|
Key |
Foods |
Measure |
Alcohol |
|
W001 |
Beer, bitter/draught |
100 g |
3.1 |
|
1 large bottle (745 ml) |
23.2 |
||
|
W002 |
Beer, low alcohol |
100 g |
0.7 |
|
1 can (355 ml) |
2.5 |
||
|
W003 |
Beer, reduced alcohol |
100 g |
2.1 |
|
1 can (355 ml) |
7.5 |
||
|
W005 |
Brandy |
100 g |
29.4 |
|
W006 |
Champagne |
100 g |
8.5 |
|
W012 |
Gin |
100 g |
29.6 |
|
1 nip (20 ml) |
5.9 |
||
|
W017 |
Liqueur, coffee-flavoured |
100 g |
21.0 |
|
1 glass (20 ml) |
4.2 |
||
|
W024 |
Port |
100 g |
15.9 |
|
1 glass (55 ml) |
8.9 |
||
|
W025 |
Rum |
100 g |
29.2 |
|
1 nip (20 ml) |
5.8 |
||
|
W026 |
Sherry, dry |
100 g |
15.7 |
|
1 glass (59 ml) |
9.3 |
||
|
W027 |
Sherry, sweet |
100 g |
15.6 |
|
1 glass (59 ml) |
9.4 |
||
|
W031 |
Whisky |
100 g |
29.3 |
|
1 nip (20 ml) |
5.9 |
||
|
W032 |
Wine, red |
100 g |
9.5 |
|
1 glass (104 ml) |
9.8 |
||
|
W033 |
Wine, white |
100 g |
10.9 |
|
1 glass (104 ml) |
11.3 |
|
Abbreviation |
Meaning |
|
Food names |
|
|
Aust |
Australian |
|
b/less |
boneless |
|
boil |
boiled |
|
can |
canned |
|
choc |
chocolate |
|
comm |
commercial |
|
diam |
diameter |
|
drain |
drained |
|
f |
fat |
|
froz |
frozen |
|
grill |
grilled |
|
Is. |
Islands |
|
jun |
junior |
|
l |
lean |
|
l&f |
lean and fat |
|
l&s |
lean and skin |
|
mix |
mixed |
|
PNG |
Papua New Guinea |
|
poach |
poached |
|
polyunsat |
polyunsaturated |
|
prep |
prepared |
|
reduce |
reduced |
|
s |
skin |
|
simmer |
simmered |
|
sp |
species |
|
spp |
species, more than one |
|
steam |
steamed |
|
strain |
strained |
|
trim |
trimmed of fat |
|
UHT |
ultra high temperature |
|
unsw |
unsweetened |
|
USA |
United States of America |
|
var |
variety |
|
veg |
vegetable(s) |
Tables of recommended dietary intakes of nutrients, FAO/WHO (2002).
APPENDIX IIIA. Recommended dietary intakes for children under seven years
| |
Infants |
Young Children |
||
|
0 - 6 months |
7 - 11 months |
1 - 3 yrs |
4 - 6 yrs |
|
|
Vitamin A (f) (g) (RE µg/day) |
375 |
400 |
400 |
450 |
|
Thiamin (mg/day) |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
|
Riboflavin (mg/day) |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
|
Niacin (a) (NE mg/day) |
2 (b) |
4 |
6 |
8 |
|
Vitamin B12 (µg/day) |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
|
Vitamin C (d) (mg/day) |
25 |
30 |
30 |
30 |
|
Vitamin E (acceptable intakes) (h) (a-TE mg/day) |
2.7(i) |
2.7(i) |
5 (k) |
5 (k) |
|
Zinc (mg/day) (from low to high bioavailability) |
6.6 (g)-1.1 (e) |
8.3 (h)-2.5 (h) |
8.4-2.4 |
10.3-3.1 |
|
Iron*(i) (mg/day) (from 5% to 15% bioavailability) |
(k) |
19 (l)-6 (l) |
12-4 |
13-4 |
|
Magnesium* (mg/day) |
26 (a) |
53 |
60 |
73 |
|
36 (b) |
|
|
|
|
|
Calcium* (c) (mg/day) |
300 (a) |
400 |
500 |
600 |
|
400 (b) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sodium** (mmol) |
6-12 |
14-25 |
14-50 |
20-75 |
|
(mg/day) |
140-280 |
320-580 |
320-1150 |
460-1730 |
|
Potassium** (mmol) |
10-15 |
12-35 |
25-70 |
40-100 |
|
(mg/day) |
390-580 |
470-1370 |
980-2730 |
1560-3900 |
|
Protein** (g/day) |
2.0/kg body wt |
1.6/kg body wt |
14-18 |
18-24 |
APPENDIX IIIB. Recommended dietary intakes for children over seven years
| |
Children |
Adolescents |
|
|
Males |
Females |
||
|
7 - 9 yrs |
10 - 18 yrs |
10 - 18 yrs |
|
|
Vitamin A (f) (g) (RE µg/day) |
500 |
600 |
600 |
|
Thiamin (mg/day) |
0.9 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
|
Riboflavin (mg/day) |
0.9 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
|
Niacin (a) (NE mg/day) |
12 |
16 |
16 |
|
Vitamin B12 (µg/day) |
1.8 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
|
Vitamin C (d) (mg/day) |
35 |
40 |
40 |
|
Vitamin E (acceptable intakes) (h) (a-TE mg/day) |
7 (k) |
10 |
7.5 |
|
Zinc* (mg/day) (from low to high bioavailability) |
11.3-3.3 |
19.2-5.7 |
15.5-4.6 |
|
Iron*(i) (mg/day) (from 5% to 15% bioavailability) |
18-6 |
29-10 (10-14 yrs) |
28-9 (10-14 yrs) · |
| |
38-12 (15-18 yrs) |
65-22 (10-14 yrs) ·· |
|
| |
|
62-21 (15-18 yrs) |
|
|
Magnesium* (mg/day) |
100 |
250 |
230 |
|
Calcium* (c) (mg/day) |
700 |
1300 (d) |
1300 (d) |
|
Sodium** (mmol) |
26-100 |
40-100 |
40-100 |
|
(mg/day) |
600-2300 |
920-2300 |
920-2300 |
|
Potassium** (mmol) |
50-140 |
50-140 |
50-140 |
|
(mg/day) |
1950-5460 |
1950-5460 |
1950-5460 |
|
Protein** (g/day) |
27-38 |
42-70 |
44-57 |
Key:
· Non-menstruating females
·· Menstruating females
APPENDIX IIIC. Recommended dietary intakes for adults
| |
Adults |
||||||
|
Male |
Female |
||||||
|
19 - 65 yrs |
65+ yrs |
19 - 50 yrs |
51 - 65 yrs |
65+ yrs |
Pregnancy |
Lactation |
|
|
Vitamin A (f) (g) (RE µg/day) |
600 |
600 |
500 |
500 |
600 |
800 |
850 |
|
Thiamin (mg/day) |
1.2 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
|
Riboflavin (mg/day) |
1.3 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
|
Niacin (a) (NE mg/day) |
16 |
16 |
14 |
14 |
14 |
18 |
17 |
|
Vitamin B12 (µg/day) |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
|
Vitamin C (d) (mg/day) |
45 |
45 |
45 |
45 |
45 |
55 |
70 (e) |
|
Vitamin E (acceptable intakes) (h) (a-TE mg/day) |
10 |
10 |
7.5 |
7.5 |
7.5 |
(i) |
(i) |
|
Zinc* (mg/day) (from low to high bioavailability) |
14-14.2 |
14-14.2 |
9.8-3.0 |
9.8-3.0 |
9.8-3.0 |
20-3.4 |
19-4.2 |
|
Iron*(i) (mg/day) (from 5% to 15% bioavailability) |
27-9 |
27-9 |
59-20 |
23-8 |
23-8 |
(n) |
30-10 |
|
Magnesium* (mg/day) |
260 |
230 |
220 |
220 |
190 |
220 |
270 |
|
Calcium* (c) (mg/day) |
1000 |
1300 |
1000 |
1300 |
1300 |
1200 |
1000 |
|
Sodium** (mmol) |
40-100 |
40-100 |
40-100 |
40-100 |
40-100 |
+0 |
+0 |
|
(mg/day) |
920-2300 |
920-2300 |
920-2300 |
920-2300 |
920-2300 |
+0 |
+0 |
|
Potassium** (mmol) |
50-140 |
50-140 |
50-140 |
50-140 |
50-140 |
+0 |
+0 |
|
Protein** (g/day) |
55 |
55 |
45 |
45 |
45 |
+6 |
+16 |
* For the purposes of the composite tables of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) values, the body weights used were derived from the 50th percentile of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) data until adult weights of 55 kg for females and 65 kg for males were reached. The weights used are the following: 0-6 mo = 6 kg; 7-12 mo = 8.9 kg; 1-3 yr = 12.1 kg; 4-6 yr = 18.2 kg; 7-9 yr = 25.2 kg; 10-11 yr M = 33.4 kg; 10-11 yr F = 34.8 kg; 12-18 yr M = 55.1 kg; 12-18 yr F = 50.6 kg; 10-18 yr M = 55.1 kg; 10-18 yr F = 50.6 kg; 19-65 yr M = 65 kg; 19-65 yr F = 55 kg
** National Health & Medical Research Council, 1991
NOTES - Vitamins
(a) NE = niacin equivalents, 60-to-1 conversion factor for tryptophan to niacin.
(b) Preformed niacin.
(c) DFE = dietary folate equivalents; mg of DFE provided = [mg of food folate + (1.7 × mg of synthetic folic acid)].
(d) It is recognised that larger amounts would promote greater iron absorption.
(f) Vitamin A values are “recommended safe intakes” instead of RNIs. This level of intake is set to prevent clinical signs of deficiency, allow normal growth, but does not allow for prolonged periods of infections or other stresses.
(g) Recommended safe intakes as mg RE/day; 1 mg retinol = 1 mg RE; 1 mg b-carotene = 0.167 mg RE; 1 mg other provitamin A carotenoids = 0.084 mg RE.
(h) Vitamin E data were considered insufficient to formulate recommendations so “acceptable intakes” are listed instead.
(i) For pregnancy and lactation there is no evidence of requirements for vitamin E that differ from those of older adults. Breast milk substitutes should not contain less than 0.3 mg a-tocopherol equivalents (TE)/100 ml of reconstituted product, and not less than 0.4 mg TE/g PUFA. Human breast milk vitamin E is fairly constant at 2.7 mg for 850 ml of milk.
NOTES - Minerals
(a) Human breast milk.
(b) Infant formula.
(c) The data used in developing calcium RNIs originate from developed countries, and there is controversy as to their appropriateness for developing countries. This notion also holds true for most nutrients, but based on current knowledge, the impact appears to be most marked for calcium.
(d) Particularly during the growth spurt.
(e) Human-milk fed infants only.
(f) Formula-fed infants, moderate zinc bioavailability.
(g) Formula-fed infants, low zinc bio-availability due to infant consumption of phytate rich cereals and vegetable protein-based formula. (h) Not applicable to infants consuming human milk only.
(i) There is evidence that iron absorption can be significantly enhanced when each meal contains a minimum of 25 mg of Vitamin C, assuming three meals per day. This is especially true if there are iron absorption inhibitors in the diet such as phytate or tannins.
(k) Neonatal iron stores are sufficient to meet the iron requirement for the first six months in full term infants. Premature infants and low birth weight infants require additional iron.
(l) Bioavailability of dietary iron during this period varies greatly.
(m) Non-menstruating adolescents.
(n) It is recommended that iron supplements in tablet form be given to all pregnant women because of the difficulties in correctly evaluating iron status in pregnancy. In the non-anaemic pregnant woman, daily supplements of 100 mg of iron (e.g., as ferrous sulphate) given during the second half of pregnancy are adequate. In anaemic women higher doses are usually required.
