPC* |
Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission |
|
area |
An officially defined country, part of a country or all or parts of several countries (FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; CEPM, 1999; based on the World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures) |
|
commodity |
A type of plant, plant product or other article being moved for trade or other purpose (FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001) |
|
Disinfestations* |
Application of a phytosanitary treatment to kill a pest or pests in a commodity |
|
eclosion* |
Metamorphosis to the adult from the egg, pupa, cocoon, puparium or last nymphal instar (for some insect) |
|
endangered area |
An area where ecological factors favour the establishment of a pest whose presence in the area will result in economically important loss (FAO, 1995) |
|
entry (of a pest) |
Movement of a pest into an area where it is not yet present, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled (FAO, 1995) |
|
equivalence |
The situation of phytosanitary measures which are not identical but have the same effect (FAO, 1995; revised CEPM, 1999; based on the World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures) |
|
establishment |
Perpetuation, for the foreseeable future, of a pest within an area after entry (FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; IPPC, 1997; formerly established) |
|
fecundity* |
The potential reproductive capacity of an organism or population; the number of eggs an animal produces during each reproductive cycle |
|
heat disinfestation* |
Application of a heat treatment to kill a pest or pests infesting a commodity |
|
heat treatment |
The process in which a commodity is heated until it reaches a minimum temperature for a minimum period of time according to an officially recognized technical specification (ISPM No. 15, 2002) |
|
host range |
Species of plants capable, under natural conditions, of sustaining a specific pest (FAO, 1990) |
|
instar* |
The period or stage between moults, numbered to designate the various periods,e.g. the first instar is the stage between the egg and the first moult |
|
introduction |
The entry of a pest resulting in its establishment (FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; IPPC, 1997) |
|
IPPC |
International Plant Protection Convention, as deposited in 1951 with FAO in Rome and as subsequently amended (FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001) |
|
National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) |
Official service established by a government to discharge the functions specified by the IPPC [FAO, 1990; formerly Plant Protection Organization (National)] |
|
pest |
Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products (FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; IPPC, 1997) |
|
Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) |
The process of evaluating biological or other scientific and economic evidence to determine whether a pest should be regulated and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it (FAO, 1995; revised IPPC, 1997) |
|
pest risk assessment (for quarantine pests) |
Evaluation of the probability of the introduction and spread of a pest and of the associated potential economic consequences (FAO, 1995; revised ISPM Pub. No. 11, 2001) |
|
pest risk management (for quarantine pests) |
Evaluation and selection of options to reduce the risk of introduction and spread of a pest (FAO, 1995; revised ISPM No. 11, 2001) |
|
phytosanitary measure (agreed interpretation) |
Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests (FAO, 1995; revised IPPC, 1997; ICPM 2002) |
The agreed interpretation of the term phytosanitary measure accounts for the relationship of phytosanitary measures to regulated non-quarantine pests. This relationship is not adequately reflected in the definition found in Article II of the IPPC (1997).
|
quarantine pest |
A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled (FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; IPPC 1997) |
|
spread |
Expansion of the geographical distribution of a pest within an area (FAO, 1995) |
|
SPS Agreement* |
The WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures |
|
systems approach(es) |
The integration of different pest risk management measures, at least two of which act independently, and which cumulatively achieve the appropriate level of phytosanitary protection (ISPM No. 14, 2002) |
|
treatment |
Officially authorized procedure for the killing, inactivation or removal of pests or for rendering pests infertile or for devitalization (FAO, 1990, revised FAO, 1995; ISPM. No. 15, 2002; ISPM No. 18, 2003) |
|
WTO* |
World Trade Organization |
* Indicates terms which are not included in ISPM No. 5 Glossary of phytosanitary terms.
The development of a heat disinfestation treatment involves a number of steps. Prior to the development of the treatment, the fruit fly pest or pests should be correctly identified and biological data collected. An appropriate heat disinfestation method should be selected and then small-scale trials undertaken to determine the most heat tolerant stage of the most heat tolerant species of fruit fly. Fruit may be infested using natural or artificial means and 3 000-5 000 fruit fly individuals may be used.
Confirmatory trials to demonstrate the efficacy of the treatment to the level required by the importing country (according to the appropriate level of protection for that country) may use 30 000 or more fruit fly individuals. Appropriate care should be taken over the siting of heat sensors and temperature recording during treatment and the security of the fruit after treatment.
The consideration of other factors that reduce the risk of entry and establishment may allow the heat disinfestation treatment to be used as a component of a systems approach. Large-scale trials may be needed to confirm the commercial and operational feasibility of the treatment.
|
[1] The references listed in
square brackets refer to the definition or revision of the terms found in ISPM
No. 5 Glossary of phytosaniatry terms. |
